高考英語書面表達(dá)寫作技巧：表格式、情景及半開放性書面表達(dá)

1、表格式英語書面表達(dá)指導(dǎo)與訓(xùn)練表格式英語作文一般是在表格中給出一定的內(nèi)容和情景,要求寫一篇120詞左右的短文。它屬于控制型寫作的范疇。歷年高考都有此類型的作文,可算是高考作文類型中的“不倒翁”。表格式英語作文主要具備以下特點(diǎn):1.題材涉及廣泛,如人物介紹、地點(diǎn)介紹、新聞報(bào)道、生活話題及社會(huì)熱門話題;體裁多種多樣,包括應(yīng)用文(書信、日記、通知、發(fā)言稿、尋物及招領(lǐng)啟事等、說明文、記敘文、議論文等。2.與看圖作文不同,表格作文提示點(diǎn)一目了然,需要表達(dá)的信息一覽無余。答題時(shí)無須花過多的時(shí)間去揣摩寫作內(nèi)容,要點(diǎn)一般不會(huì)遺漏。3.與漢語提示作文不同,表格中通常是以不完整的漢語句子(包括術(shù)語或概括性的短語作為

2、提示形式出現(xiàn)。這樣既能夠讓考生獲得命題人所要求的信息,又留給考生一定的發(fā)揮空間,因而要求考生具備很強(qiáng)的語言駕馭能力和語篇整合能力。一、表格作文寫作指導(dǎo)第一步,審題,做到四確定。(1確定體裁格式;(2確定主體時(shí)態(tài);(3確定中心人稱;(4確定內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。第二步,擬定提綱,布局謀篇。(1創(chuàng)造良好的開端;(2豐富多彩的敘述;(3巧妙適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡;(4自然完美的結(jié)尾。第三步,詞匯大搜索(注意“參考詞匯”的提示作用,遣詞造句,行文成篇。二、表格作文寫作應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)1.注意格式,避免填表式表達(dá)表格提示題雖然以表格作為提示形式,但要求以短文的形式(包括不同的文體來表達(dá)。答題時(shí)應(yīng)注意不同文體的格式,切忌將短文寫成履

3、歷表。誤例1人物介紹Name:Wang Shan Sex:female Age:16School:Bening Yangguang Middle School這種填表式表達(dá)顯然不符合考試要求。正確表達(dá)應(yīng)為:Im Wang Shan.gift of sixteen.presently attendingBeing Yangguang Middle School.誤例2日記Time:March 12.SundayWeather:finePlace:DangShan MountainWhat:plan trees正確表達(dá)應(yīng)為:March 12.SundayFineIts March 12.Tr ee

4、-planting Day.Eady in the morn-mg,My classmates and lwent to Dang Shan Mountain to planttrees.2.靈活變通,避免硬譯式表達(dá)(1簡單羅列類:表格中的漢語提示簡潔凝練,概括性強(qiáng),表達(dá)時(shí)切忌逐字逐句翻譯,也忌簡單或機(jī)械地羅列要點(diǎn),必要時(shí)要靈活調(diào)整或進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)充。業(yè)余愛好:游泳、溜冰、集郵、流行音樂。靈活變通表達(dá):Inmy spare time Ienjoy listing to pop mu-sic and collecting stamps.My favorite sports are swimming

5、 inSmllmer and skating in winter內(nèi)容:白天,上課、做作業(yè);晚上,做作業(yè)。羅列重復(fù)式表達(dá):Inthe daytime.wetooklessons andhad to do our homework.In the evening.we had to do our homework.靈活變通表達(dá):We have to go to school even at week-ends and do much homework both in the davtime and in the evening(2直譯類:表格中常出現(xiàn)抽象或復(fù)雜的漢語提示,這些提示往往以成語或經(jīng)典諺語

6、的形式出現(xiàn),這時(shí)應(yīng)善于變通,可采用轉(zhuǎn)換手段將提示中的“雅詞妙句”轉(zhuǎn)換為通俗的漢語,然后用地道的英語表達(dá)。如:21世紀(jì)報(bào)圖文并茂,廣為人知,深受青睞。直譯類:2lst Century has interesting arhcles and color-ful pictures.It is widely known and deeply loved by people轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá):The 21 st Century has interesting atticles withc010fful pmtures.It is a Well-known newspaper.which isvery popula

7、r with studentsand English learners校園環(huán)境幽靜,綠樹成陰。轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá):A.It is quiet in our school and there are alotoftrees in and around it.B.Ourschool is quiet with alot of trees.in and around it(3漢語式英語。由于英語和漢語在語言結(jié)構(gòu)上有很大的差異,部分同學(xué)受母語思維模式影響而寫出不合規(guī)范或不合英語文化習(xí)慣的畸形英語。在用英語表達(dá)時(shí)一定要調(diào)整好語序,寫出地道的英語句子。如:我們發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語是很困難的。漢語式英語:We find th

8、al to learn English well is diffi-cult.地道表達(dá):We find it difficult to learn English well.呆在家里不能親身了解外界。漢語式英語:Staylng athonle(T0 stay at thomecan notknowtheoutslde of the world地道表達(dá):Thev Will lose the chance of getting to knowthe outslde world when staying at home.3.注意銜接,避免單句式表達(dá)高考寫作不同于單句翻譯。部分同學(xué)在表達(dá)時(shí)只注意單個(gè)句

9、子的完整性,而忽略了句與句之間的銜接以及整個(gè)語篇的連貫性,致使全文雖沒有語法錯(cuò)誤,但邏輯性不強(qiáng),可讀性差。試比較:原句:Many of us are in favor of staying at home.Thevthlnk its convement and eomfortable.Thev can save moneyfor other purposes.But thev will lose the chance of gettmg toknow the outsi de wold.修正:Many of us are in favor of staying at h ome.Theythi

10、nk its both convenient and comfortable.Whats more.they can save money for other purposes.But they will lose the chance of getting to know the outside world.文章通過修正,巧妙地使用了過渡成分。這樣,前后連貫,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,收到了滿意的效果。4.注意寫作順序,避免次序式表達(dá)表達(dá)時(shí)切忌千篇一律,不要完全按照表格內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)的先后順序來寫,應(yīng)從語篇角度統(tǒng)籌安排要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,必要時(shí)在表達(dá)順序上作適當(dāng)調(diào)整,目的是使全文重點(diǎn)突出,通順連貫。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練:根據(jù)下表所

11、提供的信息,寫一篇題為“The Simllanties and differnces between newspape and websites”的英語短文。注意:1短文須包括表中的全部內(nèi)容,可適當(dāng)發(fā)揮;2詞數(shù):100左右;3參考詞匯:更新(update、音頻(audio、視頻(video。參考范文:The similaries and dlfferences betweennewspapers and websitesNewspapem and websItes are both imporant news mediain the world tody.They are Similar to

12、 eaeh other in some wayFor example,they are both used to providing news and infor-marion for people.They have diffeerent pages with various textsand picturesBut there are great differnces between them.Newspa-pets are traditional and have a long hlstory.while websites areqmte new.We bsites need a com

13、puter and the Internet.whileyou can read newspaper everywhere And websdes have notonly texts with pictures but also audloS and videos.whichmake stones more interesting Whatsbetter.websireschangesall the time.Many websites areupdated many times a day Thelates tnews is al ways able to be seen on websi

14、tes.如何寫好情景英語書面表達(dá)一、什么是情景作文所謂情景作文就是考生根據(jù)所提供的有關(guān)信息,充分發(fā)揮想象力而寫出切情切景、傳神達(dá)意的文章。高考書面表達(dá)是考查考生是否能夠在一定的時(shí)間內(nèi)利用所提供的情景,運(yùn)用所學(xué)過的英語知識(shí)和掌握的技巧進(jìn)行書面交流,從而考查考生綜合運(yùn)用英語的能力。高考書面表達(dá)的情景包括目的、對(duì)象、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容等;提供情景的形式有文字、圖畫、表格、提綱等,涉及的內(nèi)容貼近考生實(shí)際生活,與考生的日常生活息息相關(guān),這使考生有話可說,體現(xiàn)了人文關(guān)懷。書面表達(dá)在體裁上的要求多種多樣,例如2007年全國II卷要求“在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上宣傳一家賓館”(廣告;江蘇卷要求寫一篇發(fā)言稿,講述開展“陽光體育”

15、活動(dòng)的情況并發(fā)表自己的看法;全國I卷及福建等六七個(gè)省則要求根據(jù)不同的情景寫信。二、如何寫好情景作文1. 緊扣情景。既然是情景作文,寫作時(shí)首先應(yīng)把自己置身于此情此景之中,圍繞規(guī)定的情景,展開思維的翅膀,去體會(huì)和感受。雖說有時(shí)內(nèi)容可以有所突破,但卻不能漫無邊際地任意發(fā)揮,規(guī)定要寫的東西必須寫入文章中,不能遺漏。2. 認(rèn)真審題。審題是高質(zhì)量書面表達(dá)的前提。審題首先就是辨認(rèn)體裁,確定格式。不同體裁的應(yīng)用文寫作都有其固定格式及要求,認(rèn)準(zhǔn)了體裁也就完成了一半任務(wù)。如口頭通知的格式就非常固定,考生只要牢記一兩篇優(yōu)秀的范文,考試時(shí)把與范文不同的主題、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等換掉就形成一篇不錯(cuò)的文章了。其次,審題時(shí)還必須根

16、據(jù)不同的體裁來確定人稱和時(shí)態(tài)。不同體裁的文章有時(shí)其時(shí)態(tài)也是相對(duì)固定的,比如,寫日記或敘述故事時(shí)多用過去時(shí),而陳述兩種不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)則通常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。3. 遣詞造句。根據(jù)內(nèi)容提要,在草稿紙上列出所有要點(diǎn),然后用自己最熟悉、最有把握的詞、短語及句式,按一定的邏輯順序和意義層次完成短文,劃分好文章的自然段落,注意段落之間的發(fā)展和連貫。4. 加工潤色。盡量避免過多地重復(fù)使用同一單詞或短語,盡量使用不同長度的句子,使句型多樣化。適當(dāng)使用連詞,使句子間的銜接自然流暢。同時(shí)要注意保持卷面整潔,給閱卷教師留下美好印象。此外,近幾年來,高考書面表達(dá)的要求已有明顯變化,雖然還是以情景作文為主,但要求已由原來的將情景材料

17、直接翻譯成英文轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閵A敘夾議或既有說明又要議論的集情景作文與開放性作文為一體的英文寫作,這給考生自由發(fā)揮的空間大了,但難度明顯提高了。因此,要提高書面表達(dá)能力,除了掌握一定的寫作技巧外,更重要的是平時(shí)要做到以下幾點(diǎn):一要注重基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的積累。要加強(qiáng)語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練,熟練掌握單詞、詞組、句型及其用法,尤其是固定搭配和特殊用法,掌握基礎(chǔ)語法知識(shí),并在實(shí)際寫作中熟練運(yùn)用。二要正確處理讀和寫的關(guān)系。大量的閱讀不僅能夠增加詞匯量,更能培養(yǎng)英語語感,語感增強(qiáng)了,表達(dá)能力就自然而然地提高了,語言也就更地道了。三要勤練。平時(shí)要多用英語寫作(如寫日記等,永遠(yuǎn)不要忘記“熟能生巧”這個(gè)道理。三、例文評(píng)析例請(qǐng)根

18、據(jù)以下提示寫一篇150詞左右的短文,并闡明自己對(duì)新放假辦法的看法。2007年12月16日,國務(wù)院正式公布從2008年1月1日起實(shí)行新的放假辦法。新辦法取消了五一黃金周,保留十一國慶節(jié)和春節(jié)兩個(gè)黃金周,將春節(jié)放假的起始時(shí)間由農(nóng)歷年正月初一調(diào)整為除夕,增加清明、端午、中秋為法定假日。國家法定假期由原來的10天增加到了11天。新的方案宣布后,大多數(shù)參與網(wǎng)上調(diào)查的人表示贊成,但也有人對(duì)取消五一黃金周表示不滿,認(rèn)為這會(huì)使國慶和春節(jié)期間交通更加擁擠。參考詞匯:國務(wù)院the State Council取消scrap v .清明Tomb Sweeping Day端午Dragon Boat Festival中秋

19、Mid Autumn Festival析這是一篇夾敘夾議的作文,主要由三部分組成:一是國務(wù)院公布的新的放假辦法,二是接受調(diào)查的網(wǎng)民對(duì)該辦法的看法,三是本人的觀點(diǎn)。具體寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):把文章的三部分分為三個(gè)自然段;由于文章的內(nèi)容是國務(wù)院文件及陳述觀點(diǎn),因此其主體時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在時(shí);雖然第三部分考生有話可說,但由于有詞數(shù)限制,考生在發(fā)表自己觀點(diǎn)時(shí)應(yīng)抓住重點(diǎn),不要過度發(fā)揮。參考范文:On December 16th, 2007, the State Council officially announced that the new holiday plan would come into effe

20、ct on January 1, 2008. The new plan has scrappedMay Day golden week but retained the National Day and Spring Festival golden week holidays. The Spring Festival golden week starts one day earlier from the eveof the Lunar New Year. Three traditional festivalsTomb Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival and

21、 Mid Autumn Festivalare added to the list of public holidays. The plan also increases the total number of national holidays from 10 to 11.The majority of people surveyed online are in favor of the new holiday plan but other people are dissatisfied with the scrapping of May Day golden week, believing

22、 that it will make the other two golden week holidays more crowded.I am for the new plan because the change is environmentally friendly and will help to protect our traditional cultural heritage.請(qǐng)根據(jù)以下內(nèi)容寫一篇150詞左右的短文,陳述事實(shí),并就雪災(zāi)造成嚴(yán)重?fù)p失的原因及應(yīng)采取的預(yù)防措施發(fā)表自己的看法。今年1月,我國21個(gè)省市自治區(qū)遭受了50年來最嚴(yán)重的暴雪災(zāi)害。雪災(zāi)造成道路中斷,航班被取消,大量房屋

23、被壓塌,電線被壓斷,水管被凍裂。據(jù)民政部統(tǒng)計(jì),一百九十多萬名旅客曾一度被滯留在車站和機(jī)場,全國數(shù)千萬人的生活受到極大影響,并有107人在雪災(zāi)中死亡,直接經(jīng)濟(jì)損失高達(dá)1,110多億元。參考詞匯:1. 省市自治區(qū)provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions2. 壓塌be crushed3. 滯留be stranded參考范文:In January this year, 21 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regionsin our country were hit by the worst sn

24、owstorms in 50 years. The snowstorms caused great damages. Roads were cut and flights cancelled . A lot o f houses were crushed, power lines broken and water pipes frozen. According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, over 1.9 million travellers were stranded at airports and stations at some point. Te

25、ns of millions of people s lives were affected nationwide. Wha t s worse, 107 people were killed in the disaster and the direct economic losses amounted to as much as 111 billion yuan .In my opinion, there were two main causes for the disaster: one was of course the extreme weather and the other was

26、 that we hadn t b een prepared for such bad weather. So to prevent similar disasters from happening again, I think we should improve our ability to forecast the weather, get well prepared in advance and react quickly once anything bad really happens.半開放性書面表達(dá)考前指導(dǎo)所謂半開放性作文,就是要求考生先準(zhǔn)確地表述條文、表格、圖表或漫畫等所提供的信

27、息,然后發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)。本文試結(jié)合學(xué)生的習(xí)作,談?wù)勅绾螌懞冒腴_放性作文,以期對(duì)考生備考有所幫助。經(jīng)典回放私家車迅速發(fā)展的利與弊當(dāng)前私家車在你們城市發(fā)展勢頭迅猛,但它帶來許多便利的同時(shí),也帶來了一些弊端。上個(gè)月你們班就“私家車迅速發(fā)展的利與弊”進(jìn)行了熱烈的討論,請(qǐng)根據(jù)下表提供的內(nèi)容,客觀介紹討論的情況,并談?wù)勀阕约旱目捶āＷ⒁?1. 對(duì)所給要點(diǎn),不要簡單翻譯,要有適當(dāng)發(fā)揮。2. 詞數(shù):150 左右。3. 參考詞匯:消耗consume ( vt .尾氣the waste gas高峰時(shí)in the rush hours解題指導(dǎo)1. 謀篇布局,擬定框架。本文可分四段寫:第一段:導(dǎo)入話題。第二段:私家車

28、迅速發(fā)展的好處。第三段:私家車迅速發(fā)展的弊端。第四段:建議。2. 統(tǒng)籌時(shí)態(tài)。(1 第一段導(dǎo)入介紹上個(gè)月你們班就“私家車迅速發(fā)展的利與弊”進(jìn)行了熱烈的討論,應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。(2 第二、三段陳述私家車迅速發(fā)展的利與弊,是客觀事實(shí),應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。(3 第四段提出自己的建議,描述的是將來,用一般將來時(shí)。3. 推敲要點(diǎn)表達(dá)方法。(1 價(jià)位合理: prices are reasonable(2 給人們的生活帶來便利,提高了生活質(zhì)量:people enjoy its convenience and better life quality as well(3 帶動(dòng)相關(guān)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,解決許多人的就業(yè)問題:som

29、e related industries have also been brought about , which contributes to more employment(4 消耗太多能源:consume too much energy(5 高峰時(shí)交通擁堵: traffic jams occur in the rush hours(6 停車?yán)щy: it is difficult for people to park their cars4. 分析私家車迅速發(fā)展的利與弊,提出有建設(shè)性和可行性的建議,不可平庸。5. 整合文章的整體效果,盡可能使用一些高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜句式,運(yùn)用過渡性詞匯,力求銜

30、接緊密流暢,提升文章的表達(dá)檔次。學(xué)生習(xí)作選登Last month, we had a discussion about the good and wrong of the rapid development of personal cars in our city . People's opinions are quite different.Firstly, car prices are reasonable, it is not a dream for ordinary families to buy a car. Secondly,people live conveniently

31、 and life quality is raised too. It helps develop related industries. More people will have jobs.Cars use too much power, and the waste gas pollutes the environment. The roads are not enough and traffic jams occur in the rush hours. People park their cars not so easily.I suggest that people don'

32、t buy cars unless it is necessary. It wastes a lot of money. If there are not so many cars on the roads, the traffic will not be heavy. It is our duty to protect the environment against pollution.點(diǎn)評(píng)與修改建議本文雖然條理清楚,層次清晰,行文連貫,語言也有一定的亮點(diǎn),并使用了一些高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜句式(見黑體部分,但至多只能屬于中等表達(dá)檔次的文章。主要問題如下:1. 文章的語言不夠地道、得體,尤其是劃線部

33、分。2. 簡單句使用過多,應(yīng)增加一些高級(jí)詞匯和復(fù)雜句式,以提高文章的表達(dá)檔次。3. 行文中還應(yīng)增加一些連接詞,以增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果。4. 最后自己的建議只是停留在面上,沒有深度,沒有建設(shè)性,不能從根本上解決問題。這一點(diǎn),是影響文章表達(dá)檔次從而獲取高分的關(guān)鍵所在。5. 文中有多處語言表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤。例如:第一段第一行的“the good and wrong”, 用詞不當(dāng),應(yīng)改為the advantages and disadvantages; “personal”應(yīng)改為private。第二段第一句是典型的病句,在“it is not a dream .” 之前應(yīng)添加so或and;第三段第一行的“power”

34、 應(yīng)改為 energy ; 第四段第一句的“don't”應(yīng)改為“(should not”,因?yàn)閟uggest表示“建議”時(shí),所引導(dǎo)的從句要用虛擬語氣。習(xí)作修改與欣賞Last month we had a heated discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the rapid development of private cars i n our city. People's opinions are quite different. Firstly, car prices are reasonable, so

35、owning a private car is no longer a dream for ordinary families. Secondly, people are enjoying its convenience and better life quality as well. What's more, some re l ated industries have also been brought about, which contributes to more employment.However, besides the advantages mentioned abov

36、e , there also exist some disadvantages. Cars consume too much energy, and the waste gas from cars pollutes the environmen t . What's worse, there are not enough roads and traffic jams occur in the rush hours. Apart from that, people find it hard to park their cars due to the lack of parking lots.I strongly recommend the number of private cars be limited and public bus service be improved. The government should also take measures to reduce pollution.一練即通根據(jù)國務(wù)院有關(guān)規(guī)定,自2008年6月1日起,在所有超市、商場、集貿(mào)市場