初中英語完形填空解題技巧與聯系

1、一.閱讀技能與試題設計2003年頒布的普通高中英語課程標準(實驗明確提出“高中階段要著重提高學生用英語獲取信息和處理信息,分析問題和解決問題的能力”,這就要求學生要不斷地提高相應的閱讀技能。新課標規(guī)定的閱讀技能測試要點如下:1.理解主旨大意;2.尋讀具體信息;3.理解細節(jié);4.根據上下文提供語境推測生詞詞義,進而加深對文段的理解;5.簡單的判斷和推理;6.理解文段的基本邏輯結構;7.理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度;8.理解文段的文化信息。測試方式共有11種,而其中的完形填空也是歷屆高考必有的題型之一,所占分值比例較大,并且由于在試卷中所處的位置較前,因此如何能在短時間內更好的完成這類試題對考生的影響較大

2、:完形填空做得好,則考生對后面的試題就越有信心。二.NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空所給的短文是以作者的父親給他童年生活帶來的愛與歡樂而展開的回憶與聯想。試題原文如下:In the depths of my memory, many things I did with my father still live. These things come to represent, in fact, what I call _21_and love.I dont remember my father ever getti ng into a swimming too

3、l. But he did _22_the water. Any kind of _23_ride seemed to give him pleasure. _24_he loved to fish; sometimes he took me along.But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did. I liked being _25_the water, moving through it, _26_it all around me. I was not a strong _27_, or one wh

4、o learned to swim early, for I had my _28_. But I loved being in the swimming pool close to my fathers office and _29_those summer days with my father, who _30_ come by on a break. I needed him to see what I could do. My father would stand there in his suit, the _31_person not in swimsuit.After swim

5、ming, I would go _32_ his office and sit on the wooden chair in front of his big desk, where he let me _33_anything I found in his top desk drawer. Sometimes, if I was left alone at his desk _34_ he worked in the lab, an assistant or a student might come in and tell me perhaps I shouldnt be playing

6、with his _35_. But my father always _36_and said easily, “O h,no, its _37_.” Sometimes he handed me coins and told me to get _38_ an ice creamA poet once said, “We look at life once, in childhood,; the rest is _39_.” And I think it is not only what we “l(fā)ook at once, in childhood” that determines our

7、 memories, but _40_, in that childhood, look at us.21.A. desire B. joy C. anger D. worry22.A. avoid B. refuse C. praise D. love23.A. boat B. bus C. train D. bike24.A. But B. Then C. And D. Still25.A. on B. off C. by D. in26.A. having B. leaving C. making D. getting27.A. swimmer B. rider C. walker D.

8、 runner28.A. hopes B. faiths C. rights D. fears29.A. spending B. saving C. wasting D. ruining30.A. should B. would C. had to D. ought to31.A. next B. only C. other D. last32.A. away from B. out of C. by D. inside33.A. put up B. break down C. play with D. work out34.A. the moment B. the first time C.

9、 while D. before35.A. fishing net B. office things C. wooden chair D. lab equipment36.A. stood up B. set out C. showed up D. turned out37.A. fine B. strange C. terrible D. funny38.A. the student B. the assistant C. myself D. himself39.A. memory B. wealth C. experience D. practice40.A. which B. who C

10、. what D. whose相對于科技類文章而言,這篇敘述性的完形填空是比較簡單的,但由于考查的內容除對文章主旨的理解外還涉及到細節(jié)的判斷和推理,這正是這類題型的難度所在之處。三.完形填空解題技巧現以NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空為例,筆者愿與大家一起探討從中發(fā)現的一些解題技巧。(一前后呼應法做完形填空時,要始終抓住文章本身,聯系“雙語境”來判斷,既大語境全文中心和基調,小語境空格前后句子所構成的語境;再根據前有伏筆后有呼應的思路來做題。如:第21題B,根據后面作者所回憶的事情來判斷,他的父親帶給他的應是愛與歡樂,所以選B:joy ,而其他選項都沒有給出相應的事情來呼應。第22題D, 由

11、這一段的最后一句“he loved to fish;”及第三段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, the way my father did.”可知父親喜歡水及一些水上活動。因此第23題也就能很快找到正確答案是A: boat。第30題B,由后面兩句可得知父親會在休息時過來看“我”,特別后面提到“My father would stand there in his suit, ”同樣這兒用would更合理。第32題D,這一段是講作者在游泳后到他父親的辦公室里玩耍。與后面的“sit on the wooden chair in fro

12、nt of his big desk”相呼應。第33題C,與35題所在的句子“- perhaps I shouldnt be playing with his _35_.”相呼應,因此35題的答案也能從33題“- where he let me _33_anything I found in his top desk drawer.”中推斷出是C。第38題C,由文章大意可知道父親應是十分愛“我”的,所以有時還會給“我”錢買冰淇淋吃。這是與文章的大語境相呼應的。第39題A,作者認為不僅是我們童年所看到的事物決定了我們的記憶,而且還包括那時關愛我們的人。所以詩人所說的“the rest”就應該是m

13、emory與下一句的“determines our memories”相呼應。(二But 轉折法在完形填空題中,but 一詞前后通常會設題。文中一出現but,應該馬上想到前后語意有轉折,只要知道其中一方的語意,就可以推出另一方的意思,所以在做題時,遇到類似but 的詞,如:however, nevertheless, whereas, yet等,也可以同樣處理,以便于從文中找到解題的依據。仍舊以NMET 2008(浙江卷完形填空為例:第25題D,由這一段的第一句“But I never really liked being on the water, he way my father did”

14、.及后面的“moving through it,”可知“I liked being in the water.”第37題A, 當父親的學生或助手認為“我”不應該玩他辦公室里的東西時,父親卻總是輕松地表示沒有關系。所以第37題答案很明顯是A : fine。以下就筆者在2008年第一學期從事高一英語教學實踐過程中遇到的完形填空為例,發(fā)現的其他一些解題技巧。(三絕對矛盾法絕對矛盾法是從選項著手分析,若四個選項中有兩個選項是絕對矛盾和對立,那么正確選項大多在這兩個對立項之間產生。二者必居其一.至于究竟是兩者中的哪一個,則需要進一步根據上下文的語境來判斷。例如在浙江省湖州中學教學講義高一英語模塊一、二(

15、2008, 9第120頁,完形填空第二段:Most computers have a memory(存儲器. They can work millions of times _3_ than man. That means information can be put in _4_ and be taken out any time when needed.第3題的選項分別是A.slow B. slower C. fast D. faster據觀察應選用比較級,所以先排除A和C,在根據后面的一句及我們的常識可知,電腦的工作效率要比人快,所以在B,D這兩個對立項中,自然就可以很輕松地把正確答案D

16、選出來了。又如第90頁的完形填空:The Great Wall, one of the greatest wonders of the world, was enlisted in the World Heritage in 1987. Just _1_ a dragon, it winds its way from east to west of China. With a history of more than 2000 years. Some sections are now in ruins or even entirely_2_ .第2題的選項分別是A.appeared B. mi

17、ssed C. went D. disappeared顯然A和D 是對立項,根據題意可知長城的一些部分已經破敗不堪,甚至完全消失,故答案就是D. disappeared 。高中學習叢書英語高一(Book1,2第101頁的完形填空中有一部分是這樣的:Jazz is Americas contribution to _5_ music. Compared to classical music, which _6_ formal European traditions, jazz is a free form.第5題的選項分別是A.classical B. scared C. popular D.

18、light其中A與C相對立,通過后一句“Compared to classical music,”可知正確選項為C。(四同義復現法同義復現是英語中常見的一種現象。為強調某一意思,但又不想重復使用某個詞或短語。在完形填空題中,同義詞或同義短語的位置多半比較靠近,很容易找到,所以同義復現法是很好的解題技巧。無須過多的推理,只需確定是哪里使用了同義復現,然后從選項中找出與之相符合的一項即可。如2007學年第一學期期末考試樣卷(湖州市高一英語完形填空的第三段:That night he wrote a seven-page paper describing his _45_ of someday ow

19、ning a horse ranch. He wrote his dream in great detail and _46_ drew a diagram of a 200-acre ranch _47_ the locaion of everthing important there.第45題的選項分別是A. mind B. chance C. goal D. design正確答案C:goal與下一句中的dream同義,并且結合上下文得出他寫了37頁紙來描述他自己的目標,也就是他的夢想。高中學習叢書英語高一(Book1,2第82頁的完形填空最后一段:I was worried and I

20、sank in my thoughts. I didnt even _19_ that the coffee was bad, _20_ Steven didnt notice there was a person next to him.第19題的選項分別為A. pretend B. understand C. insist D. realize第20題的選項分別為A. as if B. just as C. just after D. even though第20題的正確選項為B. just as。由此可知第19題的正確選項應與由“just as”引導的從句中的謂語動詞“notice”同義

21、,故選D. realize。四.解題指導無論是哪種形式的閱讀技能檢測,只有在平時的課堂教學中扎實學生的語言基礎,才使學生穩(wěn)步提高用英語獲取信息,處理信息,發(fā)現問題和解決問題的能力。無法想象一位詞匯貧乏,語法不通,句子結構不清的學生能在完形填空題中得高分。所以作為教師的我們有義務從小處著手,從細節(jié)做起,逐漸地培養(yǎng)學生的解題能力。具體可以從以下幾點做起:(一詞匯分類可以單元或模塊為單位,把其中的近義詞,反義詞等歸類,這樣就能使學生在遇到有同義反復或絕對矛盾題型時,更快地找到正確的答案。如在Book 1里就有這樣一些近義詞或詞組: opinion, view; destroy, damage; as

22、 if, as though; be concerned about, care about; right away, at once 等。反義詞或詞組有:generous, mean; selfish, selfless; equal, unfair; be fond of, be tired of; think highly of, think little of等。(二句子銜接注意句子和句子之間的銜接,可應用不同的連接詞連接相同的兩個句子,觀察其產生的意義有何不同。在平時的閱讀中也可以指導學生善于發(fā)現句子和句子或段落和段落之間的連接詞,并適時對連接詞進行總結和歸類。例如:表示并列的有:a

23、nd, too, whats more, in addition, as well as等;表示因果的有:beacause, since, so that, therefore, as a result等;表示轉折或對比的有:while, however, on one handon the other hand等;表示總結的有:all in all, in a word, in conclusion等。明白了句子與句子之間的關系,學生就能更快地理解文章的主旨,也能從細節(jié)中更有把握地推斷出一些有用的信息。(三講究策略做完形填空的速度不能太慢,一般要在8分鐘內完成,否則有可能會造成后面的試題來不

24、及做。那些平時習慣于逐個單詞閱讀的學生,容易造成思維中斷,不能快速把握文章的主旨,因此教師要幫助其糾正這種不良的閱讀方法和習慣。良好的閱讀習慣不僅要求學生快速把握文章大意,也要求其在閱讀過程中注重細節(jié),特別要正確把握反映作者觀點和態(tài)度的細節(jié)。教師可以通過引導學生對反映細節(jié)的文字加以理解與概括,培養(yǎng)學生分析、概括、演繹和歸納的能力,從而達到既不忽視文章細節(jié),又能正確把握文章中心思想的能力。有了良好的閱讀技能,學生不僅能在做完形填空時游刃有余,而且還能從整體上提高英語考試的成績。英語完形填空解題技巧沈永銘完形填空是一種既要求有正確的閱讀理解能力,有要求有扎實的語法、詞匯和文化知識積累,是一種全面考

25、查考生全面語言運用能力的題型。做完形填空應該從哪幾個方面入手呢?1.首先,大家要以很快的速度瀏覽全文,掌握文章的主旨,抓住篇章的主要線索,為其后的解題創(chuàng)造良好的條件,建立篇章的整體概念。因此,第一遍瀏覽時,大家不要急于看選項。瀏覽全文時要重點了解文中所敘述的人物、時間、地點、事件,即who,when,where, what。完形填空命題的原則一般是第一句話不挖空,目的是使讀者進入語境,因此一定要認真閱讀這句話,大家可以透過首句的“窗口”看篇章的整個“世界”。例如:Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one

26、piece joins the next這句話從鐵軌之間的縫隙引出了問題。根據常識,文中內容應與熱漲冷縮的物理現象有關。2.根據故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展選詞,確定所填的詞與文中哪個詞有關系以及動作是在什么場合發(fā)生的。切記要從整體來看問題,要“瞻前顧后”。3.試填之后將所選定的詞放到文章中復讀檢查。(“字面譯、通邏輯、搞代入、全文譯”具體操作中應注意以下幾個的問題一、從單句中選擇答案。這是完形填空考查項目設計最簡單的一種。它相當于一道單項選擇題,它不需要通過上下文,而是讀它本句即能判斷出正確答案。例如:MET90完形填空中的第一句While my father was an officer of the

27、British army in South Africa, we lived in a41 house.四個選項分別為:A. two-storeyed B.two storeyed C.two-storeys D.two storeys 只要學過構詞法,考生很容易就能選出正確答案是A。不過該考查項在完形填空的設計中所占的比例很小。二、尋找信息詞或信息選擇答案。在一篇完形填空文章中,就一句所言,很難確定正確的答案。若繼續(xù)讀下去,就能發(fā)現與問題有關的信息詞或信息句子出現,這些詞或句往往是直接或間接地提示出正確的答案。如NMET95完形填空開頭的一段。Washoe is a young chimpa

28、nzee(黑猩猩.She is no41 chimpanzee, though. Scientists are doing a research 42 her. They want to see how civilized(馴化she can 43 .Already she does many things a human being can do.這篇文章的第一個空格,若按照“單句理解”的方法去解答,顯然不行。此段中的最后一句“Already she does many things a human being can do”是信息句,它暗示我們這是一只非同尋常的大猩猩,正確答案顯然是B。空

29、42的答案,可以按照上下文,特別是空41的信息詞no ordinary,說明科學家們正在這只動物身上做一些研究工作。因此選D.on是最佳答案。三、根據詞的固定搭配和固定句型來選擇答案。詞的固定搭配,特別是動詞的搭配和詞語類型試題是完形填空測試的重點,多數題目涉及到動詞的語法和各種搭配關系,這是由動詞在句子中的重要性決定的。動詞在搭配關系上與名詞、介詞、副詞緊密相連,測試的范圍較廣。這就要求考生多讀、多記,對所學短語動詞能牢固掌握,并能靈活運用。四、通過上下文來選擇答案。該項目的設計主要是考查考生的綜合分析能力。測試內容包括篇章結構和推理判斷能力,這些答案的選擇,起關鍵作用的是上下文的關系,也就

30、是說,對短文的理解是非常重要的,這種考查項目的設計所占的比例較大,且難度也大,若從單句或“局部”來分析,所給的四個答案在語法或結構上都是正確的,若放在全局,則不一定正確。考生必須通過部分上下文甚至全文才能選出正確的答案來。如MET89完形填空中的一句,The dog seemed to47 his mushrooms and the officers then began to eat their meal, saying that the mushrooms had a very strange 48 (butquite pleasant taste.選擇項:A. refuseB. hate

31、C. wantD. enjoy此句的答案只有看了后文的信息詞“began to eat”和“saying.”來判斷,enjoy是最恰當的用詞,符合當時的情景,而want顯然程度不夠,邏輯關系也不嚴密。再如MET92完形填空中的一句,55 the kettle of boiling water, she moved quietly 56 (towards the door。A: putting down B. laying aside C. picking up D. taking away若從文章開頭讀到這里,很難判斷老太太發(fā)現有情況后,如何處理“the kettle”,只有將這一自然段讀完后

32、,才知老太太是“picking up the kettle”,即“提起壺”,不然她怎能將開水倒向小偷的手呢?五、通過文章深層意義的理解選擇答案。通過文章深層意義來選擇答案,是完形填空難度最大的一種形式。它要求考生不僅要有廣博的知識、豐富的生活經歷,還要求學生們能夠駕馭全文,不僅理解文章的表層意義,而且要弄清文章的深層意義。 如NMET94完形填空的第一句:It was an early morning in summer. In the street, sleeply-eyed people were moving quickly, heading towards their 41A. job

33、sB. homesC. busesD. offices從信息詞“early morning”和“sleepy-eyed”來判斷,B. homes不符合邏輯,按生活經驗,他們是去上班。這時有些考生就會認為,既然上班,就要去“擠公交車”或“去辦公室”。但上班的人也有步行的、騎車的或坐地鐵的,也有自己開車去的。人們上班有去農場、煤礦,露天碼頭,還有工廠車間,不一定去辦公室。因此,C. buses和D. offices不符合現實生活,只有A. jobs最合乎生活實際,人們起床后,各自奔向自己的工作崗位。要提高學生完形填空的解題水平,除了上面介紹的方法技巧外,在平時的學習實踐中,要有計劃、有目的地訓練學

34、生加強閱讀、提高速度,在實踐中感悟詞的辨析、搭配,學會對文章進行邏輯判斷及推理,既要看懂表層意思,更要理解深層次的含義。要有計劃、按步驟,由簡到難、由短到長地進行有針對性的專項訓練,材料要精選,解題要限時,體裁要多樣,做后要分析,運用正確的解題方法與技巧,只要學生持之以恒,解答完形填空的水平就能得到提高。下面請同學們試著按照老師的解題提示去完成下面這篇介紹美國素有nbz籃球“小皇帝”之稱詹姆士. 勒布朗。ebron james isnt the first high school basketball player to go straight into the nba, but hes pr

35、obably the best. he has the body, skills and the basketball brain of an all-star (全明星球員. this _1_ was on _2_ as he scored 41 points to take cleveland cavaliers (克里夫蘭騎士隊 to a 107-104 win over the new jersey nets (新澤西網隊 on march 28. aged of 19 years and 87 days, james became the _3 _ player to score 4

36、0 or more in the nba. it was by far james best _4_ , said cleveland coach paul silas.known to his friends _5_ the king, this was the day james earned his crown(王冠. but he was _6_ from being a king during a childhood spent in the back streets of akron, ohio. _7_ many other african-american basketball

37、 players, james early years were a _8 _ . his mother gloria was just 16 when she gave birth to him; he knows nothing about his father. mother and son battled for everything from food to a place to live. _9 _ help from his grandmother and neighbors, james would _10 _ have died when he was young. this

38、 spirit of survival has served him well on court, forcing him to take any _11_ he finds. i _12_ losing, i dont like losing, said james of his 41-point display. i _13_ the opportunity for us to win and i was _14_ to capture it. at 2.03 meters, he is no yao ming but this didnt _15_ him being first cho

39、ice in 2003 nba draft. this was _16 _ to his strength and skill, much of which he learned from high school american football. although he has a _ 17_ brain, james has never had to concentrate on _18_ . some people think this is a mistake and say he should have gone to college to _19_ his mind. but j

40、ames is one of the lucky few who has found fame and fortune _20_ a diploma (文憑. on the court, he is king. 1. a. performance b. activity c. action d. talent 2. a. sale b. exhibition c. show d. duty 3. a. oldest b. strongest c. tallest d. youngest 4. a. performance b. lesson c. action d. appearance 5. a. for b. as c. by d. with 6. a. well b. far c. deep d. late 7. a. as b. like c. likely d. alike 8. a. fight b. struggle c. battle d. war 9. a. except for b. except c. besides d. without 10. a. certainly b. impossible c. hardly d. probably 11. a. goal b. game c. match d. chance 12. a