高考英語復習 讀寫任務 主題句與擴展據(jù)

1、讀寫任務讀寫任務如何寫好主題句與擴展句如何寫好主題句與擴展句【寫作內(nèi)容】1.以約30個詞概括上文的主要內(nèi)容。2.以約以約120120個詞講述一次你（或你的朋個詞講述一次你（或你的朋友）想家的經(jīng)歷，友）想家的經(jīng)歷，內(nèi)容包括：(1) 時間、地點和起因；(2) 想家給學習和生活帶來的影響；(3) 你（或你的朋友）是如何應對的。2011 NMET 廣東卷廣東卷 讀寫任務讀寫任務I also have similar experience of feeling homesick. The school I attend is a boarding school. When I got there the

2、 first day three years ago, I was told that we would have a military drill for a week. It was my first time to live all by myself, so I was scared. The military drill was terrible and several times I thought I would pass out in the sun. I felt terrible, cried in bed every evening, and missed my fami

3、ly very much.讀以下文段，并找出本段的主題句。讀以下文段，并找出本段的主題句。請根據(jù)以下擴展句寫出本段的主題句。請根據(jù)以下擴展句寫出本段的主題句。As I felt terrible, I was low in mood. I didnt feel like eating, and as a result, I felt ill. What was worse, my classmates all thought that I was spoiled and strange and few would talk to me.The homesickness did affect m

4、y life. 主題句主題句也稱為中心句，是對文段主題的概括性陳述。 擴展句擴展句是對主題句的延伸或證明，需圍繞主題句展開，對主題句起到支撐的作用。主題句I also have similar experience of feeling homesick like Tom. 導向作用制約作用本段以講述“experience”為主。這些experience需與homesick相關，且與Tom的經(jīng)歷相似。 主題句的導向作用導向（control） 規(guī)定段落的發(fā)展脈絡 主題句的制約作用制約（limit） 限制主題的覆蓋范圍Smoking is harmful to peoples health. Ex

5、periments show that tobacco contains some dangerous chemical substances that might lead easily to heart disease, cancer and other to diseases. Every year, there are about 4 million people who die from diseases caused by smoking. Besides, since secondhand smoke will also threaten peoples health, smok

6、ing is dangerous not only for the smokers but also for other people.找出主題句并分析其導向與制約作用。找出主題句并分析其導向與制約作用。Different countries and different races have different manners. Before entering a house in Japan, it is a good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become

7、 very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different

8、 countries are never the same.以下各段缺少主題句，請補充完整。以下各段缺少主題句，請補充完整。1）v2) _. For example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to

9、calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell. Everyone lives by selling something.v3) _. _ Before entering a house in Japan, it is a

10、good manner to take off your shoes. In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy, this is not done. A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink. He leaves a little to show that he has had enough. In a Malaysian house, too, a guest leaves a little food. In England, a gues

11、t always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it. It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.Different countries and different races have different manners.v4) _ _ Fire can heat water, cook, give out light and keep your house warm. Sometimes, however, big fires can burn

12、down houses and forests. For example, the big fire caused Yuanming Palace, a famous palace in Qing Dynasty, ruined completely. So we must be very careful with matches, burning cigarettes, faulty electric appliances or unquenched(未撲滅的) fires. Be careful with fire because it does not always do us good

13、.寫好主題句的重要性寫作寫作（滿分（滿分20分）分）分值分值評分標準評分標準18-20包含題目所給全部或絕大部包含題目所給全部或絕大部分的內(nèi)容要點。分的內(nèi)容要點。主題明確，主題明確，內(nèi)容豐富內(nèi)容豐富。詞匯豐富，用詞匯豐富，用詞得當。能有效運用合適的詞得當。能有效運用合適的語言結構，而且沒有（或極語言結構，而且沒有（或極少）語法錯誤。少）語法錯誤。篇章結構的連貫性較好。篇章結構的連貫性較好。. . 直接回答要點直接回答要點 Model: 假如你處在那些動物的處境假如你處在那些動物的處境,你會有什么反應？你會有什么反應？ （2009廣東高考讀寫任務要點2） If I were an animal

14、in the wildlife park, I could feel annoyed when people keep photographing me. 你理想中的大學生活是什么樣的？你理想中的大學生活是什么樣的？ 寫作要點是詢問考生寫作要點是詢問考生的的看法看法時，對提問直時，對提問直接作出回答。接作出回答。In my eyes, my ideal college life is wonderful/relaxing.常用詞組：常用詞組：In my opinion / as for me / as far as I am concerned模式模式1 1主題句的幾種模式主題句的幾種模式 表

15、明立場表明立場 Model: 你認為是否應該禁止游客和動物拍照。你認為是否應該禁止游客和動物拍照。 (2009年廣東高考讀寫任務要點3) I believe that taking photos with animals should be banned.明確表示對某觀點支持、明確表示對某觀點支持、贊同或反對。贊同或反對。模式模式2.2. I disagree with the idea that I am opposed to the idea that I disapprove of the idea that In some way, I agree with but What the

16、writer said sounds reasonable, butDiscuss the expressions of supporting and objecting I agree with the statement that I am in favor of I appreciate that I approve of the idea that I believe that I agree with what the writer said/says.表示支持或贊同的句型：表示支持或贊同的句型：表示反對或不贊同的句型：表示反對或不贊同的句型：你對用金錢鼓勵孩子學習的看法。你對用金錢

17、鼓勵孩子學習的看法。 (2010年廣東高考讀寫任務要點1) I am not in favor of encouraging kids with cash just because they have got good marks. 重述要點重述要點 Model： 在生活中諒解他人有何重要意義在生活中諒解他人有何重要意義.From the story I learn that understanding and forgiving others plays an important role in our life. 不直接回答寫作要不直接回答寫作要點，而是點，而是翻譯翻譯要點作要點作為段落主

18、題句。為段落主題句。have a close relation /connectionplay an important role/parthave a bad/good influence/effectdo harm to詞組積累詞組積累be different from模式模式3.3.中學生活和大學生活的差別中學生活和大學生活的差別. As we all know, college is widely different from middle school. (2008高考讀寫任務要點3) 總述原因總述原因 Model: 使我們生活發(fā)生變化有哪些原因？使我們生活發(fā)生變化有哪些原因？ Th

19、ere are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. There are several reasons that contribute to The reasons for this are obvious for reasons as follows The reason why is thatUseful expressions for reasons:模式模式4.4. 你支持青少年的秘密應該與父母分享的理由是什么？你支持青少年的秘密應該與父母分享的理由是什么？ I insist that tee

20、nagers secrets should be shared with their parents for reasons as follows. 的原因顯而易見的原因顯而易見的原因有多種的原因有多種的原因如下的原因如下句型提示句型提示常用句型：常用句型： We should take some effective measures. We should try our best to overcome/conquer the difficulties. We should solve the problems that we are faced with. It is necessary

21、that proper actions/ steps should be taken to end the phenomenon.引出建議、方法、措施、步驟等引出建議、方法、措施、步驟等Model: 說說人們對環(huán)境保護所采取的措施。說說人們對環(huán)境保護所采取的措施。 Luckily, more and more measures are being taken to protect the environment. 模式模式5.5.如何才能獲得快樂？如何才能獲得快樂？We should find some effective ways to make ourselves happy.引出經(jīng)歷引出

22、經(jīng)歷 簡述你經(jīng)歷過的一次困難或考驗。簡述你經(jīng)歷過的一次困難或考驗。(2010茂名一模)It reminds me of my own experience when 常用句型：常用句型：vIt reminds me of the time whenvIt reminds me of an accident which happened several days ago.vAfter reading the story above, I recall the experience of my friend whovThe story above reminds me of one of my e

23、xperiences用來引出記敘文的具體用來引出記敘文的具體事例。事例。模式模式6.6. 回答要點回答要點段落主題句的模式段落主題句的模式 表明立場表明立場 重述要點重述要點 總述原因總述原因 引出建議、方法、引出建議、方法、措施、步驟措施、步驟 引出經(jīng)歷引出經(jīng)歷鞏固練習鞏固練習: 根據(jù)給出的要點寫出主題句。根據(jù)給出的要點寫出主題句。1. 你認為是否應該穿校服上學。你認為是否應該穿校服上學。 2. 這個故事使我想起了自己一年前參加英語演講比賽這個故事使我想起了自己一年前參加英語演講比賽 的經(jīng)歷的經(jīng)歷 。3. 應該采取措施解決住房問題。應該采取措施解決住房問題。 4. 你認為好老師應該具有什么樣

24、的好品質(zhì)。你認為好老師應該具有什么樣的好品質(zhì)。 5. 簡述你支持拆舊圖書館的理由。簡述你支持拆舊圖書館的理由。 6. 分析學生之間存在競爭的利弊。分析學生之間存在競爭的利弊。 表明立場表明立場 引出經(jīng)歷引出經(jīng)歷 引出建議、方法、措施、引出建議、方法、措施、步驟步驟 回答要點回答要點 總述原因總述原因 重述要點重述要點 1. 你認為是否應該穿校服上學。你認為是否應該穿校服上學。 I approve of the requirement that students should wear school uniform on the campus. 2. 這個故事使我想起了自己一年前參加英語演講比賽

25、這個故事使我想起了自己一年前參加英語演講比賽 的經(jīng)歷的經(jīng)歷 。The story reminds me of my own experience when I entered an English speaking competition one year ago. 表明立場表明立場 引出經(jīng)歷引出經(jīng)歷 3. 應該采取措施解決住房問題。應該采取措施解決住房問題。 We should take some effective measures to solve the housing problem . 4. 你認為好老師應該具有什么樣的好品質(zhì)。你認為好老師應該具有什么樣的好品質(zhì)。 In my ey

26、es, a good teacher should treat his students fairly as well as make the class lively and interesting. 引出建議、方法、引出建議、方法、措施、步驟等措施、步驟等 回答要點回答要點 5. 簡述你支持拆舊圖書館的理由。簡述你支持拆舊圖書館的理由。 6. 分析學生之間存在競爭的利弊。分析學生之間存在競爭的利弊。 My support for tearing down the old library is based on the following reasons.As we all know, co

27、mpetition among students has advantages as well as disadvantages. 總述原因總述原因 重述要點重述要點 2011年茂名一模讀寫任務 以以120詞就詞就“The price of beauty”為題進行為題進行議論，議論， 內(nèi)容包括：內(nèi)容包括： （1）分析中國整容手術的）分析中國整容手術的 及青少年進及青少年進 行整容手術的原因。行整容手術的原因。 （2）分析整容手術帶來的危害。）分析整容手術帶來的危害。 （3）你認為怎樣對待自己的外貌）你認為怎樣對待自己的外貌 。綜合運用綜合運用 回答要點回答要點 總述原因總述原因重述要點重述要點

28、回答要點回答要點現(xiàn)狀現(xiàn)狀綜合運用綜合運用 寫作內(nèi)容寫作內(nèi)容 最近，你學校英語俱樂部組織了一次學生交流最近，你學校英語俱樂部組織了一次學生交流活動，討論活動，討論“90后現(xiàn)象后現(xiàn)象”。請就。請就“The post-90s Phenomenon”談談你的看法，內(nèi)容要點談談你的看法，內(nèi)容要點包括：包括： 1) 你怎樣看待你怎樣看待90后現(xiàn)象；后現(xiàn)象； 2) 你的理由是什么；你的理由是什么； 3) 你對你對90后有何建議。后有何建議。回答要點回答要點 引出建議、方法、引出建議、方法、措施、步驟等措施、步驟等 總述原因總述原因 【參考例句】 1) As far as I am concerned, wh

29、at the post-90s children do nowdays is totally unacceptable. 2) The reasons why I would put forward such an opinion can be listed as follows. 3) As one of the post-90s individuals, I have come up with some effective suggestions in view of the seriousness of this problem.綜合運用綜合運用 寫作內(nèi)容寫作內(nèi)容 以約以約120個詞就個

30、詞就“寬容寬容”這個話題發(fā)表你的看這個話題發(fā)表你的看法，內(nèi)容要點包括：法，內(nèi)容要點包括：（1）上文給你的啟示；）上文給你的啟示；（2）敘述一次你寬恕他人或被他人寬恕的經(jīng)）敘述一次你寬恕他人或被他人寬恕的經(jīng)歷；歷；（3）學會寬容的意義。）學會寬容的意義。直接回答要點直接回答要點引出經(jīng)歷引出經(jīng)歷重述要點重述要點【參考例句】 1) As for me, from the story I realize how important and powerful forgiveness is in our daily life.(直接回答要點直接回答要點) 2)It reminds me of my own

31、 experience.（引出經(jīng)（引出經(jīng)歷）歷） 3)The spirit of forgiveness and tolerance plays an important role in our life, which is like sunshine, lighting the hearts of people who forgive and who are for given.（重述要點）（重述要點）綜合運用綜合運用 寫作內(nèi)容寫作內(nèi)容 以約120個詞談談你對“如何對待孩子的錯誤”的看法，內(nèi)容包括：（1）描述一次你犯錯的經(jīng)歷及你父母對此的反應；（2）評價你父母的做法；（3）你認為家長應該如何

32、對待孩子的錯誤。 引出經(jīng)歷引出經(jīng)歷表明立場表明立場直接回答要點直接回答要點【參考例句】 1) The passage reminds me of my experience.（引出經(jīng)歷）（引出經(jīng)歷） 2)I appreciated how my father handled the problem very much.（表明立場）（表明立場） 3)In my opinion, adults should deal with the misbehaviors of kids properly.（直接回答要點）（直接回答要點） 以下題為例，要求以約以下題為例，要求以約120個詞用英語給你個詞用英語

33、給你媽媽回信，內(nèi)容包括：媽媽回信，內(nèi)容包括：（1）你讀信后的感受）你讀信后的感受；（2）你是否贊成你媽媽的觀點，并陳述理由；）你是否贊成你媽媽的觀點，并陳述理由；（3）你對媽媽的承諾。試看一個考生的）你對媽媽的承諾。試看一個考生的第一個第一個要點要點是怎樣寫的：是怎樣寫的： After reading your letter , I feel very sorry and I dont know it made you so worried . 從這位同學的寫作內(nèi)容來看，思想貧乏。從這位同學的寫作內(nèi)容來看，思想貧乏。為什么很抱歉？為什么使母親擔心？為什么很抱歉？為什么使母親擔心？實際上實際上可

34、繼續(xù)展開一句，但他卻沒繼續(xù)發(fā)揮?？衫^續(xù)展開一句，但他卻沒繼續(xù)發(fā)揮。擴展句擴展句 再看另一位考生的表達：再看另一位考生的表達： （主題句）（主題句）I was deeply moved by your sincere words and my gratitude for you is beyond words. （原因）（原因）You love me from the bottom of your heart and care about me so much that you point out my mistakes straightly without hesitation to help

35、 me tell which is the most important thing to do . 這位同學首先表達了其感受，點明了主題：這位同學首先表達了其感受，點明了主題： “我被母親的話深深的打動了，對母親的感激無我被母親的話深深的打動了，對母親的感激無以言表以言表”，接著表達接著表達感動的原因感動的原因來拓展話題，思來拓展話題，思路清晰，內(nèi)容充實，容易得到評卷老師的偏愛。路清晰，內(nèi)容充實，容易得到評卷老師的偏愛。擴展句寫作需具有寫作需具有連貫性連貫性，故而擴展，故而擴展句與主題句之間必須：句與主題句之間必須： 意義相關（unity） 邏輯一致（coherence）請找出與主題句不相符

36、的擴展句。請找出與主題句不相符的擴展句。People have found mobile phones very convenient. They can get in touch with each other whenever and wherever they like. There are many different functions for different needs, such as sending short messages and surfing the Internet. However, you might have to pay for a wrong numb

37、er and the radiation from the phone may do harm to our health.如何寫擴展句如何寫擴展句拓展句子的拓展句子的常用法常用法有有:列舉式列舉式/遞進式遞進式說明原因說明原因/結果結果正反式正反式相關式相關式/細化主題細化主題敘述他人經(jīng)歷敘述他人經(jīng)歷 如（如（1）：談論個人對網(wǎng)上購物的看法。）：談論個人對網(wǎng)上購物的看法。 On one hand, online shopping has its advantages. Firstly, it is much cheaper. As far as Im concerned, online st

38、ores offer lower prices to the customers and some dont charge delivery fee if we buy more than one. Secondly, it is more convenient as customers neednt walk store after store for what they like. And its easier for them to compare products online. On the other hand1、列舉式、列舉式/遞進式遞進式列舉式列舉式 一方面利用正反式談論其優(yōu)點

39、和缺點，另一方面利一方面利用正反式談論其優(yōu)點和缺點，另一方面利用列舉式分別談其優(yōu)點或缺點。例如詳寫其優(yōu)點：用列舉式分別談其優(yōu)點或缺點。例如詳寫其優(yōu)點：如（如（2）談論）談論“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對人們生活帶來的影響互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對人們生活帶來的影響” (主題句主題句）The Internet plays a vital role in our daily life. （拓展句拓展句）It not only provides people with amounts of latest information, but also changes the way people communicate with each

40、other. Besides, the Internet enables people to go shopping at home easily and conveniently.遞進式遞進式 可以從提供最新信息可以從提供最新信息; ;改變交流方式改變交流方式; ; 網(wǎng)上購物網(wǎng)上購物, ,方便快捷幾個方面來擴展思路。方便快捷幾個方面來擴展思路。2.2.說明原因或結果說明原因或結果如（如（1 1）你讀完這個故事（目標的重要性）的感受）你讀完這個故事（目標的重要性）的感受。 （主題句主題句-感受感受）I was deeply inspired by such a story, ( 拓展句拓展句-

41、原因原因 )as it makes me realize the power of a goal in shaping ones success and gives me strength to pursue my goal, despite the hardships I am to go through .如（如（2 2）你對國家）你對國家“禁止商場免費提供塑料禁止商場免費提供塑料袋袋”的看法。的看法。（主題句-看法）It is necessary for government to forbid shops from offering free plastic bags. （拓展句拓展句

42、-結果結果）With this ban, shopping customers would gradually form a habit of bringing environmentally friendly bags with them so that the consumption of plastic bags would be greatly reduced.如：（如：（1） 11年廣州一模要求就年廣州一模要求就“誠信的重要性誠信的重要性”的主題的主題發(fā)表看法，要點發(fā)表看法，要點（1）你讀后的感受；）你讀后的感受； （主題句主題句-感受感受）After reading the sto

43、ry ,I feel it is important to be honest. (拓展句拓展句)Its obvious that an honest person will definitely win the respect from others, which is of great importance in our study and daily life, let it alone in the business world. However, a dishonest person will lose his fame and trust from others sooner or

44、 later. No matter how intelligent he is, dishonesty will ruin his future.3 3、正反式、正反式如（如（2）勇于認錯和道歉的重要性。）勇于認錯和道歉的重要性。（主題句重述要點）Since nobody is perfect and everybody may make mistakes , it is of great importance for us to deal with mistakes properly whenever we are mistaken.(拓展句拓展句）(反面）反面）As they say, d

45、enying a fault doubles it. If we refuse to admit our mistakes when we are wrong, we will not be accepted and forgiven by others. （正面）（正面） On the contrary , if we admit mistakes and apologize sincerely, others will be likely to forgive us ,which makes us closer to each other.如如(1)：就：就“如何減少交通事故如何減少交通事

46、故”的主題談論人們應該如的主題談論人們應該如何避免交通事故何避免交通事故vWhat can we do to avoid traffic accidents? v As to drivers: va) keep their emotions under control; vb) respect others v As to walkers/pedestrians and cyclists: va) strictly obey the traffic rules;vb) value their own lives4 4、相關式、相關式/ /細化主題細化主題所謂相關式是指圍繞決定事物的相關因素談論

47、所謂相關式是指圍繞決定事物的相關因素談論問題的方法。問題的方法。我們就可以圍繞造成交通事故的相關因素如司機和行我們就可以圍繞造成交通事故的相關因素如司機和行人來談論如何避免。人來談論如何避免。如（如（2）你對考試作弊的看法。）你對考試作弊的看法。（主題-明示觀點）In my opinion, this phenomenon will have a very bad effect on middle school students study habit.（拓展句）（細化）Those who usually cheat in exams will never treat study seriou

48、sly again because they believe they will always get good marks without working hard. Those who never cheat in exams will consider its unfair for them, thinking studying hard is not necessary. 考題中，我們經(jīng)常遇到考題中，我們經(jīng)常遇到舉事例舉事例的要點，雖然同學的要點，雖然同學們都能將思路展開，把故事的經(jīng)過表述清楚，但們都能將思路展開，把故事的經(jīng)過表述清楚，但往住往住缺乏生動性缺乏生動性，因此，同學們可有意

49、識地多一，因此，同學們可有意識地多一些人物的心理活動的描寫及情感態(tài)度表達，不僅些人物的心理活動的描寫及情感態(tài)度表達，不僅能增添字數(shù)，而且能達到錦上添花的效果，如：能增添字數(shù)，而且能達到錦上添花的效果，如：vSo upset was I that I was unwilling to make an apology to him.vFortunately, with the help of him, I gradually realized the importance of being honest.vMuch to my delight, due to my honesty, one yea

50、r later, I became one of the popular students in my class.溫馨提示：溫馨提示：Lets practise!Lets practise!Youre divided into three groups to finish the second part of task-based writing within senven minutes.Each group is in charge of one point using the methods mentioned now. Then I will ask three representa

51、tives to come here to write down your passages on the blackboad.讀寫任務 閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。 BEIJING,July6- Some 19,000 Chinese students died from unnatural causes last year, a survey has said. Food poisoning, drowning and traffic accidents topped the list of “killer”. Released on Wednesday at

52、 the inaugural Campus Safety and Risk Management Forum, the report was produced by the China Insurance Regulatory Commission(CIRC),which also sponsored the event. The report also said that the death toll comprised some 16,000 primary and secondary school students and about 3,000 college kids.The sur

53、vey claimed about 45 percent of the deaths resulted from students poor safety awareness, while a further 18 percent could be attributed to poor management in schools. A massive 80 percent of all deaths could have been prevented through better education, improved safety measures and strengthened mana

54、gement , the report said. Besides, it also showed there were some 40 million reported accidents involving people under 18 last year, of which almost 10 million required hospital treatment , the cost of which was 4.26 billion yuan._寫作內(nèi)容以約30個詞概括短文的要點； 然后以約120個詞就這“學生安全問題”發(fā)表看法，并包括如下要點：（1）請談談你讀完這則新聞的感受；

55、（2）請講述你自己或身邊朋友的有關經(jīng)歷； （3）應采取何種措施保護學生的安全？From the passage we know that a lot of students died because of a variety of accidents, including food poisoning, drowning and traffic accidents. In fact, the major reasons for those accidents are students poor safety awareness and the poor management in school.(摘要) （主題句）（主題句）After learning