大二英語跨文化交際課件：Metaphors of Culture

1、1Metaphors of Culture 1) an iceberg 2) software of our mind 3) the rules of the game 4) an onion 5) water that fish is swimming in21)An Iceberga. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part)b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large p

2、art )3Which of the following are above the water and which are below?What people eatWhat people wearWhat games children playHow to use timeHow to introduce peopleHow to participate in ceremoniesRules for gesturesRules for facial expressions and eye contactEtiquette Work speedWhat is right or wrong,

3、beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or bad, etc.Car parking453) The Rules of the Game1) Everybody is playing in any particular society although we generally are not highly aware of the rules at any given moment.2) These shared rules of the game tell us how to communicate with others and how to i

4、nterpret the behavior of those around us.6Case Study Richard, an engineer from the United States, was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England. This was a purely social, relaxed occasion. Tea was served along with sugar and cream. As he helped himself to some su

5、gar and cream, he sensed he had done something wrong. Can you tell what went wrong?“Help yourself” VS. “Be my guest”74) An OnionThe onion has three different layers. the outer layerthe middle layerthe inner nuclear layer. By the same token, culture like an onion. when you strip it layer by layer, yo

6、u will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.8Three Levels Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable: 1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning 2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an

7、 example for behavior 3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect9Example Americans in Cultural Onion1) Symbols: no separation among offices, humorous language and dressed individually. 2) Heroes: Albert Lincoln, for democracy; Bill Gates, taking risk and innovati

8、ve. 3) Rituals: small power distance, equal, names directly, Values: freedom, diversity, risk-taking and innovativeAny examples of Chinese in Cultural Onion?10Seven Layers & Three Levels1) artifacts2) behavior3) feelings4) values5) beliefs6) worldview7) ultimate allegiance1) Foundational level2) Eva

9、luating level3) Actualizing level11外層：象征物，語言、食物、服飾、建筑、時裝、藝術(shù)中間層：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影響核心層：禮儀，打招呼、尊重等Three Levels12基礎(chǔ)層（內(nèi)）：理解世界的開始和根本，我們的心理地圖評價層（中）：檢查和評判人生的自動系統(tǒng)。實現(xiàn)層（外）：對現(xiàn)實的實現(xiàn)及最基礎(chǔ)心理地圖的實現(xiàn)。Three Levels131）制品2）行為3）感覺Seven Layers4）價值6）世界觀5）信仰7）忠誠145）Water that Fish Is Swimming ina. The fish notices everything except the water he is swimming in.b.The fish takes the water for granted.c. We take everything around us for granted.15Characteristi