便利超市商品管理知識(shí)培訓(xùn)

1、詞法&句法翻譯對(duì)等譯法 v對(duì)應(yīng)v對(duì)等v語(yǔ)際轉(zhuǎn)換的對(duì)應(yīng)參數(shù)項(xiàng)=概念意義+形式意義+語(yǔ)境意義+風(fēng)格意義+文化意義完全對(duì)應(yīng)（ Full Equivalence）：雙語(yǔ)間對(duì)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換的基礎(chǔ)v漢英的完全對(duì)應(yīng)詞（2/5-1/4）：v1 人稱代詞（/復(fù)數(shù)除外）及部分不定代詞或指示代詞；v2 數(shù)詞，數(shù)理公式；v3 無(wú)歧義的科學(xué)技術(shù)名詞及專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)；v4 無(wú)歧義的人名，物名，地名；v5 無(wú)歧義的名詞，定語(yǔ)搭配及常用的自由搭配，如：太陽(yáng)-sun；白雪-white snow；rainy season-雨季；完全對(duì)應(yīng)（ Full Equivalence）v6 無(wú)歧義或變義的核心句，如：I eat. (SV)-我吃；

2、我愛(ài)音樂(lè) (SVO)-I love music；Hes a Canadian. (SVC)-他是加拿大人；v7 若干定式寒暄語(yǔ)(conventional greetings), 如 bye bye-再見(jiàn); good morning-早上好;對(duì)等實(shí)例漢英：?jiǎn)卧~的對(duì)等率最高，而詞組、成語(yǔ)、諺語(yǔ)的對(duì)等率相對(duì)低一些-單詞的文化背景比較簡(jiǎn)單，單詞本身的語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單一）單 詞1) television （名詞） 電視2) electricity（名詞） 電3) wheat （名詞） 小麥4) 坐 （動(dòng)詞） sit 5) 小 （形容詞） small 6) 和 (連接詞） and 二）成 語(yǔ)speak o

3、nes mind 暢所欲言at ones finger-tips 了如指掌skin and bones 皮包骨頭from the cradle to the grave 一生一世充耳不聞 turn a deaf ear to 大海撈針 1ook for a needle in a bundle of hay 得意忘形 have ones nose in the air 視而不見(jiàn) turn a blind eye to三）諺 語(yǔ)Look before you leap. 三思而后行。There is no smoke without fire. 無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪。Practice makes perf

4、ect. 熟能生巧出門一里，不如家里。 East and west, home is best.皇天不負(fù)苦心人。 Everything comes to him who waits. 比喻意義、感情色彩和比喻形式四）英譯漢句子翻譯實(shí)例Unless youve got an ace up your sleeve , we are dished. 除非你有錦囊妙計(jì)，否則我們是輸定了。You have a lucky star above you. 你真是福星高照。He is reaping what he has sown. 他這是咎由自取。五）漢譯英句子翻譯實(shí)例你為什么要引狼入室？Why did

5、 you set the wolf to keep the sheep?他是信口開(kāi)河，他對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)一竅不通。He is shooting off his mouth. He does not know the first thing of economy. 對(duì)等譯法：最基礎(chǔ)、最常用、最接近不完全對(duì)應(yīng)v1一詞多義及詞的模糊性 例：“紅”與“red”v2句法結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)詞義的制約性v舍（舍棄）Abandonv舍（舍己為人）Sacrifice ones own interests for the sake of others示例 中學(xué)畢業(yè)生-a high school graduate (A.E) a sch

6、ool leaver (B.E) (a dropout-A.E)宣傳-Propaganda：often used disparagingly to connote deception or distortion (.A.E) usu. derog. Information that is spread in a planned or official way, esp. by a government, in order to influence public opinion (B.E)農(nóng)民-peasant: a person who is rude, behaves badly, or ha

7、s little education桌子-table + desk “我”：我行我素-Ill stick to my old practice.我校-my/our school我軍-our army 而非my army敵我友 -we 同學(xué)，學(xué)生的稱謂打電話：“就這樣”-so long顏色vBlack tea -紅茶：茶葉的顏色/ 茶湯的顏色v這人氣得臉色鐵青。v-His face was white with anger/ rage.v漢語(yǔ)：青睞-喜愛(ài)或重視v英語(yǔ)：green-eyed-妒忌v漢語(yǔ)：紅眼-妒嫉-失眠（英語(yǔ)：red-eye flight）v某人心腸好-為人善良vHe has a

8、good heart.vHe has a bad heart. (heart attack)v亡羊補(bǔ)牢 -未為晚也vShut the stable door after the horse has bolted (/has been stolen).-無(wú)補(bǔ)于事無(wú)對(duì)應(yīng)：語(yǔ)際轉(zhuǎn)換中的沖突式-形譯，音譯及其他變通手段1形譯：原語(yǔ)詞形及詞音移植到目的語(yǔ)中（文字體系一致，如：英，法） resume pork beef lamb2音譯漢語(yǔ)中的音譯詞（英）：三明治sandwich 可口可樂(lè)coca-cola 披薩pizza 咖啡coffee 比基及bikini 迷你mimi 的士taxi 沙拉salad 芝

9、士cheese 巧克力chocolate 布丁pudding 康乃馨carnation 香檳champagne 系統(tǒng)system 酒吧bar 芒果mango 荷爾蒙hormone 餐廳canteen 卡通cartoon 英語(yǔ)中的音譯詞（漢）：Confucius孔夫子 kowtow磕頭 mahjong麻將 mandarin “滿大人”-普通話 silk絲綢 tea茶 tycoon“太君”-大亨 typhoon臺(tái)風(fēng) 漢英互譯可用的變通手段v分切（句法），轉(zhuǎn)換，轉(zhuǎn)移，還原，闡釋，融合，引申，反轉(zhuǎn)，替代，拆離，增補(bǔ)，省略及重復(fù)，重組及移植引申（Extending）v引申譯法-具體/抽象譯法-消除或降低

10、語(yǔ)言差別給翻譯帶來(lái)的損失，使譯文產(chǎn)生與原文同樣的效果。v目的語(yǔ)搭配或表達(dá)習(xí)慣或適應(yīng)語(yǔ)境的需要 具體譯法一)單詞、詞組和成語(yǔ)1) transportation 2) advertisement 3) propaganda 4) translation 5) government 6) family 7) class 8) very timid 9) very strong 10) keep quiet 11) very anxious to return home 12) have not cut off relations completely 13) accelerate the speed

11、; speed up 一)單詞、詞組和成語(yǔ)1) transportation 運(yùn)輸一運(yùn)輸工具2) advertisement 廣告一廣告資料3) propaganda 宣傳一宣傳機(jī)關(guān)4) translation 翻譯一翻譯作5) government 政府一政府官員6) family 家庭一家庭成員7) class 班級(jí)一全班學(xué)生8) very timid 非常膽小一膽小如鼠9) very strong 非常強(qiáng)壯一壯得像頭牛10) keep quiet 不吱聲一噤若寒蟬11) very anxious to return home 回家心切一歸心似箭12) have not cut off r

12、elations completely 沒(méi)有徹底斷絕關(guān)系一藕斷絲連13) accelerate the speed; speed up 快上加快一快馬加鞭 二）單詞、詞組和成語(yǔ)漢譯英時(shí)具體譯法的譯例大吵大鬧 raise the roof 有花不完的錢 have enough money to burn結(jié)為良緣 win the hand of 截然不同 oil and vinegar 覺(jué)得可疑 smell a rat 魯莽的人 a bull in a china shop千苦差事 holdcarry the baby 保密 keep sth under ones hat三）句子英譯漢時(shí)具體譯法的

13、譯例All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding. 大家都被他那種吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。We were all greatly moved by his loftiness. 我們都被他那種崇高品質(zhì)所深深打動(dòng)。There had been too much violence in that region. 那個(gè)地區(qū)發(fā)生了許多暴力事件。四）句子漢譯英時(shí)具體譯法的譯例他每天要處理許多棘手的問(wèn)題。He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.我不敢肯定我能贏得這個(gè)榮譽(yù)，這還是未到手的東西。Im n

14、ot sure whether I can win the honor; its a bird in the bush.你不要過(guò)早樂(lè)觀，真正的困難還在后頭呢。Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. The real difficulties still lay ahead. 抽象譯法一)單詞、詞組或成語(yǔ)謙虛態(tài)度無(wú)知的表現(xiàn) 同情心理 雞毛蒜皮 開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山 順手牽羊 狗急跳墻 黔驢技窮 生龍活虎 lick sbs boots stick to ones last put ones cards on the table eat like a

15、bird break the ice get the green light turn thumbs down on sth 一)單詞、詞組或成語(yǔ)謙虛態(tài)度 modesty 無(wú)知的表現(xiàn) innocence 同情心理 sympathy 雞毛蒜皮 trifling開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山 come straight to the point 順手牽羊 walk off with sth狗急跳墻 do sth desperate 黔驢技窮 at ones wits end 生龍活虎 bursting with energy lick sbs boots 巴結(jié)stick to ones last 安分守己put one

16、s cards on the table 表明觀點(diǎn)eat like a bird 吃得極少break the ice 打破僵局get the green light 得到許可turn thumbs down on sth 反對(duì) 三）句子英譯漢時(shí)抽象譯法的譯例I was practically on my knees but he still refused. He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. I have no head for music. Please dont wake a sleeping dog. Man

17、 for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey. (Tennyson)三）句子英譯漢時(shí)抽象譯法的譯例I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 我?guī)缀跏强嗫喟螅廊痪芙^。He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul

18、 together. 他掙的錢幾乎難以維持生活。I have no head for music. 我沒(méi)有音樂(lè)方面的天賦。Please dont wake a sleeping dog. 請(qǐng)不要惹是生非。Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with the head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey. (Tennyson)男人適于農(nóng)耕，女人適于家務(wù)；男人宜于征戰(zhàn)，女人宜

19、于縫紉。男人善于深思，女人富于感情；男人發(fā)號(hào)施令，女人惟有服從。 （丁尼生）四）句子漢譯英時(shí)抽象譯法的譯例那位小伙子真是喝了大膽湯。That young man has great courage, indeed!這是他們夫妻之間的事情，你去插一腳干嗎？Thats a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in it?他萬(wàn)萬(wàn)沒(méi)想到在他前進(jìn)的道路上竟會(huì)出現(xiàn)這么多攔路虎！He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand

20、in his way. 例：This is informal; you can come as you are or as you were.抽象-具體This is informal; you can come as you are or as you were.這是非正式的會(huì)見(jiàn)，你可以穿你現(xiàn)在穿的衣服，也可以穿昨天穿的衣服。As you are/ as you were(是什么樣的)-穿什么衣服特定/具體-一般/抽象打架斗毆成了這伙人的家常便飯。Scuffles and clashes became a matter of daily occurrence for these gangst

21、ers.家常便飯-daily occurrence 她感到渾身發(fā)怵，五臟六腑像被什么扯著似的陣陣作痛。Her whole body got shitty while stabbing pains went all over her.五臟六腑- all over 增補(bǔ)(Adding)，省略(Omitting)，重復(fù)(Repeating)v雙語(yǔ)的思維方式及特征，語(yǔ)言文字結(jié)構(gòu)差異，習(xí)慣表達(dá)法差異，語(yǔ)感問(wèn)題v基本規(guī)范：v1有助于意義的全面轉(zhuǎn)換；v2有助于語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)的適度優(yōu)化；v3有助于適度提高目的語(yǔ)的可讀性增詞譯法I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of a

22、ffection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore: Lambing Time) 原來(lái)我以為這不過(guò)是一種親熱的表示，但是現(xiàn)在看來(lái)，這是為了聞一聞羊羔的味道，來(lái)斷定是不是自己的。（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）After the football match, hes got an important meeting. 在觀看足球比賽之后，他有一個(gè)重要會(huì)議去參加。（動(dòng)詞）He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他沒(méi)有

23、致閉幕詞就宣布結(jié)束會(huì)議。（動(dòng)詞）Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “l(fā)ike Aarons rod,. with flowers”. (Helen Adams Keller: The Story of My Life） 后來(lái)就是這些詞把一個(gè)美好的世界展現(xiàn)在我的面前，就像圣經(jīng)上說(shuō)的 “亞倫的杖開(kāi)了花”一樣。（定語(yǔ)-背景知識(shí)）This great scientist was born in New England. 這位偉大的科學(xué)家出生在美國(guó)東北部的新英格蘭。（定語(yǔ)-背景知識(shí)）旱知他有病，我就不會(huì)叫他來(lái)

24、了。 If I had known he was ill，I would not have asked him to come. （連接詞）1976年7 月28 日，唐山發(fā)生了大地震。On July 28，1976，a big earthquake took place in Tangshan. (介詞)三個(gè)臭皮匠，勝過(guò)諸葛亮。The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang the master mind. （增加詞語(yǔ)-背景知識(shí)）班門弄斧show off ones proficiency with axe bef

25、ore Lu Ban, the master carpenter. (增加詞語(yǔ)-原文內(nèi)涵意義、背景知識(shí)） 省詞譯法If I learn to drive a motorcycle, I will certainly buy a new one. It is better to do well than to say well. Its your pen. I found it on the playground. The sun is bright, and the sky is clear. If you dont go there tomorrow, theyll get angry. I

26、n September 1939, the Second World War broke out. 總理壓出席音樂(lè)會(huì)之前，還有許多工作要做。在工作中，我們必須避免犯不必要的錯(cuò)誤。這臺(tái)電視機(jī)真是價(jià)廉物美。那位小伙子有點(diǎn)愣頭愣腦的。If I learn to drive a motorcycle, I will certainly buy a new one.我要是學(xué)摩托車的話，(我)就長(zhǎng)去買一輛新的。It is better to do well than to say well. 說(shuō)得好不如做得好。(喊破嗓子不如做出樣子。）Its your pen. I found it on the pla

27、yground. 這是你的鋼筆，我在操場(chǎng)上找到（它）的。The sun is bright, and the sky is clear. 陽(yáng)光燦爛，(和）晴空萬(wàn)里。If you dont go there tomorrow, theyll get angry. （如果）你明天不去，他們會(huì)生氣的。In September 1939, the Second World War broke out. （在)1939年9月，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)?？偫韷撼鱿魳?lè)會(huì)之前，還有許多工作要做。The Premier had a lot of work to do before (attending) the c

28、oncert.在工作中，我們必須避免犯不必要的錯(cuò)誤。We must avoid making (unnecessary) mistakes in our work.這臺(tái)電視機(jī)真是價(jià)廉物美。This television set is really cheap (in price) and fine (in quality).那位小伙子有點(diǎn)愣頭愣腦的。That young fellow is somewhat rash (in the head). 增詞譯法小結(jié)概念性增補(bǔ):非增添不足以充分表達(dá)或闡釋原意的實(shí)意詞vParty liner-堅(jiān)決貫徹黨的路線的人； worry lines-因憂慮而深陷

29、的皺紋vWhere all think alike, no one thinks very much.vI wanted to be a man, and a man I am.Where all think alike, no one thinks very much.既然人人的想法如出一轍，那么大家也都懶得多想。I wanted to be a man, and a man I am.我立志做一個(gè)真正的人；我現(xiàn)在終于成了一個(gè)真正的人。2結(jié)構(gòu)性增補(bǔ)詞：語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)詞，虛詞；原語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中省略的詞；搭配上的接應(yīng)詞。3邏輯性增補(bǔ)詞：承接，轉(zhuǎn)折或呼應(yīng)詞4修辭性增補(bǔ)詞：成語(yǔ)性修飾詞，語(yǔ)氣補(bǔ)充詞，情態(tài)補(bǔ)足詞

30、如：?jiǎn)?？呢？所謂，而已，罷了。融合（Blending）及綴合Combining)融合：漢譯英-譯句；英譯漢-譯詞：將若干詞的意思加以融匯，綜合，歸納或濃縮。西方-成對(duì)詞，中國(guó)-一條前后兩個(gè)部分同為一個(gè)意思的四字成語(yǔ)或兩條同義成語(yǔ) sympathetic love-憐愛(ài)； powerful and resultful action 魄力vicious and treacherous奸詐；deep-rooted but unreasonable love癡情He is dead and gone. 他的確死了。His father is a man who forgives and forgets

31、 .他父親非常寬容。He is a man of culture and learning. 他是個(gè)很有學(xué)問(wèn)的人。Really and truly？ 千真萬(wàn)確？(你敢肯定沒(méi)錯(cuò)？）其中又見(jiàn)林黛玉是個(gè)出類拔萃的，便更與黛玉親敬異常。（曹雪芹：紅樓夢(mèng)，第四十九回）Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest, she treated her even more affectionately.他決心洗心革面，脫胎換骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.你怎么能過(guò)河拆橋,忘恩負(fù)義呢？How can you

32、kick down the ladder?豐功偉績(jī)great magnificent contributions以怨報(bào)德，恩將仇報(bào)return kindness with ingratitude 低三下四，奴顏婢膝humble oneself 寬宏大量，既往不咎forgive and forget 轉(zhuǎn)換（Conversing）v轉(zhuǎn)換譯法-轉(zhuǎn)性譯法：名詞與動(dòng)詞，介詞與動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換最常見(jiàn)v1選擇性詞性轉(zhuǎn)換：選擇，非強(qiáng)制vI did it myself to spare your trouble.(名詞)v我自己做了，免得給你添麻煩。（名詞）v我自己做了，免得麻煩你。（動(dòng)詞）v2 強(qiáng)制性詞性轉(zhuǎn)換：

33、目的語(yǔ)慣用法及語(yǔ)法規(guī)范不同于原語(yǔ)vShe is no less beautiful than her sister. v她的美貌并不亞于她的姐姐。(對(duì)應(yīng)否定式)Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk. My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. The people are with him. What are you after？ I am no drinker， nor smoker. This pupil is a good writer. 他總是喝很多酒

34、。他這個(gè)人最愛(ài)說(shuō)話了。他妹妹老是說(shuō)謊。她對(duì)他們?cè)絹?lái)越憎恨。她非常漂亮。Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk. 每天早上，她都要到湖區(qū)去散步。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. 我建議他立刻戒煙。（主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)前的定語(yǔ)也相應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)。）The people are with him. 人民擁護(hù)他。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）What are you after？ 你追求什么？(介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）I am no drinker， nor smo

35、ker. 我既不喝酒，也不抽煙。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）This pupil is a good writer. 這個(gè)小學(xué)生文章寫得不錯(cuò)。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）他總是喝很多酒。He is a great drinker. (動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）他這個(gè)人最愛(ài)說(shuō)話了。He is a great talker.（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）他妹妹老是說(shuō)謊。His sister is a great liar.(動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）她對(duì)他們?cè)絹?lái)越憎恨。Her hatred for them grew more.(動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）她非常漂亮。She is a real beauty.(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞） 換形譯法 截然不同的文化背景-習(xí)慣表達(dá)上的

36、差距-改換表達(dá)的形式 You think she will come if it is fine tomorrow, but I dont think so. 你認(rèn)為明天天好，她就會(huì)來(lái)，我覺(jué)得她不會(huì)來(lái)。（ X我不認(rèn)為是這樣。） You say he works hard; so he does. 你說(shuō)他很努力，對(duì)，他確實(shí)很努力。(X他確實(shí)是這樣。）The bandits robbed him of his ox, but it was his only family property.土匪搶走了他的水牛，可那水牛是他惟一的家產(chǎn)啊。The whole project was completed

37、in a quarter of a year. 整個(gè)工程在三個(gè)月內(nèi)就完成了。(整個(gè)工程在四分之一年內(nèi)就完成了。）Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation. (Abraham Lincoln)八十七年前我們的先輩在這塊大陸上創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)新的國(guó)家。(X四個(gè)二十加七年前）He is over sixty years old. 他已年逾花甲。（或：他已年過(guò)六旬。？他已經(jīng)六十多歲。）你要看小說(shuō)，我也要看小說(shuō)。You are going to read a novel; Im

38、going to do the same. (或：.so am I. ？I am going to read a novel, too.) 換形譯法：換形不換義，譯文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣褒貶譯法 詞匯的詞性-譯文的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣詞匯的感情色彩-原文的精神（褒義、貶義和中性 ）As luck would have it , no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 真幸運(yùn)，發(fā)生爆炸時(shí)大樓里剛巧沒(méi)有人。As luck would have it , there was rain on the day of the picnic.真不湊巧，野餐那

39、天下雨了。The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war. 這對(duì)年老的夫婦執(zhí)著地尋找著他們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)中丟失的女兒。She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone. 她被沒(méi)完沒(méi)了的電話鈴聲搞得心煩意亂。 funny: 褒義a funny story 滑稽的故事 a funny writer 風(fēng)趣的作家 He is being funny. 他在逗樂(lè)。中性There is something funny about the

40、matter. 事情有點(diǎn)蹊蹺。 a funny black hat古怪的黑帽子貶義Youll be sorry if you try anything funny in class.你要是在課堂上玩什么鬼花樣，肯定要后悔的。 She is a bit funny sometimes.她有時(shí)候有點(diǎn)瘋瘋癲癲的。 Dont get funny with your boss！ 不得對(duì)老板放肆！由于：褒義thanks to. by virtue of.中性owing to. due to.because e of. as a result of. in view of.貶義in consequence

41、of. （詞法-句法） 句法翻譯v換序譯法，斷句譯法，轉(zhuǎn)句譯法，合句譯法，縮句譯法，轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法，正反譯法換序譯法譯文的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣-調(diào)整原文的詞序-通順I(yè)ts good youre so considerate. 你想得這樣周到是很好的。(X這是很好的你想得這樣周到。)(主語(yǔ)從句換序）Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer 他過(guò)去是工人，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)了工程師了。(X以前的工人，他是現(xiàn)在一個(gè)工程師。)(同位語(yǔ)換序）發(fā)生了這樣的事不是你的錯(cuò)。Its not your fault that this has happened. ( x That thi

42、s has happened is not your fault. 過(guò)于正規(guī)，在文體上與原文不符。)(主語(yǔ)從句換序）He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious consequence that prevailed in various fields in the USA.他親眼目睹了美國(guó)戰(zhàn)后第六次后果嚴(yán)重的波及各領(lǐng)域的經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。 斷句譯法 v長(zhǎng)句費(fèi)解-斷開(kāi)翻譯It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware she was speaking to Mi

43、ss Pinkerton. (W. M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair）老太太問(wèn)她明白不明白對(duì)她說(shuō)話的不是別人，是平克頓小姐。/這話毫無(wú)效力。(拆開(kāi)名詞從句） 這首歌并不曾繼續(xù)多久，/就和笛聲共同消失在黑暗里了。(巴金：家）The singing did not last very long. / Soon, together with the sound of the flute, it faded away in the darkness.（拆開(kāi)狀語(yǔ)從句） 轉(zhuǎn)句譯法 v詞組或單詞（狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、名詞），豐富的語(yǔ)義-轉(zhuǎn)詞為句Nixon was greatly impressed

44、 by Stassens firm handshake. （W. Manchester: The Glory and the Dream) 史塔生緊緊和他握手，尼克松對(duì)這一點(diǎn)印象很深刻。(邏輯主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)句）他像大海撈針一樣在茫茫黑夜里尋找金色的夢(mèng)。He searched for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night. It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean. （狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)句） 合句譯法 v幾個(gè)短句-一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句The young man was very miserable. / He

45、had no money about him. / All his savings had been stolen. 這個(gè)年輕人很慘，已落到了身無(wú)分文的地步，因?yàn)樗械姆e蓄被竊。She is very busy at home. / She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work. 她在家很忙，又要看好孩子，又要下廚。過(guò)了兩年，他又換過(guò)學(xué)校，卻遇見(jiàn)了一個(gè)值得感佩的同事。/ 那同事是個(gè)誠(chéng)樸的人，擔(dān)任教師有六七年了。(葉圣陶：倪煥之) Two years later he changed to yet another sc

46、hool, and there he met a colleague whom he could not help admiring and feeling drawn to, as he was a sincere, plain-spoken fellow who had been a teacher for six or seven years. 縮句譯法 v相對(duì)次要的一個(gè)句子-相對(duì)主要的句子的組成部分（狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)）She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill. 她回家去照料病重的丈夫

47、。（縮為定語(yǔ)）It was April 1945. The Second World War was coming to an end. 1945年4月，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)已接近尾聲。（縮為狀語(yǔ))周瑞家的忙起身，拿匣子與他，說(shuō)送花兒一事。（曹雪芹：紅樓夢(mèng)，第七回）Mrs. Zhou stood up and explained her errand, handing over the box . （縮為狀語(yǔ)） （多見(jiàn)漢譯英-英語(yǔ)句子相對(duì)復(fù)雜，結(jié)構(gòu)形式豐富多彩）轉(zhuǎn)態(tài)譯法 v語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換（被動(dòng)、主動(dòng)）-語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣It was reported that Yugoslavian President Tito

48、told a Soviet envoy to “go to hell”. 據(jù)報(bào)道，南斯拉夫總統(tǒng)鐵托叫一位蘇聯(lián)使者“別胡謅”。The visitor was flattered and impressed. 這位客人受寵若驚，深為感動(dòng)。說(shuō)話時(shí)，己擺了茶果上來(lái)。（曹雪芹：紅樓夢(mèng)，第三回）Mean-while refreshments had been served.全國(guó)同胞們，中華人民共和國(guó)現(xiàn)已宣告成立。（毛澤東選集，第五卷）Fellow-countrymen, the founding of the Peoples Re-public of China is proclaimed. 注意：英譯漢

49、：漢語(yǔ)譯文可主動(dòng)，但不一定要有主語(yǔ)；漢譯英：漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句譯成英文時(shí)必須添加主語(yǔ)。 漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)多避開(kāi)“被”字-受、為、由、獲、是為、為所正反譯法 強(qiáng)制性或選擇性正反處理v原文:What they found will surprise no one who has a teen or is a teen or just remembers being a teen.v原譯：對(duì)于任何一個(gè)青少年，或者曾經(jīng)是青少年，再或已成為青少年父母的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這次實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果都不會(huì)令人擔(dān)心。v改譯：這一結(jié)果引起了那些青少年父母、青少年本人以及對(duì)青少年時(shí)期仍記憶猶新的人們的共鳴。英語(yǔ)詞句中含有never, no, no

50、t, non-，un-, im-，in-，ir-，-less等成分以及漢語(yǔ)詞句中含有“不”、“沒(méi)”、“無(wú)”、“未”、“甭”、“孬”、“別”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的為反說(shuō)，不含這些成分的為正說(shuō)。 英譯漢正轉(zhuǎn)反：I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task. 我的確認(rèn)為要完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)是他力所不及的。Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you？ 你知道她為什么老是不想見(jiàn)到你？Her husband hates to see her stony fac

51、e.她丈夫不愿看到她那張毫無(wú)表情的臉。英譯漢反轉(zhuǎn)正：No smoking！嚴(yán)禁吸煙！Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year. 到年底再下結(jié)論吧。He will come back in no time. 他很快就回來(lái)了。 v漢譯英正轉(zhuǎn)反：她光著腳走進(jìn)了房間。She came into the room with no shoes on.這個(gè)小孩現(xiàn)在完全能自己走路了。The child can walk without any help now.漢譯英反轉(zhuǎn)正：他似乎想不出恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃?lái)闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)。He seemed to be

52、at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion.請(qǐng)勿大聲喧嘩。Keep quiet.注意：正說(shuō)反說(shuō)時(shí)語(yǔ)體的變化“禁止張貼”-正說(shuō)Posters Forbidden較正規(guī)，反說(shuō)No Posters, Please（不許張貼）較口語(yǔ)化“的的確確”-正說(shuō)Indeed較口語(yǔ)化，反說(shuō)it is beyond doubt that（毋庸置疑） 較正規(guī)一般-正說(shuō)較正規(guī)，反說(shuō)較口語(yǔ)化PRACTICE（1）What about calling him right away?（2）If only I could see the realizatio

53、n of the four modernizations. (3) Indeed, the reverse is true.（4）只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。（5）在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國(guó)反對(duì)以大欺小、以強(qiáng)凌弱。（6）You should not show your hand to a stranger.（7）The incident was passed on by mouth.（8）It is mean of a man to bite the hand that fed him.（9）The rain may hold off, but it wont hurt you to take an u

54、mbrella with you.（10）Its a sick joke if you think hes a liberal-he is anything but a liberal; hes very big on making people perform.（11）我才不會(huì)理這一套呢?。?2）Knowledge about the most powerful problem-solving tool man has ever developed is too valuable not to share.（13）He was hard hit by the flu.（14）Very oft

55、en I was driven to conjecture.（15）Away went the car like a whirlwind.（16）Equally inexplicable was his behavior towards his son. (17) 我生在故國(guó)，也要死在故國(guó)。 (18)訓(xùn)練班為期三周，星期六結(jié)業(yè)。（19）可惜他不能來(lái)。（20）He couldnt be more honest.（21）Hes a good riddance.（22）I must have been cheated again.（23）如果我是你，我是不會(huì)再容忍下去的；你對(duì)他真是再好不過(guò)了。（24

56、）All grapes are not sweet.（25）我認(rèn)為自己并不漂亮。 (26) 天才的百分之一是靈感，百分之九十九是汗水。 （27）如今，做個(gè)大丈夫也有他的難處。譬如吵嘴，你就是有理，卻也只能裝著無(wú)理，拱手告降。（28）Cooking is not like life. If you get a bad meal, you dont have to eat it.（29）Powerful words can drive men to madness. They may inspire them, schizophrenically, to acts of self-sacrific

57、e.（30）He had sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phrase.（1）What about calling him right away?馬上給他打個(gè)電話，你覺(jué)得如何？ （增譯主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)）（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化實(shí)現(xiàn)該有多好啊?。ㄔ鲎g主句）(3) Indeed, the reverse is true實(shí)際情況恰好相反。（增譯

58、名詞）（4）只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增譯連詞）（5）在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國(guó)反對(duì)以大欺小、以強(qiáng)凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增譯暗含詞語(yǔ)）（6）You should not show your hand to a stranger.對(duì)陌生人要存幾分戒心。（主語(yǔ)替代賓語(yǔ)，被動(dòng)替代主動(dòng)，反話正譯）（7）The incident was passed on by mouth.眾口相傳，就把這件事說(shuō)開(kāi)了。（主語(yǔ)替代賓語(yǔ)，被動(dòng)替代主動(dòng)）（8）It is mean of a man to bite the hand that fed him.恩將仇報(bào)的人是卑鄙的。（換序譯法）（9）The rain may hold off, but it wont hurt you to take an umbrella with you.雨可能會(huì)停，但帶把傘又何妨呢？（反說(shuō)正譯