北二外翻譯碩士MTI考研真題、考研經(jīng)驗、學(xué)習(xí)重難點

1、 翻譯碩士考研漢語寫作與百科知識議論文寫作議論文寫作一、議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)合體議論文,分析事實,論證道理,當(dāng)然要遵循一定的思維規(guī)律;這種思維規(guī)律反映在文章的外部形態(tài)上,就是具有一定體式的文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。怎樣寫議論文才算“合體”呢?一是根據(jù)議論問題的一般思維模式,應(yīng)當(dāng)是按“提出問題、分析問題、解決問題”(或曰“引論”、“本論”、“結(jié)論”三大塊構(gòu)成?！疤岢鰡栴}”即在議論文開頭一般要鮮明地提出中心論點,“分析問題”即在文章的中間要圍繞中心論點展開分析論證,“解決問題”即在文章的結(jié)尾部分或者得出綜合性結(jié)論,或者提出前瞻性希望等。這一點,眾所周知,茲不贅述。二是分析問題即本論部分,要按一定的向度分層展開論述。所謂

2、“向度”即論述展開的方向。這個“向度”有四個:是什么,為什么,怎么樣,何果。一般情況下,一篇中學(xué)生議論文作文,其本論部分只要從這四個向度中選擇一個或者兩個展開即可。但無論是從哪個向度展開,其分論點之間都要形成一定的聯(lián)系。一般來說,有并列式、遞進式和對照式三種。所謂并列式,就是圍繞中心從同一個向度列出幾個分論點,逐一論證。如果僅僅圍繞一個向度寫,那么幾個分論點之間的關(guān)系大多是并列關(guān)系。遞進式同并列式結(jié)構(gòu)相比,除了論點之間的意義聯(lián)系不同以外,其段落的結(jié)構(gòu)模式與并列式相同,就不再說了。資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 所謂對照式,就是從論題的正反兩個方面入手,進行正反對比論證得出結(jié)論。其優(yōu)點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔,論

3、證充分,容易上手。最簡單的對照式是在提出觀點后,一段從正面論證觀點,一段從反面論證觀點,最后得出結(jié)論。還有一種對照式結(jié)構(gòu)是在正面進行論述或者擺出論據(jù)后,緊接著用轉(zhuǎn)折或者假設(shè)的方式從反面展開論述。二、思路入格議論文是論述問題的,當(dāng)然要有一定的思路,即議論文各部分之間要有必然的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。我們知道,議論文是論證問題的,你在提出議論文論點后,就要擺事實,講道理,讓你提出的論點令人信服地確立起來。因此,中心論點和各分論點之間就應(yīng)當(dāng)是因果聯(lián)系,即中心論點是“果”,分論點是“因”。這個因果聯(lián)系就是議論文的思路之“格”。作為一個高中生的議論文作文,最起碼要做到在中心論點和各分論點之間,論點和論據(jù)之間要有一定的

4、因果聯(lián)系。學(xué)生提出中心論點后,只要圍繞中心論點問一個“為什么”,就能找到提出分論點的方向。如中心論點是“只有堅守,才能使人的思想品德升華,才能成就一番事業(yè)”。稍加分析,就可發(fā)現(xiàn)這個觀點是在說“堅守”的重要性,于是,分論點就要回答“為什么堅守很重要”這個問題。那么就可從“為什么”和“何果”這兩個向度來立分論點。如“堅守是一種執(zhí)著,使絕望變成希望”,“堅守是一種信念,使普通變得高尚”,“堅守是一種職責(zé),使平凡變得偉大”。如果我們要檢驗這三個分論點和資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 中心論點之間有沒有必然的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的話,只需在這三個分論點之前加上“因為”,在“堅守很重要”之前加上“所以”,再連起來念一下即

5、可。同樣,分論點和議論文的論據(jù)之間,也應(yīng)當(dāng)是因果聯(lián)系。如在“堅守是一種職責(zé),使平凡變得偉大”這個分論點后面,就可這樣展開論述:“邊防戰(zhàn)士的堅守,使國家安定祥和;人民教師的堅守,使桃李滿天下;白衣天使的堅守,使病魔為之屈服?！庇秩缭凇白杂墒撬枷氲穆w”這個分論點下可以這樣展開論述:“行動可以受制于客觀現(xiàn)實,思想?yún)s永遠享受絕對的自由。有了這份思想的自由,才有了集豪放與浪漫于一身的詩仙李白;才有了身陷囹圄還在感嘆故國不堪回首月明中的落魄后主李煜;才有了向往面朝大海,春暖花開的天才詩人海子?？傊?因為這份思想的自由,社會才會在其牽引之下不斷地進步,才會創(chuàng)造出一個個永載史冊的人類奇跡?！比⒄尺B有術(shù)一篇

6、像樣的議論文,除了議論文的結(jié)構(gòu)合體、思路入格外,還有更重要的一個方面,就是對論點的恰當(dāng)闡述和對論據(jù)的中肯分析;沒有這樣的闡述和分析,議論文論點論據(jù)就不能粘連起來,而這個粘連是有“術(shù)”的。(一觀點+過渡+事例+分析這個步驟中最重要的是“過渡”和“分析”。所謂“過渡”就是要在觀點和事例之間,用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~句來勾連,以接通文氣,使觀點和議論文材料在語言形式上暢通無阻。所謂“分析”,就是事例敘述完之后,還必須對事例進行適當(dāng)?shù)姆治鲈u論,資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 指出其本質(zhì)特點,使事例和論點在內(nèi)容上聯(lián)結(jié)在一起。(二觀點+過渡+論據(jù)+分析+歸納這種議論文論證方式就是在第一種的基礎(chǔ)上加了一個“歸納”。所謂歸納,

7、就是從多個事例中提煉出必然性的東西。既然要從多個事例中提煉,那么,“論據(jù)”部分,就應(yīng)是兩個或三個以上。(三一般道理+個別道理即“演繹推理法”。前面的分析歸納是從個別到一般,而演繹推理法是從一般到個別,用普遍性的真理(論據(jù)來證明特殊的論點的方法。4.2.4滿足譯文語境的需要原文可根據(jù)上下文提示或在一定的文化語境中將有些內(nèi)容予以省略,并不妨礙讀者的理解,但譯文有時須采用增詞法,將所省略的內(nèi)容明確化,否則譯入語讀者會感到信息不足。例如:64But,although you are the youngest man that ever lived,said Charles Darnay, rather

8、 hesitating,I must still suggest to you-原譯:“不過,即使你是最年輕的人,”查爾斯·達奈猶猶豫豫地說道,“我也得奉勸你?！备淖g:“雖然銀行里目前算你歲數(shù)最小,”查爾斯·達奈有點猶豫地說,“但我還是要奉勸你?！?中國翻譯1997年,第3期,第47頁65I was all but dancing with impatience in the checkout line and sighed with exasperation.Hearing me,he smiled apologetically.站在結(jié)帳隊伍里的我不耐煩地在動來動去,惱怒

9、地嘆了口氣。聽到我的嘆氣聲,資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 他滿臉歉意地笑了。66I never told my love vocally;still,if looks have language,the merest idiot might have guessed I was over head and ears.我從沒有把自個兒的愛情說出口,可是如果眉目也能傳情,那么即使白癡也能看出,我已經(jīng)沉溺在愛河里,沒了頂了。67Here nearly48million people live in an area only slightly larger than Maryland.將近四千八百萬人生

10、活的這塊地方只比美國馬里蘭州略大一點。68這只是我的理解,我覺得有些牽強甚至走樣,我覺得我懂其意卻難以表述。(蔣力,“西風(fēng)的話”This is only my personal understanding of the song,which I knew was a somewhatfarfetched distortion of it.I could sense and feel its meaning but could not say it. 69女人的生活天地較小,一旦過了三十五,便象吃了耗子藥,非緊張不可。譯文一:Women live in a smaller world.When

11、they are over35,they are bound to get upset,as if they had taken medicine for mice.譯文二:Women live in a rather limited world.At35,they will be more upset than ever,as if they had taken by mistake a dose of pesticide(and just realized it.(袁洪庚,“闡釋學(xué)與翻譯”,載杜承南文軍主編:中國當(dāng)代翻譯百論,pp.208-214,重慶大學(xué)出版社,1994年第64例選自雙城

12、記。原譯可能會將譯文讀者引入歧途,使之誤以為說話的對象真的很年輕。其實對方此時已屆七十八歲高齡。但特爾遜銀行里的職員年紀都很大,七十八歲在該行還算是年輕的。所以應(yīng)在漢譯文中加上“銀行里目前”這幾個字,才不會讓譯文讀者產(chǎn)生誤解。第67例中的Maryland對美國讀者來說足夠了,但如譯為“馬里蘭”,則很多中國讀者很可能不甚了了,所以加了“美國”和“州”三個字。第68例原文中的“我的理解”指“我對這首歌的理解”,譯文根據(jù)上下文作了作了增補,以明其義。第69例“譯文一”的譯者忽略了中西文化語境的差異,因為西方獨身女子司空見慣,早已見怪不怪。資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) “譯文二”適當(dāng)?shù)剡\用了增補的技巧,

13、以使讀者親身體會中國獨身女子的尷尬處境。反之,有時有的詞或詞組在原文中使用了,而在譯文中則可根據(jù)上下文語境很容易便能推斷出來,這時便可將該詞省略不譯。例如:70John sat near her on the bed.His face was white as he sat holding her hot hands.約翰坐在床邊陪著她。當(dāng)他握著她滾燙的雙手時,他臉色蒼白。71Now in the foothills there was his grave-a grave I could not bear to visit.現(xiàn)在,他的墳?zāi)咕驮谏侥_,我卻不忍心去看一眼。72When the pu

14、ll is strong,the disc is moved toward the electromagnet,and when the pullis weak,the disc springs away from the electromagnet.This back-and-forth movement of the disc causes air in front of the receiver to move back and forth in the same way.吸引力強時,金屬片朝向電磁鐵運動。吸引力弱時,金屬片從電磁鐵處彈回。這種往返運動使聽筒前的空氣以同樣的方式做往返運動

15、。73Motorists who dont change their own oil still know how to pull out a dipstick,wipe it clean,slip it back in,pull it out and observe the level.If it looks low,they add half a liter of oil or take the car for a professional oil change.汽車司機即使自己不換油也知道如何拔出量油尺,把它擦干凈,插進去,再拔出來看看油有多深。如果很淺,就會添加半升汽油,或者將車開到加

16、油站去加油。74她忽然覺得心頭一緊,不知怎么的就哭了起來,那是歡樂的淚水,滿足的淚水。(鐵凝,哦,香雪She suddenly felt her heart tighten,and began to cry.They were tears of joy,and of satisfaction.75我想要他畫一張他沒有畫過的畫,我說:“你給我畫一張冊頁,從來沒有畫過的?！彼廊淮饝?yīng)了,(艾青I wanted him to paint me something hed never painted before.When I asked him,he資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) readily agr

17、eed.第四章練習(xí):I.試譯下列句子,注意為彌合語法差異的需要增加適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或減少某些不必要的詞:1.Over the past50years scientists and psychologists have increasingly argued over whether genetics or environment has a greater impact upon human intelligence.(省略冠詞2.The moon gives no light of its own.It merely reflects the light of the sun,like a huge

18、 mirror hung in the sky.(省略冠詞3.Emma slept,and when she woke,she had a shower.(省略代詞4.Hotel staff wont be overly offended if you dont tip.(省略代詞5.Trips were made three times a week in summer and twice a week in winter.(省略介詞6.When I graduated from college,my days of ambivalence was over.(省略介詞7.Back in t

19、he hotel room,Jon made sure she was settled before he set off.(省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞8.After the light was turned off,the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage.(省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞9.Then what on earth do you want to do with it?(增加語氣助詞10.Did he reward you any further?(增加語氣助詞11.他抬眼望了望馬路上昏暗的路燈。(增加冠詞12.他們正

20、在研究該地區(qū)的自然特征和生物的分布情況。(增加冠詞13.丁醫(yī)生放下雪茄,又回到小客廳里去了。(增加代詞14.她小心地打開盒子,又學(xué)著同桌的樣子輕輕把它蓋上。(增加代詞15.夏夜在屋外乘涼的時候,往往有些擔(dān)心,不敢去看墻上。(增加介詞資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 16.美國國土的主要部分位于北美洲中央,北接加拿大,南聯(lián)墨西哥,東瀕大西洋,西臨太平洋。(增加介詞17.我在十八日早晨,才知道上午有群眾向執(zhí)政府請愿的事;下午便聽到噩耗,說衛(wèi)隊居然開槍,死傷至數(shù)十人,而劉和珍君即在遇害者之列。(魯迅,記念劉和珍君(增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞18.時間一分鐘一分鐘過去,前面那團紅霧更紅更亮了。(增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞II.試譯下列句子

21、,注意為彌合詞義差異的需要增加適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或減少某些不必要的詞:(一增詞1.The retreat commenced in all haste.2.Her grace was a delight.3.There was a wide emptiness over the street.4.His arrogance made everyone dislike him.5.He waited for the booing to quiet down,then cleared his throat.6.Humans vying for dominance will turn to genetics

22、to compete.7.Considering its growing economic importance,the general neglect of geology in university teaching is difficult to justify.8.Psychologist Richard Stuart showed in the1960s that overweight women could lose pounds by modifying both their eating behavior and“stimulus environemnt”.9.He had n

23、oticed the mounting insubordination,and he realized with embarrassment that he was the cause of what could have become his own downfall.10.He is much less selfish and much more peaceful now.11.Johns closest neighbor Clint Hart lived two miles down the road.12.We called him our Christmas Boy because

24、he came to us during that season of joy, when he was just six days old.資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng)13.I ve known several people who have overcome nail-biting simply by buying 50nail files (指甲剪and distributing them everywhere:in their pockets,desks and bedrooms.14.Zoy hunched over her veranda desk,cor

25、recting exercise books.15.In line with latest trends in fashion,a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.16.聽到這個消息,他一肚皮的酒幾乎全化成了酸醋。17.他一邊放聲大笑,一邊不住地拿眼瞅著她。18.“這件事你打算怎么辦呢?”她嘴巴一撇,側(cè)著頭,故意忍住了笑似的說。19.她悄悄地來到她妹妹的房間里,將門拉上。20.這令我到底惦記著江南。這樣想著,猛一抬頭,不覺已是自己的門前。(朱自清,荷塘月色(二減詞1.They had to stay

26、there until the person they were addressed to happened to come by and stop at the inn.2.By means of a code of combinations of dots and dashes,messages are sent along the wire that connects the key to a sounder.3.When you dial a number,an automatic switch in the telephone exchange makes a circuit bet

27、ween your telephone and the telephone of the person you are calling.4.This explains why farmers in very windy regions try to protect their soil by planting rows of trees to break the force of the wind.5.Some people accuse me of being rude because I always introduce myself to other people I meet on t

28、rains;but I answer by telling them that the reason for my action is not curiosity but friendliness.6.Times were tough during the Depression,and there were five mouths to feed in my family,besides buying coal and wood for the stove.7.She looked around and padded off across a ravine,toward the edge of

29、 the blue spruce forest that would be her new home. 8.On top of one of the hills stood the farm house and the barn where the farm animals lived.9.I kept closing the gap between my car and my brothers truck,inching toward the reassuring glow of the taillights like a frightened sheep following a sheph

30、erd.10.Amy settles into her seat,takes out her computer and read over the agenda for the meeting to which shes traveling.11.但是,我卻看到了一次最雄偉、最瑰麗的日出景象。12.姑娘有點不好意思了,臉上泛著紅潮。13.本書所談的是美國人民與土地合作的經(jīng)過,以及合作過程中所產(chǎn)生的一些變遷。14.他們兩個悄悄地走到一個窗子邊,向里窺望。15.將近午夜,煤油燈里的油燃盡了,爆著小小的無邊的火花,屋里漸漸黑暗下來,終于完全漆黑了。III.試譯下列句子,注意為彌合修辭差異的需要增加適

31、當(dāng)?shù)脑~或減少某些不必要的詞:(一增詞1.Outside stood a little girl,dripping wet and shivering.2.If future predictions of a shortage of quality workers come true,it will become even more important to make employees feel part of the team.3.If techniques like this sound silly,keep in mind that the power of self-monitorin

32、g has been conducted over the last four decades.4.Americas best-known billionaire is back to doing what he has always done best designing exciting new products and making barrels of money.5.Most Chinese children seem to get whatever they want,from ice cream,sweets and toys to endless attention from

33、the adults around them.6.和八大的時候比較,現(xiàn)在我們黨對我國社會主義建設(shè)規(guī)律的認識深刻得多了。(鄧小平7.她不喜歡他這樣打扮,老里老氣的,不像個青年人。資料來源:育明考研考博官網(wǎng)8他一個人跑到北海的土山上，徜徉了一個晚上。 （二）減詞 1The mail carrier could leave letters there for everyone for miles around. 2As soon as the operator releases the key, breaking the circuit, the electromagnet releases the

34、 end of the armature（電樞）that it has pulled toward itself. 3The answer is that the operator closes his end of the circuit by means of a switch called a line switch. 4The back-and forth movement of the metal disc alternately presses the carbon grains together and then leaves them room to spread out. 5

35、They went from one big town to another. 6這兒的峽谷又是另一番景象：谷中急水奔流，穿峽而過，兩岸樹木蔥蘢，鮮花繁茂， 碧草萋萋，活脫脫一幅生機盎然的天然風(fēng)景畫。各種奇峰異嶺，令人感受各異，遐想 萬千。 7這放鹽也不是一成不變的，要因人、因時而變。 8千千萬萬個像他這樣的人，之所以在困難中沒有對新中國失去信心，就是因為他們 經(jīng)歷過舊社會，經(jīng)歷過五十年代那些康樂的年頭。 IV. 試譯下列句子，注意為彌合語境差異的需要增加適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或減少某些不必要的詞： （一）增詞 1 You probably already know that black absorbs t

36、he most heat while white reflects the most. But what about other colors between? 2The odor of disinfectant stung my nostrils as I moved down the row of pens. Each contained 3Not long ago John lost his wife to cancer. She was a fighter, but in the end the disease won their eight-year battle. 資料來源：育明考研考博官網(wǎng) 4Computer viruses now rely as much on human foiblesgreed, fear, curiosity, lonelinessto draw you in as they do