Unit_2---翻譯的標(biāo)準和過程

1、1Criteria and Process of Translation2 Theories of the Chinese scholars 嚴復(fù)“信、達、雅” faithfulness expressiveness elegance 3劉重德劉重德 “信、達、切信、達、切”信信 (faithfulness) to be faithful to the content of the original;保全原文意義保全原文意義達達 (expressiveness) to be as expressive as the original;譯文通順易懂譯文通順易懂 切切 (closeness) to

2、 be as close to the original style as possible切合原文風(fēng)格切合原文風(fēng)格 4魯迅先生的魯迅先生的“兼顧兩面兼顧兩面”論論 “寧信不順” “凡是翻譯，必須兼顧著兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保存著原作的豐姿?！?傅雷：神似傅雷：神似similarity in spirit “形似神似形似神似” “以效果而論，翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求的不再形似而在神似 -高老頭重譯序6錢鐘書錢鐘書:“化境化境” “入化境界入化境界” 錢鐘書的“化境”(perfection; sublimation; consummation) 說： -譯作被比作原作的“投胎轉(zhuǎn)世”（the

3、 transmigration of souls）7Other scholars theories茅盾-“忠實”、“通順”準則林語堂-“忠實標(biāo)準、通順標(biāo)準、美好標(biāo)準” “忠、順、美”張培基-忠實faithfulness,通順smoothness瞿秋白-信順統(tǒng)一8余光中余光中“變通變通的藝術(shù)的藝術(shù)” “翻譯如婚姻，是一種兩相妥協(xié)的藝術(shù)。譬如英文譯成中文，既不能西風(fēng)壓倒東風(fēng)，變成洋腔洋調(diào)的中文，也不許東風(fēng)壓倒西風(fēng)，變成油腔滑調(diào)的中文，則東西之間勢必相互妥協(xié)，以求兩全之計。至于妥協(xié)到什么程度，以及哪一方應(yīng)該多讓一步，神而明之，變通之道，就要看每一位譯者自己的修養(yǎng)了。”9英國歷史學(xué)教授泰特勒（英國歷史

4、學(xué)教授泰特勒（A. F. Tytler）18世紀提出的翻譯三原則世紀提出的翻譯三原則：That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 譯文應(yīng)完整地再現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 譯文風(fēng)格、筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同That the translation should have all the

5、 ease of the original composition. 譯文應(yīng)像原文一樣流暢自然10literal translation VS liberal translationLiteral translation直譯直譯： 翻譯時盡量保證原作的語言形式，包括用詞，句子結(jié)構(gòu)，比喻手段等，要求語言流暢易懂Liberal translation意譯意譯： 從意義出來，只要求原文大意表達出來，不注意細節(jié)，譯文自然流暢即可。11Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make

6、 social problems evaporate.literal trans.：砸鏡子不能使丑八怪變漂亮，也不能使社會問題煙消云散。Revised: 就像砸鏡子不能讓人變美，這樣的做法并不能解決實際社會問題。I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.free rendering活譯：我要去睡會覺。13literal translation哪些句子應(yīng)該直譯哪些句子應(yīng)該直譯 用詞與結(jié)構(gòu)相似 【詞語用法、詞序排列、句式結(jié)構(gòu)等各方面相似】This issue is very important 這個問題非常重要。 14A scientist who does r

7、esearch in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior.從事經(jīng)濟心理學(xué)研究并想預(yù)測消費者如何花錢的科學(xué)家必須研究消費行為。15Free translation It is raining cats and dogs. 天上下貓和狗。 大雨滂沱大雨滂沱 16Flexible way is required.Some old people are oppressed by the fear o

8、f deathliteral trans有些老年人受到死亡的恐懼的壓迫。liberal trans.有些老年人因怕死而惶恐不安。 17 He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending literal:他必須獲取有關(guān)消費者的財力以及能夠鼓勵或打消花錢積極性的動機兩方面的信息。Liberal: 他必須獲取有關(guān)信息，諸如消費者的消費能力以及能夠鼓勵或打消花錢積極性的動機等。 18有些句子可以直譯，也

9、可以意譯，有些句子可以直譯，也可以意譯，但效果未必相同。但效果未必相同。Just as dark clouds cant hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact直譯：正如烏云遮不住太陽，謊言也同樣掩蓋不了事實。意譯：事實是無法掩蓋的。19It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision 直譯：人們自然會奇怪有誰會需要這種精確的時間。 意譯：恐怕沒人會需要這種精確。20Key points in literal translation* *理解原文詞語在上下文中的確切含

10、義理解原文詞語在上下文中的確切含義* *注意一詞多義和注意一詞多義和詞多譯這種現(xiàn)象詞多譯這種現(xiàn)象 “看” see? Look？watch?看書，看報 read看孩子 look after看朋友 meet a friend逛街隨便看看 window shopping21He bit off more than he could chew when he agreed to do it all by himself. 硬譯：當(dāng)他同意完全一個人做它時，他咬下了多于他能咀嚼的。 改譯：當(dāng)他同意完全由他一個人來做這件事時，他就是在承攬一件自己力所不及的事情。22 I have read your art

11、icles, I expected to meet an older man 硬譯：我讀過你的文章，我期望見到一位更老的人。 改譯：我讀過你的文章，想不我讀過你的文章，想不到你這么年輕。到你這么年輕。23The followings should be noticed laugh off ones head 笑掉腦袋? 笑掉牙齒笑掉牙齒neither fish nor fowl 非魚非鳥? 不倫不類不倫不類, 不三不四不三不四 24Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. 聽古典音樂是我的一杯茶? 古典音樂我最愛聽古典音樂我最愛聽touch

12、and go 碰完了就走? 一觸即發(fā)一觸即發(fā)at sixes and sevens 六六七七? 亂七八糟亂七八糟25有些成語可在譯入語中找到意思基本對有些成語可在譯入語中找到意思基本對等的成語，盡管使用這個成語就是了，等的成語，盡管使用這個成語就是了，不必再去照字面翻譯，以免不倫不類。不必再去照字面翻譯，以免不倫不類。(1)Birds of a feather flock together 物以類聚。(2)Great men are apt to have short memories 貴人多忘事。26(3)Agues come on horse back, but go away on fo

13、ot 病來如山倒，病去如抽絲。(4)Nothing can be made out of nothing 巧婦難為無米之炊。(5)It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest 家丑不可外揚。27Two aspects of translation process:1)The source-language-oriented principle 以譯出語為取向的原則 【比較傾向于literal translation】 He always lives ahead of his salary.他總是生活在他的工資之前？他的生活開銷總是超過他的工資收入。他總是入

14、不敷出。282）The target-language-oriented principle 以譯入語為取向的原則以譯入語為取向的原則【比較傾向于liberal translation】 He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.原譯: 他渴望博學(xué)廣聞，喜歡追根求源，并且好為人師。改譯：他想學(xué)習(xí)，增長知識，也愿意把自己的知識教給別人。293.從美學(xué)角度提出的翻譯原則從美學(xué)角度提出的翻譯原則許淵沖的“三美說”：音美、形美、意美美國意向派詩人龐德Ezra Pound30春曉春曉 A Spring Morning春眠不覺曉，處處聞啼鳥。夜來風(fēng)雨聲，花落知多少。Thi

15、s morn of spring in bed Im lying,Not woke up till I hear birds crying.After one night of wind and showers,How many are the fallen flowers!31Principle of translation-Faithfulness忠實是翻譯的首要問題I was with my father on a business-and-pleasure trip.I. 我和父親這次旅行，既為了公事，也為了游玩。II. 我和父親一起出來，既是出差，也是游玩。32 From there

16、 I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.I. 從那里，我可以看見下面整個山谷，那田野、河流和村莊。這一切非常美麗，見到后使我心里充滿了渴望。II. 從這里望下去，整個山谷一覽無遺，只見那田野、河流和村莊，全都美不勝收，真叫我心馳神往。 33The Process of Translation Understanding (comprehensi

17、on)ExpressingProof-reading34UnderstandingTaking the following factors into consideration:(1) Type of writing(2) Theme(3) Forms of literature(4) Style(5) Emotions(6) Context of situation and so on 35examplesCannot Beat the Real Things. (Coca Cola) 不能打敗真正的商品？不能打敗真正的商品？ 擋不住的誘惑36 This company is an inte

18、rnational marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others. 這家公司是一個國際營銷公司，專營化肥、化工產(chǎn)品、可可、殺蟲藥、煤炭、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品以及其他產(chǎn)品。 Marketing怎么能專營產(chǎn)品？此句中marketing=trading,Revised: 國際貿(mào)易公司37In understanding：purpose of writing or speakingWhat is the purpose o

19、r implied attitude of the editors in the following heading? A. Police Shoot Rioting Blacks B. Rioting Blacks Shot by Police C. Rioting Blacks Shot38A translator should be good at analyzing words in the contextSophisticated man 老于世故的人Sophisticated woman 狡黠的女人Sophisticated columnist 老練的專欄作家Sophisticat

20、ed electronic device 高度精密的電子裝置Sophisticated weapon 尖端武器39A good translator should be good at analyzing the style of writing1.My dear grandparent has joined the heavenly choir. （formal) 吾祖父升天矣！2. My dear grandfather has passed away. (less formal) 我親愛的祖父已經(jīng)過世了。3. My grandfather has died. (less formal t

21、han the previous one) 我祖父死了。4. My old man has just kicked the bucket. （informal) 我家老頭翹辮子了。41Good at using translating strategies“Will you come to see me some time, William?” “AujourDui,” I said. “威廉，你什么時候來看我們呀？” “今天今天就去就去”，我，我用法語用法語回答。回答。 (用增詞法amplification)42 As we obtained a clean B/L, you will se

22、e that the goods were shipped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我們獲得了清潔提單，所以你們將明白貨物在裝運是狀況良好，且被安放得井井有條。由此看來，我們建議你們可以向該輪船公司提出索賠。 As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were shipped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim

23、 with it. 改譯：我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方諒必清楚貨物裝船時狀況良好，因此建諒必清楚貨物裝船時狀況良好，因此建議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠。議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠。44 It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. 清晨，初升的太陽照著平靜的海面，微波蕩漾，閃耀著金色的光芒。45Avoid: Translationese 翻譯腔-指譯文不符合漢語語法和表達習(xí)慣，指譯文不符合漢語語法和表達習(xí)慣，詰屈聱牙，晦澀難懂。詰屈聱牙，晦澀難

24、懂。 Over-representation & Under-representationTo appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 為了解渴，讀者比以前越飲越深，直到陷入了昏迷狀態(tài)。 改譯改譯：讀者為了滿足自己的渴望，越讀越想讀，直到進入了如癡如醉的狀態(tài)。47The process of comprehensionComprehension on single sentence A.詞語意義-根據(jù)原句的主題內(nèi)容、詞匯的

25、詞性、搭配關(guān)系以及詞義的引申或褒貶等來確定 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個人的生活都有甜有苦。 48B. 邏輯關(guān)系邏輯關(guān)系 Logic relation Laser, its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders, is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights. 雖然激光器的發(fā)明被認為是當(dāng)代奇跡之一，其實激光只是一種光，只不過與普通光有所不同而已。 49C. 上下文關(guān)系上下文關(guān)系 Context A po

26、liceman is coming. 警察來了。 Whats the implied meanings of this sentence when it is said by a man who loses his way or a thief?50D. Cultural Background Everyone on my farm knows that he or she must sing for his (or her) supper. 在我的農(nóng)場里工作的人都明白，他/她必須干活才能有飯吃。 51E. 專業(yè)知識專業(yè)知識 specialist Dont buy a stock just b

27、ecause short interest is high and you are counting on making a killingby killing the short-sellers.不要僅僅因為空頭利率高，而且你指望大發(fā)利市（吃掉賣空者）而去購買一種股票。 52空頭是投資者和股票商認為現(xiàn)時股價空頭是投資者和股票商認為現(xiàn)時股價雖然較高，但對股市前景看壞，預(yù)雖然較高，但對股市前景看壞，預(yù)計股價將會下跌，于是把借來的股計股價將會下跌，于是把借來的股票及時賣出，待股價跌至某一價位票及時賣出，待股價跌至某一價位時再買進，以獲取差額收益。時再買進，以獲取差額收益。 53翻譯的表達過程可分為

28、三個步驟：翻譯的表達過程可分為三個步驟：(1)一稿初譯，忠實為主一稿初譯，忠實為主： (2) 二稿核對，注重邏輯：二稿核對，注重邏輯： (3) 三稿定局，潤色文字：三稿定局，潤色文字：譯文的表達應(yīng)遵循下述原則：忠實于原文、邏輯清晰、語言規(guī)范和注重謀篇54ABe faithful to the SL 忠實于原文忠實于原文: The new secretary was rude to the workers, but when she talks to the boss, butter wouldnt melt in her mouth. 原譯：這位新秘書對工人態(tài)度很粗魯，可是跟老板談話時，黃油含

29、在她嘴里也不化。Revised: 這位新秘書對工人態(tài)度很粗魯，可是跟老板談話時卻滿口的奉承話滿口的奉承話。 55BClear logic 邏輯清晰邏輯清晰 With 2% of the worlds population, we are the worlds fifth largest trading nation. 雖然我們的人口僅占全球的2，但我們卻是世界第五大貿(mào)易國。56C語言規(guī)范語言規(guī)范 英語重形合，句法比較刻板，主、從句之間要使用連接詞。而漢語重意合，主、從句靠意義貫穿，不用或少用連接詞。 The temptation was so great that those who were

30、 watching from the sidelines also rushed to the tulip markets. 一些原來持旁觀態(tài)度的人再也經(jīng)受不一些原來持旁觀態(tài)度的人再也經(jīng)受不住如此巨大的誘惑，紛紛加入到郁金住如此巨大的誘惑，紛紛加入到郁金香生意的行列中來。香生意的行列中來。58tips 適當(dāng)使用一些文言文詞語，特別是適當(dāng)使用一些文言文詞語，特別是成語，不僅可以使譯文的語言風(fēng)格符合成語，不僅可以使譯文的語言風(fēng)格符合原文的文體或?qū)I(yè)特點，而且可以收到原文的文體或?qū)I(yè)特點，而且可以收到傳神達意、畫龍點睛的效果。傳神達意、畫龍點睛的效果。 It seems to be more lon

31、esome in the mountains when birds are singing. 鳥鳴山更幽。 59Key points in the step of expressing1）正確處理忠實與通順的關(guān)系）正確處理忠實與通順的關(guān)系60They have become, through marketing, word of mouth, and demonstrable reliability, the common pants of America. 通過市場營銷，口頭宣傳，以及憑借顯而易見的可靠性，牛仔褲已成為美國的尋常褲裝。改譯：通過市場營銷，口口相傳，以及憑借顯而易見的可靠性，牛

32、仔褲已成為美國的尋常褲裝。61analysisThe cold weather frosted up the track last night.I. 昨晚寒冷的天氣使跑道上結(jié)了霜。II. 昨晚天氣寒冷，跑道上結(jié)了霜。62Proof-readingTwo times of proof-reading after translation1.對照原文校對，檢查有無疏漏、誤譯的地方2.脫離原文審校，檢查有無生硬拗口的地方Accurate, natural, economical63Exercises Improve the following translation1.I will teach him

33、 to deceive others. 我要教他去欺騙別人。2. This thesis leaves much to be desired. 這篇文章有很多地方讓人喜歡。643. A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided. 洪水退了以后，恢復(fù)了平靜的標(biāo)志。4. “Its a gloomy thing, however, to talk about ones own past, with the day breaking. Turn me in some other direction before I

34、 go.” “不過，在天亮?xí)r談個人的往事，真掃興。在我離開之前，把我轉(zhuǎn)到別的方向吧。”66Improve the following translation1.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 門口放著至少有十二把各種顏色和尺寸的雨傘2. The study had three windows, set with little, old-fashioned panes of glass, each with a crack across it. 書房有三個窗戶，每個窗戶上都嵌有帶有裂痕的老

35、式的小塊玻璃。673. The brokers hour is not only crowded, but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the straps and packing both front and rear platforms. 經(jīng)紀人的時間不但是擁擠的，而且分分秒秒都掛在所有的皮帶上，包裝在前后的月臺上。4. It was already two years since he was Secretary General of the UN. 他擔(dān)任聯(lián)合國秘書長以來已經(jīng)有兩年了。68Reference answer1.I will teach him to deceive others. 我要教他去欺騙別人。 = I will punish him so that he will not deceive the others again. 改譯：我要教訓(xùn)他一頓，看他還敢不敢騙人。692. This thesis leaves much to be desired. 這篇文章有很多地方讓人喜歡。 =This thesis is very imperfect. 改譯：這篇論文很不理想。/這篇論文有很多地方可以改進。703. A measure of calm gave signs