《人格心理學(xué)》課件6人本－存在

1、哲學(xué)背景現(xiàn)象學(xué)馬斯洛Abraham H. Maslow（1908-1970）生平跟從哈洛研究跟從桑代克 接觸格式塔、精神分析關(guān)注人本主義、人類潛能需要層次D-needs B-needs 觀點(diǎn)缺失需要?jiǎng)討B(tài)平衡類似本能詢問方法在發(fā)展上，需要的“固著”自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的人？自我實(shí)現(xiàn)者的特點(diǎn)現(xiàn)實(shí)中心問題中心注重過程獨(dú)處能力獨(dú)立于文化和環(huán)境的影響適應(yīng)？民主的價(jià)值觀 對(duì)人類的同情深刻的親密關(guān)系幽默感接納自我和他人自然簡(jiǎn)單欣賞之心常新創(chuàng)造性高峰體驗(yàn)焦慮、內(nèi)疚羅杰斯Carl Rogers（1902 - 1987）生平學(xué)習(xí)神學(xué)接觸Otto Rank的思想觀點(diǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)傾向文化有自己的力量機(jī)體價(jià)值積極關(guān)注積極自我關(guān)注價(jià)值條件有

2、/無條件積極關(guān)注真實(shí)自我 / 理想自我 自我和諧 威脅情境防御否認(rèn)知覺歪曲 The fully-functioning person 對(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)開放生活在此時(shí)此地機(jī)體信任Listen to your heart體驗(yàn)上的自由創(chuàng)造力促進(jìn)健康人格成長(zhǎng)的條件真誠(chéng)無條件積極關(guān)注共情存在主義觀點(diǎn)Existential Psychology列夫托爾斯泰在我的生活中是否存在著任何意義，是那等待著我的不可避免的死亡所無法摧毀的？Is there any meaning in my life that the inevitable death awaiting me does not destroy? 哲學(xué)背景克爾凱

3、郭爾（Soren Kierkegaard，也譯祁克果，1813-1855）尼采(Frederic Nietzsche ，1844-1900）He who has a why to live for can bear with almost any how. “為探索生活原意而活著的人幾乎能承受任何生活的磨難九死一生的事件使我們不斷成長(zhǎng)?！焙５赂駹枺∕artin Heidegger ，1889-1976）向死而生（“being-towards-death ”）薩特（Sartre ，1905-1980）賓斯萬格 Ludwig Binswanger (1881 1966) 此在 的含義being d

4、ifferent, moving beyond oneself, becoming.“空” openness (Lichtung), nothingness關(guān)懷 care (Sorge). 人的關(guān)系純真 AuthenticInauthenticity Conventionality （bad faith ，薩特）existential neurosis （生活單一主題）薩特把尋找借口躲避選擇,這種自欺欺人的行為稱之為“盲信”(bad faith)。“人是自由的,也是孤獨(dú)的,因?yàn)闆]有上帝,只是孤零零一個(gè)人,別無依恃,因此一旦作出抉擇,就必須為此承擔(dān)責(zé)任。 三位代表人物弗蘭克爾羅洛梅亞隆弗蘭克爾V

5、iktor Frankl（1905 - 1997）著作活出意義來追尋生命的意義“Mans Search for Meaning ”意義治療（logotherapy）發(fā)現(xiàn)意義是一種基本愿望。只有通過愛、在愛中，人才能得到救贖。The salvation of man is through love and in love. 解除人性的神經(jīng)癥需要恢復(fù)心理治療中的人性the de-neuroticization of humanity requires a re-humanization of psychotherapy 存在的虛空精神神經(jīng)癥（nogenic neurosis, spiritual

6、or existential neurosis ）無聊感預(yù)期焦慮（anticipatory anxiety ）過度意向（hyperintention ）過度反思（hyperreflection ）普遍問題：抑郁、成癮、攻擊性depression, addiction, and aggression the mass neurotic triad 發(fā)現(xiàn)意義三種途徑體驗(yàn)的價(jià)值values 審美、愛創(chuàng)造的價(jià)值事業(yè)態(tài)度的價(jià)值承受痛苦With meaning, suffering can be endured with dignity 最后一種自由everything can be taken from

7、 a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms - to choose ones attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose ones own way. 弗蘭克爾羅洛梅Rollo May（1909 - 1994）生平家族史博士期間的學(xué)習(xí)，受到保羅 蒂利希影響（Paul Tillich, the existentialist theologian）肺結(jié)核，克爾凱郭爾學(xué)習(xí)精神分析，沙利文與弗洛姆愛與意志、存在心理學(xué)概念命運(yùn)（Destiny）創(chuàng)造生活的原材料勇氣（courage）

8、真誠(chéng)面對(duì)焦慮焦慮 “the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value which the individual holds essential to his existence as a self” Kierkegaard: “Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom. 焦慮是人類生存的重要條件。直面焦慮可以為我們驅(qū)趕無聊，使我們的感覺更加敏銳，并且保持人類生存所必須的壓力。 Anxiety is essential to the human condition. The confrontation with

9、anxiety can relieve us from boredom, sharpen the sensitivity and assure the presence of tension that is necessary to preserve human existence. Both artists and neurotics speak and live from the subconscious and unconscious depths of their society. The artist does this positively, communicating what

10、he experiences to his fellow men. The neurotic does this negatively. (Love and Will, 1969, p. 21) 發(fā)展階段天真Innocence - the pre-egoic, pre-self-conscious stage of the infant. premoral 反叛Rebellion - the childhood and adolescent stage of developing ones ego or self-consciousness by means of contrast with

11、adults The rebellious person wants freedom, but has as yet no full understanding of the responsibility that goes with it. 平凡Ordinary - the normal adult ego, conventional and a little boring, perhaps. They have learned responsibility, but find it too demanding, and so seek refuge in conformity and tr

12、aditional values. 創(chuàng)造Creative - the authentic adult, the existential stage, beyond ego and self-actualizing. This is the person who, accepting destiny, faces anxiety with courage! 愛與意志愛是動(dòng)機(jī)意志：實(shí)現(xiàn)愿望的能力類型（個(gè)體差異）“新清教徒”（neo-Puritan）：自律、完美主義、空虛 幼稚型（Infantile）：缺乏自律、依賴順從創(chuàng)造型（Creative）：愛與意志的統(tǒng)一歐文亞隆Irvin Yalom 四個(gè)

13、“終極關(guān)注”死亡 Death自由 Freedom孤獨(dú) Isolation 無意義 Meaninglessness存在主義心理治療The incorporation of death into life enriches life; it enables individuals to extricate themselves from smothering trivialities, to live more purposefully and more authentically.紀(jì)德“但愿本書教你關(guān)注你自身超過這本書，進(jìn)而關(guān)注一切事物超過你自身。”納塔納埃爾，我要對(duì)你談?wù)勊查g。你明白瞬間的存在具有何等力量嗎？不是念念不忘死亡，就不能充分評(píng)價(jià)你這生活最短暫的瞬間。難道你不明白，沒有死亡這一昏慘幽暗的背景來襯托，每個(gè)瞬間漫說赫然顯現(xiàn)，