高三非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)習(xí)教案學(xué)案一體化

1、高三非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)習(xí)教案學(xué)案一體化江蘇地區(qū)石莊高級(jí)中學(xué)2006屆高三非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)習(xí)教案學(xué)案一體化2006屆高三非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)習(xí)（教師版）一、概述1、基本形式的變化：不定式：時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tobedoing完成式tohavebuilttohavebeenbuilt例1:Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.（般式的主動(dòng)態(tài)）例2：Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.（一般式的被動(dòng)態(tài)）例3：Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.（進(jìn)行式）例4：Heintend

2、edtohavetoldyouthat.（完成式主動(dòng)態(tài)）例5：Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.完（成式的被動(dòng)態(tài)）V-ing形式：時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式動(dòng)名詞例1：Iamsureofhiscomingintime.一（般式主動(dòng)態(tài)）（=Iamsurethathewillcomeintime）例2：Heisproudofbeingselectedasmonitor.（一般式被動(dòng)態(tài)）（=Heisproudthatheiss

3、electedasmonitor.）例3：Imconfidentofhishavingpassedtheexam.（完成式主動(dòng)態(tài)）（=Iamconfidentthathehavepassedtheexam.）例4：Hecomplainedofhavingbeencheatedbyothers.（完成式被動(dòng)態(tài)）現(xiàn)在分詞例1：Hesatinachair,readinganovel.（一般式主動(dòng)態(tài)）例2：Beingexhaustedbywork,hefellasleepquickly.（一般式被動(dòng)態(tài)）例3：Havingfinishedhishomework,hewentplaying.（完成式主動(dòng)態(tài)

4、）例4：Allthishavingbeensettled,hewenthome.（完成式被動(dòng)態(tài)）2、所做成分項(xiàng)目/成分主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的ing形式現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)名詞不定式過(guò)去分詞二、基本知識(shí)（一）動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?）作主語(yǔ)。例如：Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Tomakemoneyisnottheonlypurposeofourlife.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的在很多情況下，常用it來(lái)充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主語(yǔ)。例如：ItisimportantforustolearnEnglishverywell.對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是非常

5、重要的。（2）作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，常用在以下動(dòng)詞后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire（happen，seem）例如：Hemanagedtopasstheexam他成功地通過(guò)了考試。Hepromisedtobehereatnine他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。Ididntexpecttoseeyouhere我沒(méi)有料到在這兒見到你。在某些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，用it做形式賓語(yǔ)

6、，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：Heconsidereditbettertoleavenow他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。Ifounditimpossibletofinishtheworkontime我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。（3）作定語(yǔ)（常置于名詞之后）。由only,last,next序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語(yǔ);不定式還可用作名詞代詞的的賓語(yǔ)（ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportu

7、nity,place,plan,promise,reason,right,something）例如:Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.Heisalwaysthelastonetoleavetheoffice.他總是最后一個(gè)離開辦公室。Idontthinkheisthebestmantodothejob我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。Ihavenodesiretotravel.Youllfindsomethingtointerestyouhere.注：動(dòng)詞不定式to后所接動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，而不定式與其修飾的動(dòng)詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式后就應(yīng)

8、有必要的介詞。例如：Ihaventdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.（4）作狀語(yǔ)例如：丨walkedslowlyontheiceinordernottofalldown.（不至于跌倒）（表目的）Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.（表結(jié)果）Hetriedonlytofail.（結(jié)果沒(méi)有成功）Shewashappytohearthenews.（表原因）不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞:able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,

9、clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,reluctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.例如：Frenchisdifficulttolearn.法語(yǔ)難學(xué)。Imsorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.（5）作獨(dú)立副詞成分。例如：Tospeakfrankly,Idontlikeyo

10、urattitude.（6）與疑問(wèn)詞連用。疑問(wèn)代詞who,what,which和疑問(wèn)副詞when,where,how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，可在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。例如：Whentostarthasnotbeendecided什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒(méi)有定。Theproblemishowtogetthereontime.問(wèn)題是怎樣才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)哪兒。注：在有些動(dòng)詞后常用疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。這類動(dòng)詞有：know,ask,tell,show,wonder,consider,understand,learn,instruct,guess,see,explain,discover,im

11、agine,think,hear等。例如：Hedidntknowwhattodonext.IhaventdecidedwhethertogotoJapan.我沒(méi)有決定是否到日本去。不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由for+名詞或代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。例如：ItisnecessaryforyoutofinishtheworkbeforeFriday你們有必要在星期五前做完這項(xiàng)工作。Hisideaisforustotravelindifferentcars他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。由of引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)常與以下形容詞連用：bold,brave,carel

12、ess,civil,clever,courageous,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。例如：Itskindofyoutosayso.Itsbraveofyoutogointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby你真勇敢，沖進(jìn)著火的大樓里救這個(gè)嬰兒不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式在有些使役動(dòng)詞及感官動(dòng)詞后可用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。例如

13、：Theteacheroftenmakesmerewritethecomposition老師常常讓我把作文重寫。將該句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：Iamoftenmadebytheteachertorewritethecomposition.Iheardhersaythatshewasfedup.在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后常用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：hadbetter,wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。例如：Idbettergonow,orIllmissthetrain.Theycannotbutaccepthisadvice.我只好接受他的建議。在exc

14、ept,but之前有動(dòng)詞do作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，貝except,but后一般接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，反之則接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：Wehavenochoicebuttowait.我們除了等待別無(wú)選擇(我們只好等待)。Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.Thereisnothingtodobutto(to可省略)readabook.在why,whynot結(jié)構(gòu)中，緊接其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶o例如：Whyarguewithhim?Whynotsendthosebooksback?為什么不把那些書送回去？動(dòng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞肿髦髡Z(yǔ)例如：Askingforhelpissometimesn

15、ecessary.請(qǐng)求幫助有時(shí)是必要的。Eatingtoomuchisnotgoodforyourhealth吃得太多對(duì)你的健康不利。Teachingofferssomethingbesidesmoneyandpower.作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)例如：Seeingisbelieving.Wecallsuchanactcheating.我們稱這樣的行為為作弊/欺騙行為。作以下及物動(dòng)詞及詞組的的賓語(yǔ)mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,permit,appreciate,consider,miss,dislike,keep(on),avoid,permit,imagine,risk,escape

16、,admit,stand(忍受)，allow,forbid,excuse,等等。短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：giveup,putoff,lookforwardto,feellike,insiston,objectto,preventfrom,setabout,canthelp,be/getusedto等；短語(yǔ)：beworthdoing,benogooddoing,benousedoing,bebusydoing等例如：Themotherdidagreetolettheboyriskswimmingacrosstherivei冒險(xiǎn)游過(guò)河Hiswifedoesntallowsmokinginsidetheroomb

17、utallowshimtosmokeoutsidetheroom.他的妻子不允許在室內(nèi)抽煙，但是允許他在室外抽。Alloftheminsistedonmystayingwiththemafewdayslonger.他們所有的人都堅(jiān)持要我再跟他們多呆幾天時(shí)間。Imlookingforwardtohearingfromyousoon.Beingillforafewdays,shedoesntfeellikeeatinganything不想吃任何東西另在want,need,require等動(dòng)詞后，常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意思(主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。例如：Myhairneeds

18、cutting.(=Myhairneedstobecut.)作定語(yǔ)。它與被修飾詞之間沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,通常只表示用途或與所修飾的名詞有關(guān)的動(dòng)作。例如：Thefactorybuiltaswimmingpoollastyear游泳池Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod教學(xué)方法作同位語(yǔ)。例如：Hishobby,makingmodelairplanes,isveryinteresting.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。如果不是在句子開頭,這種結(jié)構(gòu)?？梢杂擅~的普通格或人稱代詞賓格+動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成,在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。例如：

19、Doyoumindmyclosingthedoor?Doyoumindmeclosingthedoor?Myclosingthedoormadehimangry.IcantstandLaoChangstalkinglikethataboutothercomrades.動(dòng)名詞的某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)Itis+nouse,nogood(fun,agreatpleasure,awasteoftime,abore.等名詞+doingsth.Itisnousecrying哭沒(méi)有用。Itisnogoodobjecting.反對(duì)也沒(méi)有用。Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間

20、。Itis+useless+doingsthItisuselessspeaking.光說(shuō)沒(méi)用。Thereisno+v-ing“是不可能的”。例如：Thereisnoknowinghowoldsheis.(=Itisimpossibletoknowhowoldsheis.)Thereisnotellingwhereshesgone.(=Itisimpossible/difficulttoknowwhereshesgone.)makeapointof+doing“認(rèn)為是必要的”例如：OurfamilymakeapointofgoingtochurcheverySunday.(=Ourfamilym

21、akeitaruletogotochurcheverySunday.)beonthepointof+doing瀕臨，將要”例如：Hewasonthepointofleaving.on(upon)+doing“一就”例如：Onhearingthenews,Ichangedmyplans.(=AssoonasIheardthenews,Ichangedmyplans.)go+doing(大部分指運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲)例如：Hewentshopping/hiking/swimming/fishingetc.動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)常用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中havedifficulty(in)+doingsthhavetrouble(

22、in)+doingsthhavefun(in)+doingsth/haveagoodtime(in)+doingsth/haveahardtime(in)+doingsth例如：Wehavegreatdifficulty(in)solvingtheproblem.我們解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題有困難。feellike+名詞“想要”=wouldliketo+原形動(dòng)詞例如：Doyoufeellikegoingtoamovie?你想看電影嗎？Idontfeellikereadingtonight今晩我不想讀書。分詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞肿鞫ㄕZ(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)的分詞如果是單個(gè)分詞，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語(yǔ)則放在所修飾的

23、名詞后面。在用作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，分詞在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。例如：Theboringsnowmadetheboredboysgohome.(=Thesnowwasboring,sotheboysweeboredandwenthome.)Chinaisadevelopingsocialistcountry.發(fā)展中的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家Themanwritingtheobituary(訃告)ismyfriend.(=Themanwhoiswritingtheobituaryismyfriend.)Thebrokenglassscatteredontheground.破杯注：現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞都可作定語(yǔ)，但現(xiàn)在分

24、詞表達(dá)的是正在進(jìn)行的事情，有主動(dòng)意義；而過(guò)去分詞表示的是已完成的事情，有被動(dòng)意義。作表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。能帶分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見的有see,hear,keep,find,notice,watch,think,want,smell,observe等。例如：Thestoryisboring.Ifoundhimreadinganovel.在讀小說(shuō)(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))Ifoundhimsurroundedbyagroupofchildren群孩子包圍著(過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))作狀語(yǔ)。分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間,原因,條件,結(jié)果,伴隨情況。例如：Havingreadalltherequiredpapers

25、,heansweredthequestionsfluently.-時(shí)間Beingshortofmoney,Idecidedtoapplyforthework.-原因Seriouslyinjured,Allenwasrushedtothehospital.原因Ifgoingtherebyplane,wellhavetopaytwiceasmuch.-條件Unlessaskedtoanswerquestions,thepupilswerenotsupposedtotalkinMrsSmithsclass條件Thefarmerusedanewinsecticide,thusraisingtheave

26、rageyieldby15%.二結(jié)果Hesatinarockingchair,watchingTV.-伴隨分詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格有時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)不一致，這時(shí)分詞須帶上自身的主語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多作伴隨狀語(yǔ)。亦可用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。例如：Thatbeingthecase,wedbettermakesomechangesintheplan.Weatherpermitting,wewillgoout.=ifweatherpermitsTheteacherhavingfinishedthelesson,thestudentslefttheclassroom

27、.with或without+名詞或代詞+分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)常用作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明或表示伴隨情況。例如：Hefellasleepwiththelampburning.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)generally/franklyspeaking,judgingfrom/by中，分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致，這種結(jié)構(gòu)只限于為數(shù)很少的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。例如：Judgingbyhisdress,hecomesfromawealthyfamily從他的衣著判斷Franklyspeaking,Idontlikehimatall.坦率地說(shuō)catch+賓語(yǔ)+doing例如：丨caughtthemstealingmyapples.我抓住他們

28、偷我的蘋果。Ifshecatchesmereadingherdiary,shellbefurious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會(huì)憤怒的注：有些現(xiàn)在分詞可以作介詞用：女Concerning,considering,regarding,respectinc等o例如：Consideringhisage,heistalL考慮了他的年齡Ihavenothingtosayconcerninghisspeech關(guān)于他的演講三、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較1做主語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)：-般來(lái)說(shuō)，不定式和動(dòng)名詞成份相同時(shí)，表示客觀性、一般性行為多用動(dòng)名詞表示，而表示一次性、具體性行為則多用不定式。Lookingafterchildren

29、isherjob照看小孩Tocleantheclassroomishisjobtoday打掃教室Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimtodaybecauseIdontfeelwell.注意(1):begin和start本身為進(jìn)行時(shí)，或后面動(dòng)詞為心理變化意義的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，須接不定式。Whenwecamein,theywerebeginningtohavesupper.Afterhisexplanation,Ibegantounderstandit/realizethatIwaswrong.有些詞后面既可以接不定式.亦可接動(dòng)名詞，但其意義有很大區(qū)別，須特別注意：rememb

30、er,forget,regret接動(dòng)名詞，表示完成意義(=havingdone),接不定式，表示將來(lái)意義：PleaseremembertobringmethebookIwantnexttime.Irememberseeingher(=havingseenher)somewherebefore.Dontforgettowritetomesoon.Ineverforgetvisiting(=havingvisited)themforthefirsttime.Iregretmissingthatgoodfilmlastweek.(后悔干事)Iregretnottaking(nothavingtake

31、n)youradvice.IregrettosayIcanttakeyouradvice.還憾=匕6sorry)mean：meantodo=wanttodo打算，想要；meandoing：意味著，就是Iamsorry,Ididntmeantohurtyourfeeling,sImeanttocallonyou,butIwassobusy.Learningaforeignlanguagedoesntmeanjustworkinginclass.stop：stoptodd亭下來(lái)，要干另一件事，不定式作目的狀語(yǔ):stopdoing亭止干,動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。Aftersometime,theystoppe

32、dwalkingandhadarest.Afterwalkingsometime,theystoppedtohavearest.try：trytodo,努力，試圖干事；trydoing：試著干事Hesearchedeverywhereandtriedtofindhiskey.Hecametothecityfromthecountrysideandtriedtofindajob.Themotherisoutandtheboyhadtotrycookingforhimself.Theytriedtosucceedandtrieddoingtheirexperimentsagainandagain.

33、want,need,require接動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義，主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)名詞之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。Thebikerequiresrepairing.Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter.Thematterneedsthinkingover.(=tobethoughtover)AMr.Wangwantstoseeyou.Youdontneedtoleavesoearly.goon:goontodo繼續(xù)干和原來(lái)不同的另一件事，不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。goondoing繼續(xù)干原來(lái)同一件事，動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。Afterasmoke,hewentontellingusthatinterestin

34、gstory.Afterwritingthecompositionhewentontoworkouthismathsproblems.動(dòng)詞advise,allow,permit,forbid后面接單賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用動(dòng)名詞，接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用動(dòng)詞不定式。Doctorsadvisegivingupsmokingtobenefitoneshealth.放棄Thedoctoradvisedhimtogiveupsmokingsoastoimprovehishealth.放棄Shedoesntallow(permit)smokinginherroom抽煙considertohavedone/considerdoin

35、g(consider.tobe)beusedtodoing/beusedtodocanthelpdoing/todo做賓補(bǔ)：不定式可以表示一次性、具體性行為，以及將來(lái)意義的行為?，F(xiàn)在分詞可以表示當(dāng)時(shí)正在發(fā)生的進(jìn)行意義的行為，亦可表示-個(gè)持續(xù)時(shí)間的延續(xù)性的行為動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞可以表示完成意義的行為或狀態(tài)，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞亦有被動(dòng)意義,不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞仍是主動(dòng)意義。WhenIcamein,Isawherdancinghappily.IoftenhearhersingsongsinEnglishinherroom.Theyhadthelightsburningallnightlong.IsawL

36、iPingpassbyandenterthenextroomjustnow.Themotherwillhavethedoctorexaminehersonagain.TomorrowIllhavemyhaircut.WhenIgothomeIfoundthewindowbrokenandthethiefgoneawayalready.Whentheyreturnedtotheirhometown,afteranabsenceoftwentyyears,theyfoundeverythingchanged.做表語(yǔ)：不定式和動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)解釋主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容，且可以和主語(yǔ)顛倒，意思仍然通順，回窗hat的問(wèn)題

37、。它們有時(shí)存在經(jīng)常性和一次性行為的區(qū)別，分詞做表語(yǔ)表明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)，不能和主語(yǔ)顛倒，可以回答how的問(wèn)題。Herjobiscleaningoffices.(Whatisherjob?)(=Cleaningofficesisherjob.)Ourjobtodayistocleantheoffice.(=Tocleantheofficeisourjobtoday.)Thenewsisveryexciting.(Howisthenews?)Theyareverytiredafteralongwalk.Thedoorislockednow.Thechildrenarewelldressedt

38、hesedays.做定語(yǔ)：不定式做定語(yǔ)與先行詞有動(dòng)賓、主謂和解釋先行詞內(nèi)容等關(guān)系。在時(shí)態(tài)上常是將來(lái)意義,現(xiàn)在分詞做定語(yǔ)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)意義；過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)則是完成時(shí)態(tài)意義。此外,不定式做定語(yǔ)時(shí)只能后置,不可前置，而單個(gè)分詞做定語(yǔ)可前置，分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)則須后置。動(dòng)名詞做定語(yǔ)，須前置，且要重讀，它表明先行詞的用途。而分詞做定語(yǔ)表明先行詞的性質(zhì)、特征和狀態(tài)。aswimmingboy=aboywhoisswimmingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimmingtheboilingwater=thewaterthatisboilingdrinkingwater=waterfordri

39、nkingTodayIhavealettertowrite.Pleasefindamantohelpus.ItisagoodchancetopracticeyourspokenEnglish練習(xí)你的口語(yǔ)IlikereadingbookswrittenbyLuXun.ThewomanstandingoverthereisourEnglishteacher站在那邊的Thehousetobebuilt(=whichwillbebuilt/whichistobebuilt)nextyearwillbeournewlibrary.Thehousebeingbuilt(=whichisbeingbuilt

40、)nowwillbeournewlibrary.Thehousebuilt(=whichwasbuilt)lastyearisournewlibrarynow.做狀語(yǔ)：不定式和分詞做狀語(yǔ)各有不同分工。動(dòng)詞不定式多做目的、結(jié)果和原因狀語(yǔ)，且多放在句末；分詞可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式狀語(yǔ)，多置于句首，做伴隨狀語(yǔ)，多放在后面。分詞用于odoing結(jié)構(gòu)中作目的狀語(yǔ)。.目的狀語(yǔ)：通常有不定式表示，由于不定式的客觀性和將來(lái)性特征。不定式前還可加止order,soas來(lái)加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話的口氣。但soastc通常不用于句首。TheSmithshavegonetoLondontospendtheirholid

41、ays.Icamehere(inorder/soas)tohearthereport.Inorderto不用soasto)seebetter,wetookfrontseats.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。現(xiàn)在分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)一般位于句首，表示的動(dòng)作和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，有時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞前可以加上時(shí)間連詞。如果分詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前，用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成體形式。過(guò)去分詞作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成同時(shí)性和被動(dòng)意義。分詞前有時(shí)加上時(shí)間連詞。Arriving(=Whenhearrived)atthebusstop,hefoundhissisterthere.Waiting(=WhenIwa

42、swaiting)toseethedoctor,Imetwithafriendofmine.Having(=Whenwehave)madefullpreparations,wearereadyforanexamination.Having(=Whenhehad)finishedhishomework,hewenttobed.Afterfinishinghishomework,hewenttobed.Seen(=Whenthetownisseen)fromthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.Locked(=Whenhewaslooked)upintheroom,h

43、efoundhimselfisolatedfromtheouterworld.Whenaskedtomakeaspeech,hesaidhewasgladtodoso當(dāng)請(qǐng)他作演講時(shí)Oncerecovered,hewillgoallouttodohiswork旦康復(fù).原因狀語(yǔ)：不定式作原因狀語(yǔ)往往用于形容詞之后，這些形容詞通常是happy,sorry,fortunate,angry,glad,ashamed,discouraged,delighted,frightened,shocked等。分詞作原因狀語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句。般位于句首。Iamsorrytohearthatyouarenotwel

44、l.rmverysorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.讓你久等了Wearegreatlydelightedtohaveanativeasourguide.Being(=Sincehewas)illalllastyear,helivedinasanatorium.Therebeingnoenoughmoney,hecouldntbuythedictionarythathewanted.由于沒(méi)有錢Having(=Sincetheyhad)beenaskedtostay,theycouldntpossiblyleaverightaway.Moved(=Ashewasmove

45、d)bytheheroicdeedsofthePLAman,heburstintotears.條件狀語(yǔ)：通常用分詞來(lái)表示，相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。般位于句首。Turning(=Ifyouturn)totheleft，youwillseethepostoffice.United(=Ifweareunited),westand;divided(=ifwearedivided),wefall.Given(=Ifhehadbeengiven)moretime,hewouldbeabletodobetter.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)通常用于so+形容詞或副詞+asto,such+名詞+asto,too

46、to,enoughto和onlyto等結(jié)構(gòu)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的結(jié)果。Hearrivedlatetofindthetraingone.Iworkedlateintothenight,onlytofindIhadnotfinishedhalfofthejob.Hewassofriendlyastobealwayshelpfultohisneighbors.Hisissuchasadstoryastoarouseoutsympathy.Iranfasterthanever,reachingtheschoolyardquiteoutofbreath.Themandiedyoung,lea

47、vingnothingbutdebt.讓步狀語(yǔ)：通常由過(guò)去分詞來(lái)表示，而且前面通常有表示讓步意義的though。Thoughwounded,thesoldiermanagedtogettothevillagesafely.Thoughwarnedofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.伴隨或方式狀語(yǔ)：分詞作伴隨狀語(yǔ)通常位于句尾,表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞正在所處主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)的狀態(tài)。Chinesebusinessmen,taxidriversandstudentstalkwiththemusingEnglish.Shecamerunningtowardsus.The

48、ywalkedalongthestreets,talkingandlaughing.Hewentintothehouse,followedbysomechildren.Hecontinuedtowalkupanddown,lostinthought.四、關(guān)于therebe的非謂語(yǔ)形式therebe非謂語(yǔ)形式可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)1）作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用theretobe結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用therebeing。能這樣用的及物動(dòng)詞為：expect,like,mean,intend,want,prefer,hate等，如：Wedontwanttheretobeanycomradeslagging

49、behind我們不希望有任何同志掉隊(duì)。Theyhatetheretobelongqueueseverywhere.他們不愿意處處都要排長(zhǎng)隊(duì)。Wehavenoobjectiontotherebeingameetinghere我們并不反對(duì)在這里開會(huì)。2）作狀語(yǔ)多用therebeing結(jié)構(gòu)，但若置于介詞for之后要用theretobeTherebeingnobodyelseathand,Ihadtodobymyself.由于附近沒(méi)有人，我只得獨(dú)自干了。（原因狀語(yǔ)）Itstooearlyfortheretobeanybodyup.太早了，還不會(huì)有人起床。（作程度狀語(yǔ)）Therehavingbeenno

50、rainforalongtime,thegroundwasverydry因?yàn)楹瞄L(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)下雨了，地面非常干燥。（原因狀語(yǔ)）3）作主語(yǔ)時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以，但如是用or引導(dǎo)則要用theretobe.Itisnotuncommonfortheretobeproblemsofcommunicationbetweenoldandyoung老人與年青人之間存在著溝通問(wèn)題是很常見的。Therebeingakindergartenoncampusisagreatconveniencetofemaleteachers校園內(nèi)有兒園對(duì)女教師十分方便。2006屆高三非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)習(xí)（學(xué)生版）、概述2、基本形式的變化：不定式

51、：時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)般式進(jìn)行式完成式例1：Johnsaidthathehadruninordertocatchthebus.例2：Hehatedtobemisunderstoodbyothers.例3：Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.例4：Heintendedtohavetoldyouthat.例5：Thisworkofartseemedtohavebeencreatedseveralcenturiesago.V-ing形式：時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)般式完成式不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)式動(dòng)名詞TOC o 1-5 h z例1：Iamsureofhiscomingintime

52、.（=）例2：Heisproudofbeingselectedasmonitor.（=）例3：Imconfidentofhishavingpassedtheexam.（=）例4：Hecomplainedofhavingbeencheatedbyothers.現(xiàn)在分詞例1：Hesatinachair,（read）anovel.例2：（exhaust）bywork,hefellasleepquickly.例3：（finish）hishomework,hewentplaying例4:Allthis(settle),hewenthome.2、所做成分項(xiàng)目/成分主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)定語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的ing形式現(xiàn)

53、在分詞動(dòng)名詞不定式過(guò)去分詞二、基本知識(shí)()動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞肿髦髡Z(yǔ)。例如:Toseeonceisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的在很多情況下，常用t來(lái)充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主語(yǔ)。例如：對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)好英語(yǔ)是非常重要的。作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，常用在以下動(dòng)詞后：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire(hap

54、pen，seem)例如：他成功地通過(guò)了考試。他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。我沒(méi)有料到在這兒見到你。在某些復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，常t做形式賓語(yǔ)，而把不定式放到后面去。例如：他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。作定語(yǔ)(常置于名詞之后)。由only,last,next序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語(yǔ);不定式還可用作名詞代詞的的賓語(yǔ)(ability,anything,attempt,chance,curiosity,desire,decision,determination,effort,failure,intention,need,nothing,opportunity,place,p

55、lan,promise,reason,right,something)例d:Sheisalwaysthefirststudenttoarriveatschool.他總是最后個(gè)離開辦公室。我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。Ihavenodesiretotravel.Youllfindsomethingtointerestyouhere.注：動(dòng)詞不定式to后所接動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，而不定式與其修飾的動(dòng)詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式后就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。例如：Ihaventdecidedwhichhoteltostayat.Ifoundnoonetoplaywith.作狀語(yǔ)例如：Iwalkedslowly

56、ontheiceinorder.(不至于跌倒)(表目的)Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.(表結(jié)果)Hetried.結(jié)果沒(méi)有成功Shewashappytohearthenews.(表原因)不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞:able,afraid,angry,anxious,apt,careful,careless,certain,clever,considerate,delighted,difficult,eager,easy,fit,frightened,happy,interesting,likely,lucky,quick,ready,relu

57、ctant,right,sorry,surprised,sure,thoughtful,thoughtless,unable,unwilling,wrongetc.例如：法語(yǔ)難學(xué)。Imsorrytointerruptyou,butIhaveto.作獨(dú)立副詞成分。例如：Tospeakfrankly,Idontlikeyourattitude.與疑問(wèn)詞連用。疑問(wèn)代詞who,what,which和疑問(wèn)副詞when,where,how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，可在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。例如：什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒(méi)有定。問(wèn)題是怎樣才能及時(shí)到達(dá)哪兒。注：在有些動(dòng)詞后常用疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)

58、。這類動(dòng)詞有：know,ask,tell,show,wonder,consider,understand,learn,guess,see,explain,discover,imagine,think,hear等。例如：Hedidntknowwhattodonext.我沒(méi)有決定是否到日本去。不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由for+名詞或代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。例如：你們有必要在星期五前做完這項(xiàng)工作。他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。由of引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，常與以下形容詞連用：bold,brave,careless,civil,cleverfoolish,good,

59、honest,kind,nice,rash,right,rude,stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong,wise等。例如：Itskindofyoutosayso.togointotheburningbuildingtosavethebaby!你真勇敢，沖進(jìn)著火的大樓里救這個(gè)嬰兒不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式在有些使役動(dòng)詞及感官動(dòng)詞后可用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，如let,make,have,hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。例如：老師常常讓我把作文重寫。將該句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后常用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：hadbetter,

60、wouldrather,cannotbut,cannothelpbut,donothingbut等。例如：Idbettergonow,orIllmissthetrain.我只好接受他的建議。在except,but之前有動(dòng)詞do作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，貝except,but后一般接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，反之則接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如：我們除了等待別無(wú)選擇(我們只好等待)。Thereisnochoicebuttogothere.Thereisnothingtodobutto(to可省略)readabook.在why,whynot結(jié)構(gòu)中，緊接其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶o例如：Whyarguewithhim?為什么不