句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)PPT課件

1、句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)英語詞性的分類詞類又叫詞性，英語詞性共有十大類。 Parts of Speech1 名詞 noun n. student 學(xué)生 2 代詞 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容詞 adjective adj. happy 高興的 4 副詞 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5 動(dòng)詞 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 數(shù)詞 numeral num. three 三7 冠詞 article art. a 一個(gè) 8 介詞 preposition prep. at 在.9 連詞 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感嘆詞 interjection

2、interj. oh 哦 實(shí)詞虛詞英語句子成分取得英語語法成功的基石句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的。組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。 句子成分：主謂賓表補(bǔ)定狀同位語 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主語謂語定語賓語同位語狀語主語（subject）句子說明的人或事物,主語一般位于_ 。Jane is good at playing the piano.She went out in a hurry.Four plus four is eight.To see is to believe.Smoking is bad for

3、health.The young should respect the old.What he has said is true. （名詞） （代詞） （數(shù)詞）（不定式） （動(dòng)名詞） （名詞化的形容詞） （句子）句首找出下列句中的主語并說出是有什么來充當(dāng)?shù)?.The sun rises in the east. 2.Seeing is believing. 3.To see is to believe. 4.What he needs is a book.5.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（名詞

4、） （動(dòng)名詞） （不定式） （句子） （It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語） 當(dāng)不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句在某個(gè)句子中作主語時(shí)，為保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)前后平衡，避免頭重腳輕，因此常用it作形式主語置于句首，而將真正的主語放在句尾。此時(shí)it只起先行引導(dǎo)作用，本身無詞義。什么情況下用it作形式主語？ 你能劃出下列句子的真正的主語嗎?你懂得翻譯下列句子嗎？1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ) 說謊是錯(cuò)誤的。爭吵是沒用的。誰要來還不確定。

5、 謂語（ predicate ） 說明主語的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和特征，用動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)（有時(shí)不止一個(gè)動(dòng)詞），主謂一般要靠在一起。簡單謂語:由動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組組成I saw the flag on the top of the hill?He looked after two orphans.復(fù)合謂語 由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞;He can speak English well.She doesnt seem to like dancing 選出下列句中的謂語 He looked up the word in the dictionary. A. looked B. looked up C. looked up

6、 the word D. in the dictionary He has caught a bad cold. A. has B. caught C.has caught D. a bad cold He practices running every morning. A. running B. practices running C. practices D. every morningShow your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the

7、injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名詞 ）( 代詞）(數(shù)詞)(名詞化的形容詞)(三)賓語（ object ）動(dòng)作的對象或承受者，由n.或相當(dāng)于n.的詞擔(dān)任。置于_或_之后。（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（句子）及物動(dòng)詞介詞 有些及物動(dòng)詞如give, tell, bring, buy等可以帶雙賓語，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物。通常情況下，指物的叫直接賓語，指人的叫間接賓語。間接賓語多放在直接賓語之前。間接賓語直接賓語pleas

8、e pass me the book.He bought his girlfriend some flowers.He gave me some books.賓語有三種動(dòng)賓 I bought a book.直接/間接賓語 She gave John a book介賓 They talk about a book.注意 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English.The teacher turned off the lights. Hell give us a talk

9、. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.（四）表語（ predicative ）在系動(dòng)詞后的部分就是表語The war was over.They seem to know the truth.Time is precious.Im not quite myself today.That remains a puzzle.I dont feel at ease. 系動(dòng)詞1.表狀態(tài)的 be (am, is, are)2.表感官的 sound, taste, feel，look, seem, appear3.表持續(xù)的 keep, remai

10、n, stay, stand You keep quite!5.表變化的 become, grow, come, go6.表終止的 prove, turn out 證實(shí)I found the book interesting.Do you smell something burning?He made himself known to them.She asked me to lend her a hand. （五）賓語補(bǔ)足語 （object complement） 補(bǔ)充說明賓語的情況 。由n. /adj. /介賓 /分詞 /不定式等擔(dān)任。與賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。常用的動(dòng)詞有：make, co

11、nsider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等 （六）同位語 （ appositive） 位于名詞或代詞后面，解釋說明它們的性質(zhì)和情況，兩者的語法功能相同，后面是前面的同位語。We young people should respect the old.He himself will do the experiment.He is the oldest among them four.He told me the news that our team won the game.名詞代詞數(shù)詞從句（七）定語（ attributive ）He is a

12、 clever boy.His father works in a steel work.There are 54 students in our class.Do you known bettys sister?There is a sleeping baby in bed.His spoken language is good.(形容詞)(名詞)(數(shù)詞)(名詞的所有格)(現(xiàn)在分詞)(過去分詞)對n. /pron.進(jìn)行修飾限定的成分，漢語中用的表示。( )( )( )( )( )( )定語后置：如果定語是一個(gè)單詞時(shí)，通常要前置。而由一個(gè)詞組或一個(gè)句子表示時(shí)，通常后置。The girl in

13、red is his sister.We have a lot of work to do.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.Do you know the man who spoke just now?用以修飾adj. /v. /adv.及全句的成分,狀語的位置靈活。I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （從句作時(shí)間狀語) （八）狀語（ adverbial）狀語的分類:狀語按照內(nèi)容可分為時(shí)間, 地點(diǎn), 原因

14、, 目的, 結(jié)果, 條件, 讓步, 方式, 程度, 伴隨狀況等.表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放句首。畫出下列句子的狀語 I will be back in a while.They are playing on the playground.He was late because he got up late.He got up so late that I missed the train.I waited to see you.He often went to school by bus.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.

15、Please call me if it is necessary.This book is very interesting.He went to school in spite of his illness. 句子成分鞏固練習(xí) （一）指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went h

16、unting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.9. His wish is to become a scientist.10. Do you have anything else to say? （二）分析下列各句中所包含的句子成分1.Last week I went to the supermarket.Last week I

17、 went to the supermarket. 狀 主 謂 狀2.The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting. 主 系 狀 表3.I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word. 主 謂 賓4.They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly. 主 謂 狀4.It was Sunday.It was Sunday. 主 系表5.I never get up early on Sundays.I never get up early on

18、Sundays. 主狀 謂 狀狀6.I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主謂 賓 young woman angrily. 賓 狀7.I read a few lines,but I didnt understand a word.I read a few lines, but I didnt 主 謂定 賓 連 主 謂 understand a word. 謂 賓8.My holidays passed quickly,but I didnt send c

19、ards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly, but I 主 謂 狀 連 主 didnt send cards to my friends.謂 賓 賓9.I got up early and bought thirty cards. I got up early and bought thirty cards.主 謂 狀連 謂 定賓10.He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.He

20、 is working for a big firm and he has 主 謂狀 連 主謂already visited a great number of different 狀 謂 定 定places in Australia.賓定11.He has just bought a car and has gone to Alice Springs,a small town in the centre of Australia.He has just bought a car and 主 謂 狀 謂 賓 連has gone to Alice Springs, a small town 謂狀

21、同位語in the centre of Australia.定12.He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.He calls at every house in the street主 謂 賓定 once a month and always asks for狀連 狀謂a meal and a glass of beer. 賓13.You will tell your friend that youve got to school. You

22、 will tell your friend 主 謂 定 間賓 that youve got to school. 直賓nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主語謂語賓語賓語賓補(bǔ)表語賓語(間)賓語(直)Vt系動(dòng)詞ViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ing / ClauseInfinitiveNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitive英語句子基本成分示意圖be / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / gro

23、w / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont beat children.4. He gave his sister the piano.5. I found the book easy. 6. There lies a book on the desk.主 + 謂 主 + 系 + 表主 + 謂 + 賓主 + 謂 + 間接賓語 + 直接

24、賓語 主+謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)There be 句型簡單句基本句型實(shí)例Nobody went.She became a doctor.The car caught fire.I will write you a long letter.I will let him go. Practice 主 + 謂主 + 系 + 表主 + 謂 + 賓主 + 謂 +間接賓語 +直接賓語主 + 謂 +賓 + 賓補(bǔ)附屬成分基本成分的修飾語?？梢允牵?定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。定 語Poor John tottered toward a hospi

25、tal nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes

26、 Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.狀 語按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)分：1) 簡單句2) 并列句3) 復(fù)合句句子類型簡單句只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。（即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。

27、 e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.我們可以給名詞加上形容詞、介詞短語修飾，給句子的動(dòng)詞加上副詞修飾或給句子加上狀語修飾等，以使整個(gè)句子的意思變得更豐富和充實(shí)。但不管如何變，都只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。He worked hard all his life. (劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞worked)He is a school student in N

28、o. 1 Middle School. (劃線部分在句中作定語，修飾名詞student)e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 并列句句型：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句 并列句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。practiceThis is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its

29、 not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. andorbut soHe knocked at the door; there was no answer.Youre alive! And shes dead.就是含有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，必定有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)是句子的主句部分，而另一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)則是句子的次要部分，即從句部分。句型主句+引導(dǎo)詞+從句；或引導(dǎo)詞+從句+主句復(fù)合句句型主句+引導(dǎo)詞+從句；或引導(dǎo)詞+從句+主句The foreign visitors took a lot of pictu

30、res when they were at the Great Wall. 、 (when引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句)As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (as 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句)Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引導(dǎo)一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語從句)名詞性從句狀語從句定語從句主語從句表語從句賓語從句同位語從句復(fù)合句中的從句包括A plane is a machine that can fly.He said that he didnt like her. My roomma

31、te was sleeping, we didnt want to wake her up.請用所學(xué)知識改正下列病句My roommate was sleeping . We didnt want to wake her up.My roommate was sleeping, so we didnt want to wake her up.I went to bed because I was tired. I went to bed. Because I was tired. China has hundreds of islands, and the largest of which i

32、s Taiwan Island. China has hundreds of islands, the largest of them is Taiwan Island.China has hundreds of islands, and the largest of them is Taiwan Island China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan IslandExercises 判斷句型1.Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his m

33、other.2. What he says doesnt suit what he does. (簡單句劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾整個(gè)句子) (復(fù)合句包含兩個(gè)名詞性從句：What he says 是一個(gè)主語從句；what he does 是一個(gè)賓語從句)3. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.5. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?簡單句復(fù)合句簡單句6. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.7. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.8. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the eve