工業(yè)設計_外文翻譯-2

1、Design and Environment原文：DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electric

2、al products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand

3、-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumers lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of produc

4、t.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can g

5、uide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting of atmosphere,destroy of forest, soiler

6、osion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas andcoal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make hisher design to be based on avoiding destroying environment an

7、d saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun short wave radiation can penetrate into g

8、round through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,F

9、luorine, hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increase

10、s gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and wa

11、terlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be thr

12、eatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the whole international aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland

13、 , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes la

14、keacid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates peoples skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day

15、 by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which n

16、ot only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by peoples bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task o

17、f environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated the consumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating mode

18、rn life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of n

19、ature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of Sustainable develo

20、pment designhas epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designers morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankinds development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned

21、 to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals andvalues that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and t

22、echnongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious development between human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustai

23、nable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary peoples demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descend

24、ants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on t

25、he balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is 3R,namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is nec

26、essary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products and parts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but also an innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fu

27、ck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,st

28、ock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance in follow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that p

29、ollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance of transportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized produc

30、tion and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other fac

31、tors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled

32、feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy ,

33、water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are po

34、werful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%4.7%. 4

35、5%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from peoplesdemand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conc

36、eptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken in

37、to industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprises unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , t

38、o win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products. 譯 文： 設計與環(huán)境 產品設計是工業(yè)設計的主體和核心。產品設計給用戶帶來享受，一個好的產 品設計給人帶來希望并創(chuàng)造新的生活方式。 產品設計的主要任務是解決人與物之間的關系問題。以汽車設計為例：從工 業(yè)設計的角度考慮，要考慮汽車的安全性、舒適性及造型美等方面；從人機工程 的角度出發(fā)，設計使得汽車易于駕駛、操縱，乘坐空間與內部裝飾宜人、座位舒 適、適合個人的審美時尚等問題。考慮汽車的主動安全性、

39、被動安全性，體現(xiàn)以 人為本，保護駕駛員和乘客的安全。 創(chuàng)新的設計已經進入人類生活之中。它讓產品煥然一新，帶來與傳統(tǒng)產品不 同的美感和吸引力。由于消費者的生活方式改變、強調個性化與自我表現(xiàn)、激烈 的市場競爭以及產品差別化的需要，企業(yè)更新產品的創(chuàng)新理念已經成為大勢所 趨。 產品設計應該包含社會、經濟、技術、人文等因素。 產品設計的任務包括：產品外觀造型設計、色彩方案設計、表面處理工藝設 計、材質選擇設計、優(yōu)化人機界面設計。 6 設計是對生活方式的一種思考，產品及其設計觀念，起著引導和提示生活的 作用，反過來生活方式也從思想觀念的層面上左右著產品的定位和發(fā)展方向。 隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們越來越認識到環(huán)

40、境問題日益嚴重，大氣污染、森林破 壞、水土流失、土地沙漠化、水資源污染、大量物種滅絕、石油、天然氣、煤等 資源枯竭。作為工業(yè)設計師，應該有強烈的環(huán)境保護意識，使得自己的設計建立 在不破壞環(huán)境及節(jié)約自然資源的基礎上。 其中，溫室效應、臭氧層破壞和酸雨是當今全球性的三大環(huán)境問題。 溫室效應就是大氣變暖的效應其形成原因是太陽短波輻射可以透過大氣射 入地面， 而地面增暖后放出的長波輻射卻被大氣中的二氧化碳就像一層厚厚的玻 璃，把地球變成了一個大暖房。甲烷、臭氧、氯、氟烴以及水汽等也對溫室效應 有所貢獻。隨著人口的急劇增加和工業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展，越來越多的二氧化碳排入大 氣中； 又由于森林被大量砍伐， 大氣中

41、原本應被森林吸收的二氧化碳沒有被吸收， 致使二氧化碳逐漸增加，溫室效應也不斷增強。溫室效應的后果十分嚴重，自然 生態(tài)將隨之發(fā)生重大變化，荒漠將擴大，土地侵蝕加重，森林退向極地，旱澇災 害嚴重，雨量增加；溫帶冬天更濕、夏天更旱；熱帶也將變得更濕，干熱的亞熱 帶變得更干旱，迫使原有水利工程重新調整。沿海將受到嚴重威脅。由于氣溫升 高，兩極冰塊將融化，使海平面上升，將會淹沒許多城市和港口。 臭氧層破壞現(xiàn)象引起科學界及整個國際社會的震動。美國的兩位科學家 Monila 和 Rowland 指出，正是人為的活動造成了今天的臭氧洞。元兇就是現(xiàn)在 所熟知的氟利昂和哈龍。 酸雨目前已成為一種范圍廣泛、跨越國界

42、的大氣污染現(xiàn)象。酸雨破壞土壤， 使湖泊酸化，危害動植物生長；刺激人的皮膚，誘發(fā)皮膚病，引起肺水腫、肺硬 化；會腐蝕金屬制品、油漆、皮革、紡織品和含碳酸鹽的建筑。 總而言之，人類生活的環(huán)境已經日益惡化。而惡化的原因大部分屬于人類本 身的不良生活方式和不尊重客觀規(guī)律，急功近利，對于地球資源的使用沒有科學 的計劃性，而且在設計、制造產品以及日常生活中缺乏保護環(huán)境的意識，以至于 自毀家園，其危害不僅于當代，而且嚴重影響了子孫后代的生存。 環(huán)境問題在很大程度上是由于人們的不良設計、生活方式造成的后果。于是 給設計師們提出了一個嚴肅的問題： 作為設計師， 應肩負起保護環(huán)境的歷史重任！ 7 工業(yè)在為人類創(chuàng)造大量物質財富的同時，也給世界帶來了災難。工業(yè)設計在 為人類創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)代生活方式的同時，也加速了資源、能源的消耗，并對地球的生 態(tài)平衡造成了巨大的破壞。 所以，作為工業(yè)設計師，建立環(huán)境意識體現(xiàn)了其道德和社會責任心。設計師 必須對自己的設計負責，必須把人類的健康幸福，自然與人類的和諧共存作為設 計中心遵循的原則。 設計師還必須掌握必要的材料、工藝、化工、制造等方面的知識，使得其設 計不對環(huán)境造成危害而成為可能。 “可持續(xù)發(fā)展設計”這一概念的提出，對于人性的回歸及世界真正意義上的 發(fā)展具有劃時代的意義。他體現(xiàn)了設計師的