學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)-醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)課件：Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics

1、Unit 8Principles of Biomedical EthicsDoctors and biomedical researchers make tough decisions that have to be morally justifiable every day. Biomedical ethics provides moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and practice of medicine. It encompasses philosophy , sociolog

2、y, theology, and practical applications in clinical settings.Noun SuffixesSUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE-iaphobiapersistent and exaggerated fear-ismalcoholismimpaired control of alcohol use-sis*acidosisacid condition of body fluids-ytetanysustained muscle contraction*The ending -sis may appear w

3、ith a combining vowel, as -osis, -iasis, -esis, or -asis. The first two of these denote an abnormal condition.Suffixes That Mean “Condition Of”Noun Suffixes: Suffixes for Medical Specialties-ianspecialist in a field of studyphysicianpractitioner of medicine (from rootphysi/o, meaning “nature”)-iatri

4、csmedical specialtygeriatricsstudy and treatment of the aged (fromroot ger/i, meaning “old age”)-iatrymedical specialtypodiatrystudy and treatment of the foot (fromroot pod/o, meaning “foot”)-icsmedical specialtyorthopedicsstudy and treatment of the skeleton andjoints (from root ped/o, meaning“child

5、,” and prefix ortho, meaning“straight”)-istspecialist in a field of studycardiologistspecialist in the study and treatment ofthe heart (from root cardi/o, meaning“heart”)-logystudy ofphysiologyStudy of function in a living organism(from root physi/o, meaning “nature”)Adjective SuffixesThe suffixes b

6、elow are all adjective endings that mean “pertaining to” or “resembling” (Table 3). There are no rules for which ending to use for a given noun. Familiarity comes with practice.Adjective Suffixes: Suffixes That Mean “Pertaining to” or “Resembling”SUFFIXEXAMPLEDEFINITION OF EXAMPLE-accardiacpertainin

7、g to the heart-alskeletalpertaining to the skeleton-armuscularpertaining to muscles-arydietarypertaining to the diet-ic*metricpertaining to a meter (unit of measurement)-ical (ic + al)anatomicalpertaining to anatomy-oryrespiratorypertaining to respiration-ousvenouspertaining to a veinUnit 8 Principl

8、es of Biomedical EthicsUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 9Lead-inIssues to be coveredTaskUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsLead-inDifferences between medicine from other branches of natural science MedicineOther Branches of ScienceHealth as the ul

9、timate goalKnowledge and truth as the ultimate goalMorality and ethics as priority factors Honesty as a prime virtue of scientistsA doctor as a teacher, counselor, friend,advocate, protector, and healer all at the same timeScientist as explorerGood doctors: empathetic, sympathetic, caring, patient,

10、considerateGood scientists: inquisitive, persistent, perseverant, creative Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsLead-inWhat is “Bioethics”?Bioethics: “a field of study concerned with the ethics and philosophical implications of certain biological and medical procedures, technologies, and treatments

11、, such as organ transplants, genetic engineering, and care of the terminally ill”Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsLead-inCore terms to know in relation to medical ethicsBeneficenceNon-MaleficenceAutonomyTruth tellingConfidentialityPreservation of LifeJusticeUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethic

12、sWHO: Patient rights understood as one aspect of basic human rightsWorld Health Organization:Formalized in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes “the inherent dignity” and the “equal and unalienable rights of all members of the human family”. And it is on the basis of this conce

13、pt of the person, and the fundamental dignity and equality of all human beings, that the notion of patient rights was developed. In other words, what is owed to the patient as a human being, by physicians and by the state, took shape in large part thanks to this understanding of the basic rights of

14、the person. Hong Kong Medical Associations Patients Rights and Responsibilities Responsibilities:To play an active and responsible role in the healthcare process, you shouldbe frank to your doctors in revealing your medical conditions. endeavor to co-operate with any agreed form of management. be we

15、ll informed by your insurers of the detailed scope of coverage of your medical insurance policies. not request doctors to issue incorrect receipts, certificates or document, or to make incorrect entry into the medical records. be responsible to meet the required fees and charges for the medical serv

16、ices provided to you. /english/pubmededu/right.htmText A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentencesLanguage building-up Signpost language Vocabulary testSuggested answersUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics

17、 for presentation1. How are research and practice related to each other? Blurred distinction Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departures from standard practice as “experimental” with the terms “experimental” and “research” carelessly define

18、dUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation1. How are research and practice related to each other? Practice:interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success. to p

19、rovide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individualsUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation1. How are research and practice related to each other? Research:an activity to test hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn,

20、 and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledgeexpressed in theories, principles, and statements of relationshipsUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Useful expressionsThe distinction between research and practice is blurred partly because and partly because notable departur

21、es from Critical reading and thinkingUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics2. What is the principle of respect for persons? (In Diagram P194)Topics for presentationText A Critical reading and thinkingBasic Ethical Principlesprinciple of respect of persons_principle of justiceA dilemma: involvement o

22、f prisoners as subjects of researchRequirement 1: acknowledgement of autonomyRequirement 2:protection of persons with diminished autonomyRule 1:_Rule 2:maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harmsConception 1:unjustifiable denial of benefit or unduly imposition of burdenConce

23、ption 2:_an equal shareaccording to _according to _according to societal contributionaccording to meritUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2. What is the principle of respect for persons? (In Diagram P194) (In text)Two Ethical Convictions

24、& Two Moral RequirementsAutonomy: Individuals treated as autonomous agents -Voluntary involvement in the research -Adequate informationProtection: Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protectionUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2

25、. What is the principle of respect for persons? (In Diagram P194) (In text)Two Ethical Convictions & Two Moral RequirementsAn Instructive Example: prisoners involved in research -Not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research -Be subtly coerced or unduly influenced to engage in researc

26、h activities for which they would not otherwise volunteerUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Useful expressionsbe treated as autonomous agentspersons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protectionA provides an instructive exampleprisoners not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer

27、 for researchfor which they would not otherwise volunteerCritical reading and thinkingUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Topics for presentation3 What is the principle of beneficence? (In Diagram P194)Critical reading and thinkingUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Topics for pres

28、entation3 What is the principle of beneficence? (In text)Critical reading and thinkingSuch treatment falls under the principle of beneficence.The term beneficence is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation.Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A To

29、pics for presentation4 What is the principle of beneficence? Critical reading and thinking“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethicsExtension of it to the realm of research by Claude BernardBenefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research-Exposure to the risks

30、in the processes of learning what is harmful or beneficialUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Topics for presentation5. The principle of justice? (In Diagram P194)Critical reading and thinkingUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Topics for presentation5 What concrete examples can be

31、 given to illustrate the principle of justice? Critical reading and thinkingUnreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden -Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: who should be enrolled and who should not?Equal treatment of equals -Determining factors of equality: age, sex, seve

32、rity of the condition, financial status, social statusUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics6 What is informed consent and its application? Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingDefinition: the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to themApplication -A process ra

33、ther than signing a written form -Adequate information as the premise -A well-informed decision as the expected resultUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsAssessment of Risks and Benefits Text A Topics for presentationCritical reading and thinkingA careful arrayal of relevant dataAlternative ways o

34、f obtaining the benefits sought in the research -The assessment presents both an opportunity and a responsibility to gather systematic and comprehensive information about proposed research.Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsAssessment of Risks and Benefits Text A Topics for presentationCritical r

35、eading and thinkingFor the investigator -A means to examine whether the proposed research is properly designedFor a review committee -A method for determining whether the risks that will be presented to subjects are justifiedFor prospective subjects -Assisting the determination whether or not to par

36、ticipate.Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Topics for presentation7. What are the considerations involved in selection of human subjects in research? Critical reading and thinkingRequirement for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for personsRisk/benefit assessment as entailed

37、 by the principle of beneficenceMore requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice -At the individual level: fairness -At the social level: distinction between classesUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Topics for presentation7. What are the considerations involved in sel

38、ection of human subjects in research? Critical reading and thinkingMore requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justiceAt the individual level: fairness they should not offer potentially beneficial research only to some patients who are in their favor or select only undesirable pers

39、ons for risky research.At the social level: distinction between classes there is an order of preference in the selection of classes of subjects (e.g., adults before children) and that some classes of potential subjects (e.g., the institutionalized mentally infirm or prisoners) may be involved as res

40、earch subjects, if at all, only on certain conditions.Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Useful expressionsJust as the principle of respect for persons finds expression in the requirements for consent, and the principle of beneficence in risk/benefit assessment, the principle of justice gi

41、ves rise to moral requirements that there be fair procedures and outcomes in the selection of research subjects.Critical reading and thinkingUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Difficult sentencesAlmost all commentators allow that distinctions based on experience, age, deprivation, competen

42、ce, merit and position do sometimes constitute criteria justifying differential treatment for certain purposes.Critical reading and thinking幾乎所有的評(píng)論員承認(rèn)，出于特定目的，進(jìn)行差異化對(duì)待的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以包括有無(wú)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、年齡大小、是否貧困、有無(wú)能力、功過(guò)大小和地位高低等因素的差異。Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethicshuman_ (人體研究對(duì)象)_research(生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究)accepted _(公認(rèn)的治療)a for

43、mal _ (正式方案)the principle of _ (有利原則)the principle of _ (公正原則)_ agents(有自主能力的行為者)_autonomy(自主性減弱)be _ risk of harm (使面臨受害危險(xiǎn))Hippocratic_(希波克拉底誓言)fairness in _(分配的公正性)informed_(知情同意)fair _ and outcomes (公正的程序和結(jié)果） Text A Language Building-up Vocabulary Testsubject biomedical therapyprotocolbeneficence

44、justiceautonomousdiminishedexposed toUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsOathdistributionconsentproceduresText A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewComplete the following diagram with the missing information about basic ethical principles.Critical reading and thinkingBasic Ethical Principlesprinciple

45、 of respect of personsprinciple of beneficenceprinciple of justiceA dilemma:involvement of prisoners as subjects of researchRequirement 1: acknowledgement of autonomyRequirement 2:protection of persons with diminished autonomy Rule 1:do no harmRule 2:maximization of possible benefits &minimization o

46、f possible harmsConception 1:unjustifiable denial of benefit or unduly imposition of burdenConception 2:equal treatment of equalsan equal shareaccording to individual needaccording to individual effortaccording to societal contributionaccording to meritUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Ta

47、sk 1/ Medical terminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.EnglishChinese Definition1something established as a rule beforehand2of or relating to biology and medicine3tending to prevent disease4a person who performs or offers to perform a service volun

48、tarily5lack of justiceprescription處方，慣例生物醫(yī)學(xué)的biomedical預(yù)防的preventivevolunteer志愿者injustice不公正Suggested answersLanguage building-up2Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A EnglishChinese Definition6weak in body, especially from old age or disease; feeble7of, characterized by, based on, or constitu

49、ting a system8a person who investigates9the act of doing good; kindness10independent in mind or judgment; self-directedbeneficence善意，仁慈，善行infirm虛弱的，體弱的systematic系統(tǒng)的investigator研究員autonomous自主的Task1 / Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.

50、Suggested answers2Language building-upUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Task 2 / Signpost language DefiningLanguage building-upSuggested answersDefinitions can serve different purposes:to introduce unfamiliar words, to coin new words, or to introduce a new meaning to a familiar word;to ex

51、plain, illustrate, or disclose important aspects of difficult concepts;to reduce vagueness and eliminate ambiguity.Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Task 2 / Signpost language DefiningLanguage building-upSuggested answersThree most common forms of definitionby exampleby synonym, and analy

52、tical definition.Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Task 2 / Signpost language DefiningLanguage building-upSuggested answersSignals and clue words to indicate definitionsBy “”, I meanmeanrefer todescribebe understood asdesignatebe defined as be same asUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics

53、Text A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A, and all the signpost languages indicating definition have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answers with the original sentences in Text A. Language building-upSuggested answersFor the most part,

54、 the term “practice” _ interventions that are designed to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success. (para.2)By contrast, the term “research” _ an activity designed to test a hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to

55、develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.(para.2)The expression “basic ethical principles_ those general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions.(para.3)refers to refers todesignatesUnit 8 Principles of Biom

56、edical EthicsText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A, and all the signpost languages indicating definition have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answers with the original sentences in Text A. Language building-upSuggested answersThe t

57、erm “beneficence” _to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation.(para.6)This is a question of justice, _ of “fairness in distribution” or “what is deserved”.(para.8) is often understoodin the senseUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishParaphrase

58、 the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language building-upSuggested answersThe distinction between research and practice is blurred partly because both often occur together. (para.1) 2. Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. (para.4) People with reduced

59、autonomy have the right for protection. Its hard to find the differences between research and practice partly because both often go along with each. Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language bu

60、ilding-upSuggested answers3. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. (para.5) 4. Whether to allow prisoners to “volunteer” or to “protect” them presents a dilemma. (para.5) It is a dilemma whether to allow prisoners to “volunteer” or to “protect” them. T