綠色化學(xué) 中英文翻譯

1、Enzymic hydrolysis of steam exploded herbaceous agricultural waste(Brassica carinata) at different particule sizes在不同粒子大小情況下草本農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物(蕓苔屬植物)的蒸汽爆炸酶水解Abstract摘要The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of particle size on steam-explosion pretreatment of herbaceous lignocellulosicbiomass. Hem

2、icellulose and cellulose recovery, and effectiveness of enzymic hydrolysis of the cellulosic residue is presented for steam-explosion pretreatment of an agriculture residue (Brassica carinata) using different particle sizes. The parameters tested were: particle size (25, 58 and 812 mm), temperature

3、(190 and 210 8C), and residence time (4 and 8 min). The compositional analysis of filtrate and water insoluble fibre after pretreatment and enzymic digestibility data are presented. Larger steam-exploded particle (812 mm) results in higher cellulose and enzymic digestibilities. The use ofvery small

4、particles in steam explosion would not be desirable in optimising the effectiveness of the process improving economy.這項(xiàng)工作的目的是評(píng)估效果的粒子大小對(duì)蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理木質(zhì)纖維素的草本生物量。半纖維素和纖維素的復(fù)蘇,和有效性的纖維素酶法水解的殘留提出了蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理的農(nóng)業(yè)殘留物(蕓苔屬植物carinata)使用不同的粒子大小。測(cè)試參數(shù)是:顆粒大小(25,58和812毫米)、溫度(190和2108c)和停留時(shí)間(4和8分鐘)。成分分析的水不溶性纖維的濾液和預(yù)處理和酶消化后提出了數(shù)據(jù)

5、。較大的蒸汽爆炸粒子(812毫米)導(dǎo)致更高的纖維素和酶消化性。 使用非常小的粒子在蒸汽爆炸不會(huì)是可取的,在優(yōu)化的過(guò)程的有效性的改善經(jīng)濟(jì)。1. Introduction介紹Herbaceous agricultural residues represent a major source of lignocellulosic material with considerable potential for use in biomass-to-ethanol renewable energy schemes. It is estimated that about 100 million tons o

6、f these residues are annually generated in the EU1. Selected herbaceous crops includingBrassica carinata are currently under study as potential energy sources2. B. carinata represents a new source of non food raw materials either for biomass to be processed into energy or for products from the seed

7、oil which could betransformed into liquid biofuels and highvalue-added derivatives. Because of the special characteristics of this species, its production may serve for the diversification of agricultural systems of cereals in the Mediterranean region of the EU. The creation of a new market is alsof

8、oreseen in the southern European countries as a solution to a future shortage of feedstocks for biodiesel in this area. Moreover, the lignocellulosic residue generated in this crop could be also an interesting feedstock for ethanol production3.草本農(nóng)業(yè)殘留物代表的主要來(lái)源與可觀的潛力木質(zhì)纖維材料使用在生物質(zhì)乙醇可再生能源計(jì)劃。據(jù)估計(jì),大約1億噸的這些殘留

9、物是在歐盟每年生成。選擇草本作物includingBrassica carinata正在研究潛在的能量來(lái)源。b . carinata代表一個(gè)新源的非食品原料或者生物質(zhì)是加工成能源或產(chǎn)品從籽油可以轉(zhuǎn)化為液體燃料和highvalue-added衍生品。由于這一物種的特殊特征,其生產(chǎn)可能為多樣化的農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)在地中海地區(qū)的谷物的歐盟。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的市場(chǎng)也預(yù)見(jiàn)在南部歐洲國(guó)家來(lái)解決未來(lái)生物柴油原料的短缺在這個(gè)地區(qū)。此外,木質(zhì)纖維素的殘?jiān)a(chǎn)生在這種作物可能也是一個(gè)有趣的原料在乙醇生產(chǎn)。Although considerable progress has been made in technology for t

10、he conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol, substantial opportunities still exist to reduce production costs4,5. In this context, enzymic hydrolysis processes are advantageous because enzymes carinata catalyse only specific reactions, consequently there are no side reactions or byproducts

11、 and the hydrolysis can potentially be run with yields approaching 100% of theoretical 6. Pretreatment is necessary to achieve reasonable rates and yields in the enzymic hydrolysis of biomass. To open up the lignocellulosic structure to wide microbial degradation, expensive energy demand- ing pretre

12、atment processes are required. In the pretreatment area, the reduction of power for milling is one of the technological improvements that will result in substantially lower ethanol production costs. Autohydrolysis steam explosion has generally been accepted as one of the most cost-effective method f

13、or pretreating lignocellulosic biomass, since no addition of external catalyst is necessary79.The most important variables in steam-explosion pretreatment are time, temperature and chip size. Generally, when larger chips are used, heat transfer problems may result in overcooking of the outside (with

14、 the associated formation of inhibitors) of the chip andincomplete autohydrolysis of the interior10. Consequently, prior to steam explosion pre-treatment, particle size has to be reduced, which requires significant amounts of energy. Another constraint for the autohy drolysis steam explosion is the

15、low hemicellulosic sugars yield, and its negative impact on ethanol production economics. Research efforts have been concentrated on maximising cellulose recovery and have failed to recognise the importance of recovering the hemicellulosic component, which is of crucial importance to improve the ove

16、rall economics of the cellulosic biomass to ethanol process.Thus, it would be desirable to test innovative conditions to improve the economics of the pretreatment stage by reducing electrical power during the milling2.4. Analytical methodsstage, and by optimising the pretreatment recovery of the hem

17、icellulose component, as well as enhancing cellulose hydrolysis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of particle size on the steam-explosion pretreatment of a lignocellulosic agricultural waste (B.carinata).Cellulose recovery, enzymic hydrolysis effectiveness of the solid residue,

18、and sugar composition in the filtrate are presented for steam-explosion pretreatment using different particle sizes.雖然取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)展技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)制為木質(zhì)生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為乙醇,實(shí)質(zhì)性的機(jī)會(huì)仍然存在以降低生產(chǎn)成本4,5。在這種背景下,酶水解過(guò)程是有利的,因?yàn)槊复呋姆磻?yīng),carinata只有特定因此沒(méi)有側(cè)反應(yīng)或副產(chǎn)品和水解可運(yùn)行與收益率接近100%的理論6。預(yù)處理是必要的來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)合理的利率,收益率在酶水解的生物質(zhì)。打開(kāi)木質(zhì)纖維素的結(jié)構(gòu),廣泛的微生物降解、昂貴的能源需求- ing預(yù)處理過(guò)程是

19、必需的。在預(yù)處理區(qū)、降低動(dòng)力銑是一個(gè)技術(shù)改進(jìn),將導(dǎo)致大幅降低乙醇生產(chǎn)成本。Autohydrolysis蒸汽爆炸通常被認(rèn)為是最具成本效益的方法之一為預(yù)處理木質(zhì)纖維素的生物質(zhì),因?yàn)闆](méi)有添加外部催化劑是必要的79。最重要的變量在蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理時(shí)間、溫度和芯片尺寸。通常,當(dāng)使用大的芯片,傳熱問(wèn)題可能導(dǎo)致像外面的(有相關(guān)形成抑制劑)的芯片和不完整的autohydrolysis室內(nèi)10。因此,蒸汽爆炸前預(yù)處理,粒子大小必須減少,這就需要大量的能源。另一個(gè)約束的autohy drolysis蒸汽爆炸是低hemicellulosic糖產(chǎn)量,其負(fù)面影響乙醇生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。研究工作已經(jīng)集中在最大化纖維素復(fù)蘇和未能認(rèn)識(shí)

20、到恢復(fù)的重要性hemicellulosic組件,這是至關(guān)重要的改善總體經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的纖維素生物質(zhì)乙醇的過(guò)程。因此,它是理想的測(cè)試條件來(lái)改善經(jīng)濟(jì)創(chuàng)新的預(yù)處理階段通過(guò)減少電力milling2.4期間。分析方法階段,通過(guò)優(yōu)化預(yù)處理復(fù)蘇的半纖維素成分,以及提高纖維素的水解。這項(xiàng)工作的目的是評(píng)估效果的粒度在蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理的木質(zhì)纖維素的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物(B.carinata)。纖維素復(fù)蘇,酶水解效率的固體殘?jiān)?和糖組成的濾液提出了蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理使用不同的粒子大小。2. Material and methods材料和方法2.1. Raw material Chipped B. carinata biomass (5%

21、moisture) was provided by the Renewable Energy Development Center at Lubia (Soria, Spain). Raw material was milled using a laboratory hammer mill. Milled material was further separated into three different fractions (25, 58 and 812 mm) using a portable sieve shaker.2.1原料b carinata碎裂的生物量(5%水分)是由可再生能源

22、發(fā)展中心Lubia(索里亞、西班牙)。原材料是磨使用實(shí)驗(yàn)室錘式粉碎機(jī)。研磨材料進(jìn)一步分為三個(gè)不同的分?jǐn)?shù)(25,58和812毫米)使用便攜式振動(dòng)篩。2.2. Steam explosion pretreatmentPretreatment of raw material was carried out by applying Masonite technology. The following parameters were investigated: 190210 8C temperature and 48 min residence time.The steamexplosion pretr

23、eatments were carried out in a batch pilot plant described in a previous work11.The pilot plant was equipped with a 2-l reactionvessel designed to reach a maximum operating pressure of 42kg/cm2. The reactor was filled with 100 g of feedstock per batch, and then was heated to the desired tempera-ture

24、, directly with saturated steam. After the explosion, the material was recovered in a cyclone, the wet material cooled to about 40 8C, and then filtered for solid recovery. The solid fraction was analysed for xylans and glucans. The carbohydrate content in the watersoluble extract was also analysed.

25、2.2。 蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理預(yù)處理的原料是由硬質(zhì)纖維板技術(shù)應(yīng)用。以下參數(shù)進(jìn)行了調(diào)查:190210 8 c溫度和48分鐘停留時(shí)間。steamexplosion的預(yù)處理進(jìn)行了一批試驗(yàn)工廠在之前的工作描述11。飛行員工廠配備了2 l reactionvessel旨在達(dá)到最大操作壓力的42公斤/平方厘米。反應(yīng)堆充滿了100 g的每批原料,然后被加熱到所需的蛋彩畫(huà)真正的,直接與飽和蒸汽。爆炸發(fā)生后,材料被發(fā)現(xiàn)在一個(gè)氣旋,濕材料冷卻到約40 8 c,然后過(guò)濾固體復(fù)蘇。分析了固體分?jǐn)?shù)為xylans和葡。碳水化合物含量水溶性的提取也進(jìn)行了分析。2.3. Enzymic hydrolysisAfter pretre

26、atment the water-insoluble fibre was enzymically hydrolyzed to determine the maximumobtainable sugar yield. The cellulolytic complex employed in enzymic tests (Celluclast 1.5 L) was a gift fromNOVO Nordisk (Denmark). Cellulase enzyme loadingwas 15 filter paper unit (FPU)/g substrate. Fungalb-glucosi

27、dase (Novozyme 188, Novo Ltd.) was used to supplement the b-glucosidase activity with an enzyme loading of 12.6 international unit (IU)/g substrate.Enzymic hydrolysis was performed at 50 8C on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 72 h and at 2% (w/v) substrate concentration.2.3。 酶水解預(yù)處理后的水不溶性纖維是enzymically

28、水解來(lái)確定maximumobtainable糖產(chǎn)量。 纖維素酶的復(fù)雜的用于測(cè)試(Celluclast 1.5 L)是一個(gè)禮物fromNOVO諾(丹麥)。纖維素酶酶loadingwas 15濾紙單元(FPU)/ g襯底。Fungalb-glucosidase(Novozyme 188,Novo Ltd。)是用來(lái)補(bǔ)充b葡糖苷酶活性與酶加載12.6國(guó)際單位(IU)/ g襯底。 進(jìn)行酶水解在50 8 c在旋轉(zhuǎn)瓶在150轉(zhuǎn)72 h和在2%(w / v)襯底濃度。2.4. Analytical methodsThe raw material composition was analysed followi

29、ng the corresponding ASTM1214. Total carbohydrates were determined according to the Puls method15.Glucose concentration was measured by HPLC using a HewlettPackard 1050 equipped with a refractive index detector. HPLC analyses were carried out using an AMINEX HPX-87P carbohydrate analysis columnopera

30、ting at 85 8C with deionized water mobile-phase at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min.2.4。 分析方法原料成分分析以下相應(yīng)的ASTM1214?？偺妓衔锉淮_定根據(jù)脈沖法15。葡萄糖濃度測(cè)定采用高效液相色譜法測(cè)定使用HewlettPackard 1050配備了示差折光檢測(cè)器。高效液相色譜法進(jìn)行了分析使用一個(gè)AMINEX hpx - 87 p碳水化合物分析columnoperating 85 8 c與去離子水流動(dòng)相的流速為0.6毫升/分鐘。3. Results and discussionTable 1shows the co

31、mposition of raw material. In order to improve the accuracy of the assay a sequential extraction with solvents (ethanol/toluene) and hot water was performed. About 21% ofB. carinata dry matter consists of organic solvent and water extractives, which is similar to values for other herbaceous agricult

32、ural residues including fescue and switchgrass 16. Thehemicellulose fraction comprises 21.9% of raw material,xylose being the main sugar (82%). Cellulose and lignin content (32.7 and 18.7%, respectively) are in the range reported for lignocellulosic biomass of food crops like sunflower stalks or whe

33、at straw17.3。結(jié)果與討論表1顯示了原材料的組成。為了提高精度的分析順序提取與溶劑(乙醇/甲苯)和熱水了。b大約21%。carinata干物質(zhì)由有機(jī)溶劑和水來(lái)自采掘,類(lèi)似于其他草本農(nóng)業(yè)殘留值包括羊茅和柳枝稷16。這個(gè)半纖維素部分包括21.9%的原料,木糖被主要的糖(82%)。纖維素和木質(zhì)素含量(32.7和18.7%,分別)在范圍報(bào)告的木質(zhì)生物質(zhì)農(nóng)作物像向日葵秸稈或麥秸17。表1The raw material milled to different particle sizes (25, 58and812 mm) was subjected to different steam a

34、explosion pretreatments (190 and 210 8C temperature, and 4 and 8 min residence time).Table 2 shows the composition of water-insoluble fibre of B. carinata biomass from pretreatment conditions assayed. As expected, steam explosion pretreatment preferentially attacked the hemicellulose components. Mor

35、e severe pretreatment conditions produced higher solubilisationof hemicellulosic fractions and, under the chosen conditions (4 and 8 min, and 190 and 210 8C), all original hemicellulose was recovered as monomeric sugars while no oligomers were found in the water-soluble fraction. This observation di

36、ffers from literature results working with hardwood and softwood 18,19, and so post- cellulose hydrolysis is not needed to increase fermentable sugar yield from solubilised hemicelluloses after steam explosion pretreatment ofB. carinatastraw. It is interesting to note that, during steam explosion pr

37、etreatment, the proportion of sugars solubilised was dependent on the type of hemicellulosic sugars. As can be seen, arabinan was completely solubilised in all conditions assayed. The increase in the temperature of pretreatment to 210 8C resulted in increased dissolution of galactans and xylans. In

38、relation to cellulose content, solubilisation increased as pretreatment conditions were more drastic. The cellulose content in the pretreated biomassvaried between 39 and 62%, depending on the pretreatment severity. The cellulose content in the water insoluble fibre was higher at larger particle siz

39、e for all conditions tested. 原料磨到不同粒徑(25日and812 58 mm)受到不同的蒸汽爆炸的預(yù)處理(190和210 8 c溫度、和4和8分鐘停留時(shí)間)。表2顯示了水不溶性纖維的組成carinata生物質(zhì)預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件下b從化驗(yàn)。正如預(yù)期的那樣,蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理優(yōu)先攻擊了半纖維素成分。更嚴(yán)重的預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件產(chǎn)生更高的溶液化hemicellulosic的分?jǐn)?shù),根據(jù)選擇的條件(4和8分鐘,190年和210年的8 c),所有原始半纖維素被恢復(fù)為單體的糖而不寡聚物被發(fā)現(xiàn)在水溶性部分。這一觀察結(jié)果與文獻(xiàn)使用硬木和軟木(18、19),因此纖維素水解后是不需要增加可發(fā)酵糖產(chǎn)量從蒸汽爆

40、炸后水溶性纖維素預(yù)處理b。carinatastraw。 有趣的是,我們注意到,在蒸汽爆破預(yù)處理、水溶性糖的比例是依賴于類(lèi)型的hemicellulosic糖?？梢钥吹?arabinan完全水溶性在各種條件下的化驗(yàn)。溫度的增加預(yù)處理到210 8 c導(dǎo)致增加galactans和xylans解散。 與纖維素含量、溶液化增加預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件更激烈。纖維素含量在62%和之間biomassvaried進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,根據(jù)嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)處理。纖維素含量高的水不溶性纖維在大顆粒大小對(duì)所有條件測(cè)試。表2Table 3shows the sugar composition (g/100 g of raw material) o

41、f the filtrate after pretreatment. There was increased hemicellulose-sugar degradation at higher temperature and residence time. At high process severity there are more losses of hemicellulosic sugars, regardless of particle sizes. All hemicellulosic sugars were recovered as monomeric sugars in the

42、water-soluble fraction, and no oligomers were detected. Moreover, the proportion of monomers found in the liquid media depends on the type of sugar. A significant destruction of xylose was obtained at 210 8C (about 40%); however, galactose, arabinose and mannose were less vulnerable to acid- catalys

43、ed degradation and almost quantitative recoveries of sugars solubilised were found in the filtrate.表3顯示了糖成分(g / 100 g的原材料)的濾液預(yù)處理后。有增加半纖維素糖降解在更高的溫度和停留時(shí)間。在高過(guò)程有更多的損失嚴(yán)重程度的hemicellulosic糖,無(wú)論粒子大小。所有hemicellulosic糖被恢復(fù)為單體的糖在水溶性分?jǐn)?shù),沒(méi)有低聚物被發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外,單體的比例中發(fā)現(xiàn)液體媒體取決于類(lèi)型的糖。一個(gè)重大的破壞得到木糖在210 8 c(大約40%);然而,半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖不太容易

44、受到酸-催化降解和幾乎定量的復(fù)蘇中發(fā)現(xiàn)的水溶性糖的濾液。表3Much of the technoeconomic analysis of biomass pretreatment has emphasized the importance of the three main paramenters in optimising the process and ensuring maximum substrate utilisation: (a) recovery of cellulose in the water insoluble fibre; (b) susceptibility of ce

45、llulose to enzymic attack; and (c) recovery of hemi cellulosic sugars in the filtrate.Fig. 1shows the cellulose recovery yield in the water-insoluble fibre for all pretreatment conditions and chip size tested. Yield is expressed as glucose in the water insoluble fibre divided by the potential glucos

46、e in the raw material. As can be observed, the particle size has a significant influence on cellulose recovery. At larger particle size, more cellulose recovery was obtained. At 25 mm particle size cellulose recovery of 84% at 190 8C4 min and 57% at 210 8C8 min were obtained. In contrast, higher cel

47、lulose recoveries (99% at 190 8C4 min and 88% at 210 8C8 min) were obtained at larger particle sizes (8 12 mm).大部分的technoeconomic分析生物質(zhì)預(yù)處理已經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了三個(gè)主要參數(shù)的重要性在優(yōu)化過(guò)程和確保最大基質(zhì)利用率:(一)復(fù)蘇的纖維素在水中不溶性纖維;(b)易感性的纖維素酶來(lái)攻擊;和(c)復(fù)蘇的半纖維素糖類(lèi)在濾液無(wú)花果。1顯示了復(fù)蘇在水不溶性纖維素纖維的產(chǎn)量和芯片尺寸所有預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件測(cè)試。產(chǎn)量是表示為葡萄糖水不溶性纖維的除以潛在葡萄糖的原料?？梢杂^察到,顆粒大小有顯著影響纖維素

48、復(fù)蘇。在較大的粒子大小、更多的纖維素得到復(fù)蘇。在25毫米粒度纖維素回收率為84%在190 8分鐘,57%在210年c4 8 c8分鐘取得了。相比之下,高纖維素的復(fù)蘇(99%在190 8分鐘,88%在210年c4 8 c8 min)獲得了在大粒徑(8 12毫米)。Fig1Fig. 2shows the recovery of hemicellulosic-derived (xylosearabinosemannosegalactose) in the filtrate after pretreatment. The recovery yield is expressed as sugars in

49、 the filtrate divided by potentia sugars in raw material. The recovery of hemicellulosic- derived sugars was slightly higher under mild tempera- ture conditions (190 8C) and larger residence time (8 min). Under these conditions, above 50%hemicellulosic- derived sugars recovery was obtained. The part

50、icle size does not appear to affect this parameter. In previous studies using a softwood material (pine) at the same pretreatment condition20, chip size affected strongly the hemicellulosic-derived sugar recovery. This could be due, not only to the different hemicellulosic-derived sugar composition

51、in softwood but different heat transfer into the herbaceous particles. Herbaceous chips may heat more rapidly than wood chips and the size of chips, in the range tested, was not important at temperatures and residence times studied in this work.圖2顯示了復(fù)蘇的hemicellulosic-derived(xylosearabinosemannosega

52、lactose)在預(yù)處理后的濾液。 恢復(fù)產(chǎn)量表示為糖濾液除以力糖原料。hemicellulosic復(fù)蘇衍生糖略高,真正的條件下溫和的蛋彩畫(huà)法(190 8 c)和較大的停留時(shí)間(8分鐘)。在這些條件下,50%以上hemicellulosic -衍生糖得到復(fù)蘇。粒子大小似乎沒(méi)有影響到這個(gè)參數(shù)。在先前的研究中使用軟木材料(松樹(shù))在同一預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件20,芯片尺寸影響強(qiáng)烈的hemicellulosic-derived糖復(fù)蘇。這可能是由于,不僅不同hemicellulosic-derived糖成分在軟木但不同傳熱到草本粒子。草本芯片可能熱更迅速比木屑和大小的芯片,在本試驗(yàn)范圍,不是重要的在溫度和住宅次研究工

53、作。Fig2Fig. 3 shows the enzymic hydrolysis yield of the water-insoluble fibre (expressed as a percentage of the glucose produced in the hydrolysis divided by the potential glucose), after different pretreatments. The enzymic hydrolysis yield depended on the temperature of pretreatment. Enzymic hydrol

54、ysis yield increased as the temperature was raised. Lower hydrolysis yields were obtained at 190 8C and 4 and 8 min pretreatment conditions, but there were no significant differences with particle sizes.圖3顯示了酶水解產(chǎn)生的水不溶性纖維(表示為一個(gè)百分比的葡萄糖產(chǎn)生水解除以潛在葡萄糖),在不同的預(yù)處理。酶水解產(chǎn)生依賴于溫度的預(yù)處理。酶水解收率增加溫度提高。降低水解收率在190 8 c和4和8分

55、鐘預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件,但沒(méi)有顯著差異粒徑。Fig3Almost 100% of the theoretical enzymic hydrolysis yield was obtained at 210 8C, for both residence time studied and particle size of 25 and 58 mm. Lower enzymic saccharification (85%) was obtained at 210 8C, 4 min and a particle size between 8 and 12 mm.The optimum pretreatment

56、conditions for the maximum recovery of hemicellulose and cellulose, and for the maximumcellulose enzymatic digestibility are not all the same (Figs. 13). In general, pentosans in the liquidfraction and cellulose in the water insoluble fraction require mild severity treatments to be recovered in high

57、 yield, but, these are obtained at the expense of decreasing enzymic hydrolysis yield. This fact was not so evident when larger particle sizes (812 mm) were used at the highest temperature tested (210 8C). At this temperature cellulose recoveries in water-insoluble fraction and enzymic hydrolysis cl

58、ose to 90% were obtained.幾乎100%的酶水解得到的理論產(chǎn)量在210 8 c,對(duì)于停留時(shí)間研究和顆粒大小25和58毫米。降低酶糖化(85%)是在210年獲得8 c,4分鐘和顆粒大小的8至12毫米的最佳預(yù)處理?xiàng)l件的半纖維素和纖維素最大復(fù)蘇,maximumcellulose酶消化率并不都是一樣的(無(wú)花果。13)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),聚糖在液體中分?jǐn)?shù)和纖維素在水中不溶性分?jǐn)?shù)需要溫和的嚴(yán)重程度,治療恢復(fù)正常高收益,但是,這些都是獲得以犧牲減少酶水解屈服。這個(gè)事實(shí)并不如此明顯當(dāng)大粒徑(812毫米)都是用在最高溫度測(cè)試(210 8 c)。在這個(gè)溫度在水不溶性纖維素的復(fù)蘇分?jǐn)?shù)和酶水解得到接近90%。To facilitate the comparison of pretreatment conditions focused on the maximum recovery of cellulose on the maximum cellulose accessibility to enzymic attack,Fig. 4shows cellulose to glucose pr