生物化學(xué)緒論課程

1、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)1生物化學(xué)緒論課程生物化學(xué)緒論課程23緒論緒論Introduction4Goals of Studying Biochemistry1. To introduce the language of biochemistry, with careful explanations of the meaning, origin, and significance of terms.(介紹用于詳細(xì)解釋術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義、出處和意義的生物化學(xué)語(yǔ)介紹用于詳細(xì)解釋術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義、出處和意義的生物化學(xué)語(yǔ)言）言）2. To provide a balanced understanding of the physical

2、, chemical, and biological context in which each biomolecule, reaction, and pathway operates.（在每個(gè)生物分子、每個(gè)反應(yīng)和反應(yīng)途徑中的物理的、化學(xué)的和生物學(xué)的關(guān)系準(zhǔn)備一種平衡理念）在每個(gè)生物分子、每個(gè)反應(yīng)和反應(yīng)途徑中的物理的、化學(xué)的和生物學(xué)的關(guān)系準(zhǔn)備一種平衡理念）3. To project a clear and repeated emphasis major themes, especially those relating to evolution, thermodynamics, regulati

3、on, and the relationship between structure and function.（計(jì)劃一些清晰并反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的主題，特（計(jì)劃一些清晰并反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的主題，特別是與進(jìn)化、熱力學(xué)、調(diào)節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)與功能關(guān)系的內(nèi)容）別是與進(jìn)化、熱力學(xué)、調(diào)節(jié)和結(jié)構(gòu)與功能關(guān)系的內(nèi)容）54. To explain and to place in context the most important techniques that have brought us to our current understanding of biochemistry (key experiments)（ 解釋和應(yīng)用最重要

4、的技術(shù)了解生物化學(xué)理論）解釋和應(yīng)用最重要的技術(shù)了解生物化學(xué)理論）5. To sustain the students interest by developing topics in a logical and stepwise manner（通過邏輯的逐步深入的（通過邏輯的逐步深入的方式發(fā)展主題支撐學(xué)生的興趣）方式發(fā)展主題支撐學(xué)生的興趣）; taking every opportunity to point out connections between processes（利用每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)指出反應(yīng)步驟（利用每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)指出反應(yīng)步驟之間的聯(lián)系）之間的聯(lián)系）; identifying gaps in

5、our knowledge that promise to challenge future generations of scientists（找出我們知識(shí)的不足，允許未來科學(xué)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）（找出我們知識(shí)的不足，允許未來科學(xué)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）; supplying the historical context of selected major discoveries, when such context is useful（選擇主要的發(fā)明提供歷史的前后關(guān)系）（選擇主要的發(fā)明提供歷史的前后關(guān)系）; and highlighting the implications of biochemical adva

6、nces for society (preparing you for research and discovery and other adventures you may undertake in the future)（突出生物化學(xué)對(duì)社會(huì)的作用，為你研究和發(fā)現(xiàn)以及將（突出生物化學(xué)對(duì)社會(huì)的作用，為你研究和發(fā)現(xiàn)以及將來可能承擔(dān)的冒險(xiǎn)作準(zhǔn)備）來可能承擔(dān)的冒險(xiǎn)作準(zhǔn)備）. 6The main features of the living matters1. A high degree of chemical complexity andmicroscopic organization.2. met

7、abolize-extract, transform, and use nutrients and energy from their environment3. respond (adapt and survive) by finding energy and raw materials through interacting with their surroundings4. self replicate and self assembly(裝配裝配 )(reproduce and perpetuate)5. Evolve(進(jìn)化進(jìn)化) and diversify127The origin

8、of the universe 8(a) microscopiccomplexity(b) energy comsumption,food chain(c) reproduction9捕蠅草可以在捕蠅草可以在0.5秒的時(shí)間內(nèi)捕獲昆蟲，秒的時(shí)間內(nèi)捕獲昆蟲， 并分泌消化酶消化昆蟲以并分泌消化酶消化昆蟲以獲得營(yíng)養(yǎng)。獲得營(yíng)養(yǎng)。10含羞草羽狀的葉片，輕觸和搖動(dòng)可使葉片很快合攏和下垂。含羞草羽狀的葉片，輕觸和搖動(dòng)可使葉片很快合攏和下垂。11Garden of Eden (diversity and unity)122. What is Biochemistry?The study of the molec

9、ular basis of life or understanding life phenomena in chemical terms. It is the combination of biology and chemistry or the application of chemical principles to understanding biology.133. What are the questions for biochemists to answer?(1) What are the biomolecules (composition and structure)?(2)

10、How do biomolecules act and interact (conferring the remarkable features of living organisms)?(3) How are the biomolecules synthesized (biosynthesis)?(4) How is energy generated and consumed (energy metabolism, its source and fate命運(yùn)命運(yùn))?(5) How are the myriad（無(wú)數(shù)）（無(wú)數(shù)） of biochemical reactions regulate

11、d (the coordination problem, the network of control)?14(6) What is the carrier of genetic information and how is it expressed and transmitted (information pathway)? (preserved faithfully)(7) How do cells and organisms grow, differentiate, and reproduce?(8 )What is the molecular basis of evolution?(9

12、 )What makes living organisms so diversified? (advantages優(yōu)勢(shì)優(yōu)勢(shì), purposes and natural tendencies趨向趨向)(10) How do we make use of life and knowledge about life for the benefits of human being (biotechnology, quality of life, societal welfare)?15161718生物學(xué)生物學(xué)動(dòng)物學(xué)動(dòng)物學(xué)植物學(xué)植物學(xué)微生物學(xué)微生物學(xué)化學(xué)化學(xué)生物生物學(xué)學(xué)生物化學(xué)生物化學(xué)192. 生物化學(xué)

13、與分子生物學(xué)的關(guān)系生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué)的關(guān)系20細(xì)菌細(xì)菌目的蛋白目的蛋白 PCRPlasmid基因工程示意圖基因工程示意圖213.生物化學(xué)與生物科學(xué)的關(guān)系生物化學(xué)與生物科學(xué)的關(guān)系2223制藥工業(yè)： 鏈激酶、 尿激酶、 氨基酸、 核甘酸（所謂基 因營(yíng)養(yǎng)物）、SOD、 MT、 紫杉醇等。生物制品： 疫苗、 Only one、 皮革工業(yè)： 角質(zhì)酶脫毛 生物化學(xué)不但為這些生產(chǎn)過程建生物化學(xué)不但為這些生產(chǎn)過程建立了科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)并為其技術(shù)改造創(chuàng)立了科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)并為其技術(shù)改造創(chuàng)造了條件造了條件24252627282930A tobacco plant expressing the gene for firefly

14、luciferase. Light was produced after the plant was watered with a solution containing luciferin, the substrate for the light-producing luciferase enzyme (see Box 132). Dont expect glow-in-the-dark ornamental plants at your local plant nursery anytime soon. The light is actually quite weak; this phot

15、ograph required a 24-hour exposure. The real pointthat this technology allows the introduction of new traits into plantsis neverthelesselegantly made.煙草表達(dá)螢火蟲煙草表達(dá)螢火蟲熒光素基因熒光素基因31表達(dá)抗蟲基因的表達(dá)抗蟲基因的西紅柿西紅柿32Glyphosate-resistant soybean plants. The photographs show two areas of a soybean field in Wisconsin. (

16、a)Without glyphosate treatment, this part of the field is overrun with weeds. (b) Glyphosateresistant soybean plants thrive in the glyphosate-treated section of the field. Glyphosate breaks down rapidly in the environment. Agricultural use of engineered plants such as these proceeds only after consi

17、derable deliberation, balancing the extraordinary promise of the technology with the need to select new traits with care. Both science and society as a whole have a stake in ensuring that the use of the resultant plants has no adverse impact on the environment or on human health.轉(zhuǎn)草甘膦基因大豆33Cloning in

18、 mice. The gene for human growth hormone was introduced into the genome of the mouse on the right. Expressionof the gene resulted in the unusually large size of this mouse.表達(dá)人生長(zhǎng)激素表達(dá)人生長(zhǎng)激素的老鼠的老鼠343536373839401 Examine the critical experiments leading to major discoveries2 Understand the major themes in biochemistry. For example, what are the properties and functions of noncovalent（非共介（非共介） interactions, allosteric（變構(gòu)）（變構(gòu)） regulation, a