英語演講的藝術(shù)week-one培訓(xùn)講學(xué)

1、英語演講的藝術(shù)week-oneStephen E. Lucas and Big DragonModern famous speakers Franklin Roosevelt Martin Luther King Margaret Thatcher Nelson Mandela etc.Franklin RooseveltMartin Luther KingMargaret ThatcherNelson MandelaEnjoy a Video from Gu Qiubei顧秋蓓，2003年21世紀(jì)杯全國英語演講比賽冠軍 Overview of Public Speaking Course i

2、ntroduction Course objectives Types of speeches 7 elements of communication process Speak confidently and ethicallyCourse Introduction Improve skills of writing and presenting effective public speeches Special emphasis on informative and persuasive discourse Benefit you in your future career and lif

3、e as a citizen in a global ageCourse Objectives To improve your ability to write effective public speeches To improve your ability to deliver effective public speeches To improve your ability to think critically and to apply the skills of critical thinking to the analysis of written and oral texts T

4、o improve your ability to listen effectively to public speechesTypes of Speeches Introductory speech Informative speech Persuasive speech Commemorative speechIntroductory Speech Introduce yourself (or anyone around you) Focus on some aspect of your (anyones) personality, background, beliefs, or aspi

5、rations This is your assignment One part of final examination Hand in one manuscript next class Be delivered in week 7Informative Speech Inform the audience about an object, concept, process, or event Use of a visual aid is required One part of final examination Be delivered in week 13Persuasive Spe

6、ech To persuade the audience for or against a question or policy Seek either passive agreement or immediate action from the audience Emphasis is given to evidence and reasoning in constructing persuasive argumentsCommemorative Speech To pay tribute to (稱贊，歌頌）a person, a group of people, an instituti

7、on, or an idea Seek to use language creatively and imaginatively so as to invest the topic with dignity, meaning, and honest emotion. Seven Elements of Communication Process Speaker-演講者 Message-信息 Channel-渠道 Listener-聽眾 Feedback-反饋 Interference-干擾 Situation-場景Speaker Your success as a speaker depend

8、s on: Personal credibility Knowledge of the subject Preparation of the speech Manner of speaking Sensitivity to the audience and the occasion EnthusiasmMessage Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else Depends on what you say (verbal message) and how you say it (nonverbal message) Narrow your

9、topic down to something you can discuss adequately in the time allowed for the speech Choose supporting details to make your ideas clear and convincing Organize your ideas well Express your message in accurate, clear, vivid and appropriate words Send a message with your tone of voice, appearance, ge

10、stures, facial expression, and eye contact Make sure your nonverbal message not distract from your verbal messageChannel Means by which a message is communicated Use one or more channels, each of which will affect the message received by the audience Radio, television, microphone, etc.Listener Perso

11、n who receives communicated message Take account of listeners frames of reference (參考框架，sum of persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes) Audience-centeredFeedback The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker Lean forward; applaud in approval; laugh at your jo

12、kes; quizzical looks on their faces; shuffle their feet and gaze at the clock Be alert to these reactions and adjust your message accordinglyInterference Anything that impedes the communication of a message External: traffic outside, peoples conversation in the hall, a room that is stifling hot or f

13、reezing cold Internal: toothache, any other pain, worry about the CET4/6, brood about an argument with his girlfriendSituation The time and place in which speech communication occurs Certain situations: funerals, weddings, graduation ceremonies, open ceremonies Physical setting: a speech is presente

14、d indoors or out, to a densely packed crowd or to a handful of scattered soulsSpeak Confidently and Ethically Becoming a confident speaker: a) nervousness is normal b) dealing with nervousness Being an ethical speaker a) guidelines for ethical speaking b) plagiarismBecoming a Confident Speaker Stage

15、 fright: anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience US national survey: 42% of respondents-giving a speech as top fear; in comparison, only 28% said theyre afraid of dying Nervousness is Normal Stage fright is a common occurrence Greatest public speakers in history suffered

16、 from it: Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Lincoln, Winston Churchill Recently: Li Yang-stage fright before his first Crazy English lecture; Leonardo DiCaprio DiCaprio nervous about giving an acceptance speech when winning the Academy Award Actors nervous before a play, musicians before a concert, athletes b

17、efore a game Most experienced speakers have stage fright: a throat constricted with terror and a furiously thumping heart The question is : How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you rather than against you?Dealing With Nervousness Not try to eliminate stage fright Transform it fr

18、om a negative force into positive nervousness-a zesty, enthusiastic, lively feeling Stage fright is considered as stage excitement or stage enthusiasmWays of Making It Acquire speaking experience Prepare, prepare, prepare Think positively Use the power of visualization Know that most nervousness is

19、not visible Dont expect perfection Additional tipsAcquire Speaking Experience Stage fright: fear of the unknown Proceed by trial and terror As time goes on, fears will gradually recede Finally replaced by only a healthy nervousness before you rise to speakPrepare, Prepare, Prepare Pick speech topics

20、 you truly care about Prepare your speech thoroughly Each minute of speaking-one to two hours of preparation time, perhaps more Proper preparation can reduce stage fright by up to 75% Study your audience and select a topic that will interest them Practice it several times before two or three trusted

21、 friendsThink Positively Confidence is the well-known power of positive thinking If you think you can do it, you usually can If you predict disaster and doom, that is almost always what you will getWays of Transforming Negative Thoughts into Positive Ones I wish I didnt have to give this speech-This

22、 speech is a chance for me to share my ideas and gain experience as a speaker Im not a great public speaker- No ones perfect, but Im getting better with each speech I give Im always nervous when I give a speech-Everyones nervous. If other people can handle it, I can too No one will be interested in

23、what I have to say-I have a good topic and Im fully prepared. Of course theyll be interested For each negative thought, counter with at least five positive onesUse the Power of Visualization Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation Repeat

24、 this visualization several times in the days before you speak It doesnt guarantee your success, but will help control your nervousness and craft a successful presentationKnow That Most Nervousness Is not Visible Novice speakers worry about appearing nervous to the audience Hard to speak with poise

25、and assurance if you think you look tense and insecure Your nervous system may be giving you a thousand shocks, but the viewers can see only a few of them Make yourself look calmDont Expect Perfection Theres no such thing as a perfect speech Every speaker says or does something that doesnt come acro

26、ss exactly as he or she had planned If you momentarily lose your place, reverse the order of a couple statements, or forget to pause at a certain spot, just proceed as if nothing happened Martin Luther Kings “I Have a Dream”, he stumbles over his words twice Dont panic about being perfect or about w

27、hat will happen if you make a mistake Free yourself of these burdens, gain confidence and enthusiasmAdditional Tips Be at your best physically and mentally As youre waiting to speak, quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them Take a couple slow,

28、deep breaths before you start to speak Work especially hard on your introduction Make eye contact with members of your audience Concentrate on communicating with your audience rather than worrying about your stage fright Use visual aidsBeing an Ethical Speaker Ethics: the branch of philosophy that d

29、eals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs Whether a course of action is moral or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonestGuidelines for Ethical SpeakingMake sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Be honest in what you say 4. Put eth

30、ical principles into practiceMake Sure Your Goals Are Ethically Sound Speakers first responsibility: whether your goals ethically sound During WWII, Hitler stirred that German people to condone war, invasion, and genocide Support Beijings bid for the 2008 Summer Olympic Games; Report on a business p

31、roject; Raise money and help a student who is ill Be a responsible public speakerBe Fully Prepared for Each Speech A speech is a solemn responsibility not only to yourself, but to your listeners Fully be prepared for your speech: analyzing your audience, creating visual aids, organizing your ideas,

32、rehearsing your delivery Not communicate erroneous information or misleading adviceBe Honest in What You say Public speaking rests upon: words can be trusted and people will be truthful Dishonesty in public speaking: juggling statistics, quoting out of context, misrepresenting sources, painting tentative findings as firm conclusions, portraying a few details as the whole story, substituting innuendo and half-truths for evidence an