第十一章并列和從屬

1、第十一章并列和從屬復(fù)習(xí)重點名詞性從句連詞并列連詞 從屬連詞并列連詞的基本用法1Takeexerciseeveryday，_youllbecomestrongerandhealthier. A.orB.andC.butD.while2Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place such as Venice Florence or somewhere like that. A.andB.butC.orD.though3Canyouplayfootball? Yes，Ican，_Icantplayitverywell. A.orB.andC.soD.but

2、4Thedresswasveryexpensive，_Ididntbuyit. A.orB.andC.soD.but BCDC四組關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞的用法歸納. ：“和都”，“不但而且”，“既又” She both speaks and writes Japanese. He spoke with both kindness and understanding. 說明：作為關(guān)聯(lián)并列連詞，通常應(yīng)連接兩個性質(zhì)相同的句子成分。另外，若連接兩個成分作主語，謂語要用復(fù)數(shù)。如： Both brother and sister are college students. Both she and Sophia w

3、ere pleased with the girl. . . ：“不但而且” Not only men but also women were chosen. He not only read the book，but also remembered what he had read. 說明：該結(jié)構(gòu)中的 also 有時可省略，或與 but 分開用，或用 too， as well 代替（位于句末）。 Not only is he funny， but he is witty too （as well）. 若連接兩個成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致。 Not only you but a

4、lso he has to leave. . :“既不也不”“和都不” I have neither time nor money. I neither smoke nor drink. He neither knows nor cares what happened. This is neither my fault nor yours. 說明：通常應(yīng)連接兩個性質(zhì)相同的句子成分，但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相同的詞。若連接兩個成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致。如： Mary neither likes maths nor （likes） history. Neither Jim

5、 nor Jack was at home. 但在非正式文體中也可一律用復(fù)數(shù)。 Neither Jim nor Jack were at home. . :“要么要么”“不是就是” Either come in or go out. I want to visit either Paris or London. 說明：通常連接兩個性質(zhì)相同的句子成分，但有時后一成分可能省略與前一成分相同的詞。若連接兩個成分作主語，其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致。You can either have tea or (have) coffee. Either you or I am wrong. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折的并列連

6、詞用法歸納but, yet表示轉(zhuǎn)折； but和yet可以互換使用; but, yet可以連接詞，短語，分句。They are poor but/yet proud.Im objecting to his morals, but/jet not to his manners.We had intended to come and see you, but/jet it rained.while, whereas表示對比； while和whereas可以互換使用,while, whereas只能引導(dǎo)分句。You like sports, while/whereas Id rather read.T

7、hey are having trouble at home, while/whereas abroad things are even worse. while, whereas 可以出現(xiàn)在句首，但but, yet不能。While/Whereas they want a house, we would rather live in a flat.從屬連詞名詞性從句 (Nominal Clauses)關(guān)系從句（定語從句）(Relative Clauses)狀語從句(Adverbial Clauses)名詞性從句表語從句主語從句賓語從句同位語從句名詞性從句（由that和wh-詞引導(dǎo)）表語從句 由

8、連接代詞who, what, which 等引導(dǎo)的表語從句。 .What concerns me most is who will be my teacher next term. China is not what she was yesterday. 由不充當(dāng)任何句子成分的連詞that, whether引起的表語從句。What I mean is that we should help each other. The problem is whether we can finish the work on time. 由連接副詞when, where , why , how 引導(dǎo)的表語從句

9、。 This is when I really get to know Americans. The question under discussion is where we will hold the meeting . 由連詞as, because, as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的表語從句。 It looks as if it is going to rain tonight. The mistake happened because we are careless. 主語從句從屬連詞that. That they were in truth sisters was clear

10、 from the facial resemblance between them.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時,要以it作形式主語,而把主語從句后置。 Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時,要以it作形式主語,而把主語從句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 從屬連詞whether.Whether hell come here isnt clear. 連接代詞who, whom,

11、whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why. What she did is not yet known. How this happened is not clear to anyone. Whoever comes is welcome. Wherever you are is my home.注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義。Whoever comes will be welcome. （whoever=the person

12、who）Whatever he did was right. （whatever=the thing that）Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. （whichever of you=anyone of you who）賓語從句 從屬連詞that. He told us that he felt ill. I know (that) he has returned. 注意：that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。and連接兩個賓語從句,that賓語從句放在and的后面時,that不能省略

13、。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞賓語時,that不能省略。I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. that從句位于句首時,that不可省略。 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語,that不可省略。 We decided, in view of his special circumst

14、ances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. 從屬連詞if/whether. I doubt whether he will succeed. I dont know if you can help me. 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why.Who or what he was, Martin never learned. I wonder what hes writing to

15、 me about. Ill tell you why I asked you to come. You may do what you will. 同位語從句 同位語從句的先行詞多為fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark, promise, possibility, information, doubt, message等,關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that. They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. Where did you ge

16、t the idea that I could not come？ Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo) I have no idea whether hell come or not. 連接代詞who, which, what和連接副詞where, when, why, how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration. We havent yet s

17、ettled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.It is a question how he did it.名詞性從句練習(xí) 1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It2A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to doAhow Bafter C. what Dwhen 3. He a

18、sked _ for a violin A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid DCD4. What the doctors really doubt is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.A. when B. how C. whether D. why 5It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. A. h

19、owever B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever6. _leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. WhoCBC7. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who8. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week

20、. - Is that _ you had a few days off ? A. why B. what C. when D. where 9. I still remember _ this used to be a quiet village. A. when B. how C. where D. what CAA10I read about it in some book or other，does it matter _ it was？Awhere Bwhat Chow Dwhich 11. Information has been put forward _ more middle

21、 school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C when D. as 12. I think it is going to be a big problem.Yes, it could be.I wonder _ we can do about it. A、if B、how C、what D、thatDBC定語從句關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。 The man who is smoking a cigar

22、 is a film director.He refused to return the money to his aunt which she had saved for repairing the house.They told me that she stole the money, which turned to be true.I think he told me all that he knew.狀語從句時間狀語從句；(adverbial clause of time) 地點狀語從句；(adverbial clause of place) 原因狀語從句；(adverbial cla

23、use of cause) 條件狀語從句；(adverbial clause of condition) 目的狀語從句；(adverbial clause of purpose) 讓步狀語從句；(adverbial clause of concession) 比較狀語從句；(adverbial clause of comparison)程度狀語從句；(adverbial clause of degree) 方式狀語從句；(adverbial clause of manner) 結(jié)果狀語從句。(adverbial clause of result) 狀語從句時間狀語從句由when, while,

24、 as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something. Strike while the iron is hot. Our headmaster laughed as she spoke. 由before和after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 It will be four days before they come back. They had not been married four months before they were divorced. After you think it

25、over, please let me know what you decide. 由till或until引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back. It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English. I worked until he came back.I didnt work until he came back. 由since引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 I have been in Beijing since you le

26、ft. It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. It is five months since our boss was in Beijing. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。這些連詞都表示“一就”。 I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. The moment I heard the news, I ha

27、stened to the spot. As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 【注意】hardly (scarcely, rarely)when, no soonerthan相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首時，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語序。 He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. He had hardly fallen as

28、leep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder. Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in. 由by the time引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 By the time you came back, I had finished this book. By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。 Each time he came to Har

29、bin, he would call on me. Whenever that man says To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie. You grow younger every time I see you. 由as long as和so long as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。這兩個連詞表示“有多久就多久”。 You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. I will fight against these conditions so

30、 long as there is a breath in my body! 地點狀語從句：地點狀語從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型。句型1：Where地點從句，（there）主句：“哪里哪里就”Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. Where there is a will , there is a way. 句型2：Anywhere/ wher

31、ever地點從句，主句。 Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.原因狀語從句because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句一般放于主句之后， because表示直接原因， 語氣最強， 最適合回答 why引導(dǎo)的疑問句。 I do it because I like it. 注意：“not . because”結(jié)構(gòu)中的not否定的是because引導(dǎo)的整個從句：I didnt go because I was afraid. I didnt go，because I was afrai

32、d. The country is not strong because it is large. since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 顯然的理由(通常被翻譯成“既然”)， 較為正式， 語氣比because弱。 Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 注意： seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in that這幾個詞匯與since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句意思相近， 都表示“既然”。Seeing (that) he refu

33、sed to help us, theres no reason that we should now help him. Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句時表示附帶說明的“雙方已知的原因”， 語氣比since弱， 較為正式， 位置較為靈活(常放于主句之前)

34、。 As it is raining, youd better take a taxi. As you are tired, you had better rest. I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.for引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句只能放于主句之后并且必須用逗號將其與主句隔開; for是并列連詞，引出的原因較間接，似乎是事后所想到的補充解釋的理由，只陳述一般推斷的理由，不一定表示產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的必然原因，He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 條件狀語從句連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so

35、long as, on condition that 等。Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.if 引導(dǎo)的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。 If it rains tomorrow, we wont go on a picnic.If I were you, I would go with him.目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case

36、等詞引導(dǎo)。 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that /lest he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.讓步狀語從句 常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in

37、 spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.Child as he is, he can do it well.The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wo

38、nt listen whatever you may say.比較狀語從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級比較), than(不同程度的比較)特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food i

39、s to men what /as oil is to machine. 方式狀語從句as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是“正如”，“就像”，多用于正式文體， Always do to the others as you would be done by. (Just) As water is to fish, so air is to man. as if, as though：兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。意為“仿佛似

40、的”，“好像似的”。 They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lightening. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 結(jié)果狀語從句 sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.He always studied

41、so hard that he made great progress.suchthat 如此。以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.sothat與suchthat之間的轉(zhuǎn)換即為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. =He is such a young boy that he cant go to school. Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. =Mike

42、is such an honest man that we all believe him.某些用法比較特殊的從屬連詞用法區(qū)別 當(dāng)while, when, as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時的區(qū)別 while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動詞必須是持續(xù)性，謂語動詞多為進行時。while 的這些用法可用when代替，等于 “during the time that”。例如：Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying.when除可指一段時間外，還可用來指一點時間，等于 “at the time”，也就是說when引出的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞可以是終止性的，也可以延

43、續(xù)性的。例如：When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能換成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可換成while）as?？膳cwhen，while通用，但強調(diào)“一邊、一邊”,強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行，用于發(fā)生時間較短時。As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.as when

44、 while有時這三個連詞可以互換，有時不可以。It was raining hard when (as) I got there.When I had read the article, he called me.When I got to the cinema, the film had begun .He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中主、謂是“主語+系動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時，這時主語和系動詞可以省略。When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man. Shell be he

45、re to give you help when (it is) necessary. till, until作為介詞式從屬連詞引導(dǎo)時間狀語短語或狀語從句 用于否定句時，結(jié)構(gòu)為not until (till)，主句謂語動詞延續(xù)與非延續(xù)皆可，意為“直到才”。They didnt talk（延續(xù)性動詞）until (till) the interpreter came.He didnt go to bed（非延續(xù)性動詞）until (till) the his father came back. 用于肯定句時，只與延續(xù)性動詞連用，表示“到為止”。例如：They played volleyball

46、until (till) it got dark. until可以放在句首，till則不行，例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing. Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒裝） till, until只用于時間，以下句子是錯誤的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）。although和though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句往往用法一樣，但注意以下區(qū)別：although用于各種文體，而though則多用于

47、非正式的口語或書面語中。注意由although, though引導(dǎo)的從句后，主句不能用but，但可用副詞yet, still。 例如：Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.（或yet they went on working）Although, its raining, _are still working in the fields. A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they Athough常與even連用，even though表示強調(diào)，意為“

48、即使”，但不能說even although，例如：Even though I didnt understand a word, I kept smiling. though可用作副詞，意為“然而”，常用逗號與句子分開。although則不能這樣使用，它只作連詞。例如：It was a quiet party; I had a good time, though. whether, if引導(dǎo)從句的用法區(qū)別： 引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句時，用whether，不用if。 Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known. 主語從句 The

49、 question is whether we can finish the task on time. 表語從句 The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. 同位語從句whether可接不定式，而if則不可。 I havent decided whether to leave or not. I don t know _ to stay at home or go out. A. whether B. if C. how D. whereAwhether可作介詞的賓語或

50、置于句首表示強調(diào)，而if則不可。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. Whether he will come, I am not sure. whether和if均可引導(dǎo)賓語從句， whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般都是肯定句，if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此時不能用whether)。Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia? I wonder if it doesnt rain. 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的whether和if?？膳cor

51、not連用。連用時要注意or not的位置，它一般與 whether、if分開使用，有時它可與whether合起來使用，但不能與if合起來使用。I dont know whether/ if they will come or not. I dont know whether or not they will come.as作從屬連詞可引導(dǎo)多種狀語從句as引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，意為“當(dāng)時”。例如：As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster.He sang as he worked. as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，

52、意為“象一樣”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。意為“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。意為“雖然”、“盡管” Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.) 連詞補充練習(xí)Multiple Choices1. Permission was not granted for the interview, the reporters neve

53、r gave up hope. A. consequently B. likewise C. however D. moreover2. a well-balanced diet adequate sleep is needed for good health. A. neithernor B. Ratherthan C. Not only but (also) D. Because so3. The discovery of gold in California created the gold rush（淘金熱） ; the discovery of oil in Alaska creat

54、ed an oil rush(石油熱). A. likewise B. yet C. for example D. soCCA4. Cramming for exams rarely helps; , many students stay up until dawn, studying on the night before a big test. A. for B. again C. instead D. nevertheless5. The food in that restaurant is very good; , it is cheap. A. moreover B. therefo

55、re C. in fact D. however6. Astronomy has to deal with the largest bodies and the greatest distances in the universe; , chemistry has to deal with the smallest particles and the shortest distance in the universe. A. likewise B. consequently C. on the other hand D. soDAC7. Lincoln, as President, appoi

56、nted men to high government positions whom he considered most capable, some of them openly scorned him. A. even though B. if C. how D. whenever8. The final examination will cover all taught this term. A. what has been B. that has been C. that was D. which has been9.The buses, were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of which B. both of which C. few of them D. those of which ABA10. Free mo