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1、 北京啟德教育 SAT 培訓(xùn)中心安心老師SAT 閱讀技巧系列之六 排除法 (POE 排除法,英文簡稱 POE, 全稱是 Process of elimination 。判定選項的兩個方法,一 是直接選出正確選項(同義改寫,上一章的內(nèi)容,二是排除錯誤選項。那么什 么樣的選項是錯誤選項?我們這一章節(jié)的重點就是 SAT 常見的六種錯誤選項類 型,以及兩個題型的錯誤選項類型。 常見六種錯誤選項類型 原文單詞重組 與原文相反
2、60;無中生有 概念混淆 無端比較 過分絕對 兩個題型的錯誤選項類型 主旨題 態(tài)度語氣評價題 下面我們主要講解六種錯項選項中的四種和兩個題型的錯誤選項類型。 一、原文單詞重組 定義:這種錯誤選項是把原文中的個別單詞摘出來, 用一種看似很有邏輯的結(jié)構(gòu) 組織起來,實際上與原文毫無關(guān)系的錯誤類型。 例題:【 OG Test 9 P911】 Bu
3、t no matter what anyone may say to the contrary, Black women are different. Theyre different from Black men and theyre different from White wome
4、n. It is true that much of what they have experienced derives from racism and much from sexism. At the same time, however, much of w
5、hat Black women have experienced and still experience today bad and good involves the blending of their separate identities in a way that chemists wou
6、ld call a combination, not just a mixture. Both race and gender are transformed when they are present together, and 安心老師郵箱地址:544671946
7、0; 1 / 5 class is often present as a ca
8、talyst. 12. The chemistry metaphor in lines 15 21 ("At. catalyst" is used to (A characterize the challenges faced by some groups of people (B illustra
9、te the connection between scientific and historical studies of race, class and gender (C identify the agents for change in a particular social transition (D&
10、#160;suggest the way certain influences interact to produce a unique perspective (E show the similarities between racism and sexism 講解 :正確選項是 D ,但是同學(xué)們往往被選項 B 所迷惑。盡管原文提到了 race , class 和 ge
11、nder ,作者提到化學(xué)這一比喻的目的卻不是闡明科學(xué)和歷史學(xué)科在這 三方面的聯(lián)系。 二、無中生有 定義:選項表述內(nèi)容與原文無關(guān)。 例題:【 OG Test 8 P828】 Bitterly criticized by Black people, Du Bois barely modified his statement
12、160; when, two months later, he set the priorities for his readers: 15 “first your Country, then your Rights!” Perhaps the editor
13、;had written more than he intended in using the word “forget,”for Crisis before and after the editorial showed no diminution in
14、0;its criticism of racism. But he distinguished between Allied and German ambitions, and declared that 20 defeat of the former would be dis
15、astrous for that “United States of the World” to which he was most loyal. 18. As indicated in lines 15 21 (“Perhaps. loyal”, Du Bois
16、advised Black Americans that (A they would be treated more equally in wartime than in peace (B racial harmony in the United States would improve after &
17、#160;the war (C despite German military superiority, the Allies would win the war (D wartime provided economic opportunities for both Black and White Americans
18、0;(E despite American racism, the effects of an Allied defeat would be even worse 講解:正確選項是 E. 選項 B/C/D 都是原文沒有提到的內(nèi)容。原文中 DB 告知美 國黑人 : “ 盡管存在民族歧視,美聯(lián)軍的失敗可能會帶來更壞的影響。 ” 三、概念混淆 定義:混淆了原文的 Sub
19、ject 或 Concept 。這種錯誤選項有兩種,一是利用 of , on , about 或者 that , which 等引導(dǎo)的定語從句造成錯誤的修飾成分;二是對概 念進行隨意的擴大或替換。 補充一點:SAT 的選項中會設(shè)置大量的抽象名詞,同 學(xué)們一定要按照類別區(qū)分開,分清何為概念,理論,事實和依據(jù)。 例題:【 OG Test 3 P538】 The Second World
20、War was a watershed event for all Americans. It brought the Great Depression to an end and marked the beginning of significant
21、 socioeconomic and Line political changes for women and racial minorities. Chinese 安心老師郵箱地址:544671946 &
22、#160; 2 / 5 5 American women played an important role in these long term cha
23、nges. Galvanized by motives ranging from Chinese nationalism to American patriotism and feminism, Chinese
24、160;American women initiated an outpouring of 10 highly organized activities in such areas as fund raising, propaganda, civil defense, and Red
25、160;Cross work. While some women in San Francisco's Chinatown enlisted in the armed services, many others went to work in
26、 businesses outside their neighborhood and in defense industries for 15 the first time. 8. The primary purpose of the passage is
27、;to (A highlight the contributions of San Francisco's Chinatown to the war effort (B describe the different jobs held by women during the Second World
28、60;War (C explain how the Second World War helped to end the Great Depression (D discuss the impact of the Second World War on Chinese American wo
29、men (E highlight the influence of feminism on Chinese American women 講解:正確選項是 D. 但是同學(xué)們往往被選項 B 所迷惑。盡管作者在第二自然段 列舉了非常多的工作, 選項 B 中卻是 “different jobs by women” 。 有同學(xué)問如果改 成了 “different jobs by Chines
30、e American women” 選不選呢?這就涉及到主旨題選 項的判定了,下文會詳細(xì)講解。 四、無端比較 定義:對文中提到的兩個事物, 或者一個事物的不同方面, 進行了無端的比較或 者錯誤的比較。 例題:【 OG TEST 4 P579】 85 Ironically, Mary Kingsley and other women travelers were
31、 opposed to or simply uninterested in the late Victorian campaigns to extend women's political rights. Thus, when Mary Kingsley returned from West
32、 Africa in 1895, she was chagrined to discover that she was being hailed as a "new 90 woman" because of her travels. Despite her &
33、#160;often out spoken distaste for the "new women" agitating for greater freedom, the travel books that she and others had written still suggested
34、, as Paul Fussell has argued, "an implicit celebration of freedom." 19. In Passage 2, Mary Kingsley's attitude toward women's rights campaigns (
35、lines 85 90 suggests (A a single minded dedication to equality between the sexes (B a way in which dedication to one cause can lead to antagonism toward
36、 another (C a striking inconsistency between her identity as a British citizen and her identity as a woman (D an understanding of the link between
37、women's struggle for freedom and the struggles of other groups 安心老師郵箱地址:544671946
38、; 3 / 5 (E a contradiction between her personal motives and the way her actions are interpreted 講解:正確選項是 E. 選項 C
39、/D 都是無端比較。原文沒有對英國公民和女性性別 進行比較,也沒有對女性爭取自由和其他群體爭取自由進行比較。 一、主旨題的錯誤選項類型 定義:主旨題的正確選項應(yīng)該必須含有主題詞和作者的主要觀點, 因此含有錯誤 的主題詞或者文中細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的選項都是錯誤選項。 例題 : 【 OG Test 4 P591】 This passage is from a book of nature
40、writing published in 1991. In North America, bats fall into mainly predictable categories: they are nocturnal, eat insects, and are rather small.Having studied the
41、m intimately, I now know that bats are sweet tempered, useful, and fascinating creatures. The long standing fear that many people have about bats tells us l
42、ess about bats than about human fear. Things that live by night live outside the realm of "normal" time. Chauvinistic about our human need to
43、0;wake by day and sleep by night, we come to associate night dwellers with people up to no good, people who have the jump on the rest of &
44、#160;us and are defying nature, defying their circadian rhythms.Though we are at the top of our food chain, if we had to live alone in the rain
45、 forest, say, and protect ourselves against roaming predators, we would live partly in terror, as our ancestors did. Our sense of safety depends on pre
46、dictability, so anything living outside the usual rules we suspect to be an outlaw, a ghoul. Bats have always figured as frightening or supernatural creatur
47、es in the mythology, religion, and superstition of peoples everywhere 16. The author's main point in the passage is that (A there are only a few
48、160;kinds of bats (B humans are especially vulnerable to nocturnal predators (C bat saliva may have medicinal uses (D only myth and literature have depicted
49、160;the true nature of the bat (E our perception of bats has its basis in human psychology 講解:這篇是 OG Test 4 第 591頁的一篇關(guān)于 Bats 的文章。 以上節(jié)選的是斜體字 和文章各個自然段的首尾句。 作者在第一自然段的首句告訴我們這篇文章的主題 詞是 Ba
50、ts , 然后一步一步深入分析, 在其后每段的首尾句表達了他的觀點, 即在 神話宗教迷信中, 蝙蝠常常被描述為令人恐懼和超自然的生物, 這來源于人們內(nèi) 心的害怕。接下來我們來看看 5個選項,選項 A 是過分絕對,選項 B 是主題詞 錯誤,選項 C 是無中生有,選項 D 是過分絕對,只有選項 E 既符合主題詞,又 表達了作者的主要觀點,故而是正確選項。 回到上文 “ 概念混淆 ” 的例題, 問如果改成了 “different jobs by Chinese American w
51、omen” 選不 選呢?結(jié)果還是不選,因為主題詞錯誤。文章的主題詞應(yīng)該是二戰(zhàn)。 二、態(tài)度語氣評價題的錯誤選項類型 安心老師郵箱地址:544671946
52、60; 4 / 5 定義:這種題型指的是題干里含有“ attitude ” , “ tone ” , “ feeling ” , “ mood ” , “ viewas ”等,主要考查學(xué)生對作者感情、情緒和態(tài)度的感受能力。 SAT 文章 中, 排除說明文客觀的描述說明, 議論文偶爾出現(xiàn)的冷靜中立的分析, 作者一定 會明確表達出或褒或貶的態(tài)度。 因此 “ ambivalent ” , “ indifferent ” 和 “ unshakably confident ” 等矛盾態(tài)度、 無所謂態(tài)度或
53、極端態(tài)度都是錯誤的選項。 補充一點:SAT 文章中,各個人物對彼此的評價態(tài)度一般沒有“ resentful ” , “ underhanded ”這 種憎恨,辱罵其卑劣類的態(tài)度,大多是“ ironic ” , “ Satirical ” , “ Disdainful ”等諷刺 蔑視類的態(tài)度。 例題:【 OG Test 6 P725】 Recently excavated artifacts from Pakistan have inspired
54、0;a reevaluation of one of the great early urban culturesthe enigmatic Indus Valley civilization, one of the four great early Old World statecultures, along with Mesopotamia, 5 Egypt, and Chinas Yellow River civilization. Much less
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