土木工程專業(yè)英語Unit-7(2)-Underground-Works課件

1、Unit 7（2） Underground Works 地下工程1.shaft pression4.shearing5.torsion6.equilibrium7.excavation Review豎井，通風(fēng)井拉力，張力壓縮，濃縮剪力，修剪扭力，扭轉(zhuǎn)平衡，均衡挖掘，發(fā)掘ore extraction breasting boarddead loadlive load Boring equipmentTunnel construction Full-face methodPhrases礦石開采罩板恒負(fù)載活負(fù)載鉆機(jī)設(shè)備隧道施工全面開挖法 So Much for Thislearning guidan

2、ce ：1. Master：了解隧道的施工與規(guī)劃 2. Teaching important point ： 隧道的施工與規(guī)劃。 3.Teaching difficult point ： 科技英語翻譯技巧：句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換5 Tunnel Construction: 1.隧道施工的工序包括開挖、出渣、支護(hù)和襯砌。人們?cè)趯?shí)際中已創(chuàng)造出多種隧道施工方法，概括起來有兩大施工方式，即明挖法和暗挖法。2.明挖法主要有：敞口放坡明挖 板樁法 地下連續(xù)墻施工法3.暗挖法主要有：礦山法 盾構(gòu)法 沉管法 頂進(jìn)法Notice that the diagram shows tunneling taking place

3、 from both sides. Tunnels through mountains or underwater are usually worked from the two opposite ends, orfaces, of the passage. In long tunnels, vertical shafts may be dug at intervals to excavate from more than two points.Passage：n. 一段（文章）；走廊；通路 underground passage礦業(yè) 地下通道；洞穴通道；礦業(yè) 地下道；洞窟通道passage

4、allowance旅費(fèi)津貼；旅費(fèi)補(bǔ)助water passage水道；流道；水眼；水通路respiratory passage呼吸道admission passage入路；進(jìn)路；進(jìn)氣管路；進(jìn)入通道return passage回路；雙程旅費(fèi)；通路；回路通道at intervals:時(shí)時(shí)，不時(shí)，相隔一定的距離或時(shí)間5 Tunnel Construction: (1)soft ground （earth）(2) hard rock (3)soft rock (4)underwater(1)soft ground （earth）Workers dig soft-ground tunnels throug

5、h clay, silt, sand, gravel or mud. （what is soft ground ？）In this type of tunnel,stand-up time- how long the ground will safely stand by itself at the point of excavation - is of paramount importance. Because stand-up time is generally short when tunneling through soft ground, cave-ins(塌方) are a con

6、stant threat. 粘土；粉砂；沙土；碎石；淤泥at the point of：靠近；正要；be at the point of將要at the point of use在使用點(diǎn)上At The Point Of Crisis在危機(jī)點(diǎn)paramount prmaunt adj. 最重要的，主要的；至高無上的 n. 最高統(tǒng)治者To prevent this （？）from happening, engineers use a special piece of equipment called ashield. A shield is an iron or steel cylinder li

7、terally pushed into the soft soil. It carves a perfectly round hole and supports the surrounding earth while workers remove debris （ debri n. 碎片，殘骸）and install a permanent lining made of cast iron（鑄鐵） or precast concrete. When the workers complete a section, jacks（小伙子，工人） push the shield forward and

8、 they repeat the process.literallylt()rladv. 照字面地；逐字地In 1874, Peter M. Barlow and James Henry Greathead improved on Brunels design by constructing a circular shield lined with cast-iron segments. They first used the newly-designed shield to excavate a second tunnel under the Thames for pedestrian tr

9、affic（行人交通）. Then, in 1874, the shield was used to help excavate the London Underground, the worlds first subway. Greathead further refined the shield design by adding compressed air pressure inside the tunnel. When air pressure inside the tunnel exceeded water pressure outside, the water stayed out

10、. Soon, engineers in New York, Boston, Budapest and Paris had adopted the Greathead shield to build their own subways.(2) hard rockUnless the tunnel is short, control of the environment is essential to provide safe working conditions and（？） to ensure the safety of passengers after the tunnel is oper

11、ational. One of the most important concerns is ventilation - a problem magnified by waste gases produced by trains and automobiles. Clifford Holland addressed the problem of ventilation when he designed the tunnel that bears（？） his name. Bear：vi. 承受；結(jié)果實(shí) vt. 忍受；具有；支撐 His solution was to add two addit

12、ional layers above and below the main traffic tunnel. The upper layer clears exhaust fumes（廢氣）, while the lower layer pumps in（用泵吸入） fresh air. Four large ventilation towers, two on each side of the Hudson River, house the fans that move the air in and out. Eighty-four fans, each 80 feet in diameter

13、, can change the air completely every 90 seconds.eighty-four eitif: n.俚語海軍監(jiān)獄隧道的通風(fēng)通風(fēng)方式自然通風(fēng)機(jī)械通風(fēng)半橫向式縱向式橫向式混合式射流式風(fēng)道式和噴嘴式豎井式Fig 7.8 Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower 射流式縱向通風(fēng) 縱向式通風(fēng)是從一個(gè)洞口直接引進(jìn)新鮮空氣，由另一洞口排出污染空氣的方式。射流式縱向通風(fēng)是將射流式風(fēng)機(jī)設(shè)置于車道的吊頂部，吸入隧道內(nèi)的部分空氣，并以30m/s左右的速度噴射吹出，用以升壓，使空氣加速，達(dá)到通風(fēng)的目的。射流式通風(fēng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，設(shè)備費(fèi)少，但噪聲較

14、大。豎井式縱向通風(fēng) 機(jī)械通風(fēng)所需動(dòng)力與隧道長(zhǎng)度的立方成正比，因此在長(zhǎng)隧道中，常常設(shè)置豎井進(jìn)行分段通風(fēng)。豎井用于排氣，有煙囪作用，效果良好。對(duì)向交通的隧道，因新風(fēng)是從兩側(cè)洞口進(jìn)入，豎井宜設(shè)于中間。單向交通時(shí)，由于新風(fēng)主要自入口一側(cè)進(jìn)入，豎井應(yīng)靠近出口側(cè)設(shè)置。橫向式通風(fēng)橫向式通風(fēng)的特點(diǎn)是風(fēng)在隧道的橫斷面方向流動(dòng)，一般不發(fā)生縱向流動(dòng)，因此有害氣體的濃度在隧道軸線方向的分布均勻。該通風(fēng)方式有利于防止火災(zāi)蔓延和處理煙霧。但需設(shè)置送風(fēng)道和排風(fēng)道，增加建設(shè)費(fèi)用和運(yùn)營(yíng)費(fèi)用。 半橫向式通風(fēng)半橫向式通風(fēng)的特點(diǎn)是新鮮空氣經(jīng)送風(fēng)道直接吹向汽車的排氣孔高度附近，直接稀釋排氣，污染空氣在隧道上部擴(kuò)散，經(jīng)過兩端洞門排出洞外

15、。半橫向式通風(fēng)，因僅設(shè)置送風(fēng)道，所以較為經(jīng)濟(jì)。 (3)soft rock (4)underwater6 Tunnel Planning tunnel engineers need to consider following factors: (1)soil and rock types (2)weak beds and zones (3)groundwater (4)special hazardsAlmost every tunnel is a solution to a specific challenge or problem. In many cases, that challenge

16、is an obstacle that a roadway or railway must bypass. They might be bodies of water, mountains or other transportation routes. Even cities, with little open space available for new construction, can be an obstacle that engineers must tunnel beneath to avoid.Why we use tunnel to solve the problem of

17、transportation ?Sometimes, tunnels offer a safer solution than other structures（？）. How a tunnel is built depends heavily on the material through which it must pass. Tunneling through soft ground, for instance, requires very different techniques than tunneling through hard rock or soft rock, such as

18、 shale, chalk or sandstone. Tunneling underwater, the most challenging of all environments, demands a unique approach that would be impossible or impractical to implement above ground.Thats the reason why planning is so important to a successful tunnel project. Engineers conduct a thorough geologic

19、analysis to determine the type of material they will be tunneling through and assess the relative risks of different locations. They consider many factors, but some of the most important include:Soil and rock types：Weak beds and zones, includingfaultsandshear zones;Groundwater： including flow patter

20、n and pressure;Special hazards： such as heat, gas and fault lines.地鐵車站區(qū)間隧道出入口建筑物6.3.4 地下鐵道Exercise:I. Read the whole passage and answer the following questions.1. Give a general introduction to content of the whole passage.In this article, we explore what makes tunnels such an attractive solution fo

21、r railways, roadways, public utilities and telecommunications. We look at the defining characteristics of tunnels and examine how tunnels are built. We also look at the Big Dig in detail to understand the opportunities and challenges inherent to building a tunnel. Finally, we look at the future of t

22、unnels.2. Define the tunnel.A tunnel is a horizontal passageway located underground, including natural tunnels due to erosion and other forces of nature and man made tunnels.3. What ways can be used to excavate a tunnel? Explain it in detail.Manual labor, explosives, rapid heating and cooling, tunne

23、ling machinery or a combination of these methods.4. How can tunnels be categorized? Summarize each type briefly.Mining tunnels, public works tunnels and transportation tunnels5. What are the four primary environments of tunnel excavation?Soft ground, hard rock, soft rock and underwater.6. How did Pe

24、ter M. Barlow and James Henry Greathead improve Brunels design?They improved his design by constructing a circular shield lined with cast-iron segments.7. Why planning is important to a successful tunnel project?Often, a single tunnel will pass through more than one type of material or encounter mul

25、tiple hazards. Good planning allows engineers to plan for these variations right from the beginning, decreasing the likelihood of an unexpected delay in the middle of the project.II. Translate the following terms into Chinese or English.Registered contractor 土壤穩(wěn)定工程；加固工程relieving arch 后備發(fā)電機(jī)salt water

26、 pumping station 溫度傳感器shock load 隧道通風(fēng)風(fēng)扇site investigation 承重剪力墻amount of compression 深層加固attitude of stratum 抗震建筑cased borehole 承壓變形engineering geologic condition 裂隙方向compaction by driving 打樁機(jī) III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese or English. 1. Thats not to say, of course, that some t

27、unnel projects havent encountered major setbacks. 2. Mine tunnels are not as safe as tunnels designed for permanent occupation, however. 3. They decided that any bridge safe enough to withstand the severe conditions would be too difficult to build.4. 隧道如何建設(shè)很大程度上取決于它必須穿過的地質(zhì)環(huán)境。 5. 工人們隨之將場(chǎng)中注滿水，使各部件上浮，然

28、后將他們放置在運(yùn)河的底部。6. 水下建隧道是在所有環(huán)境中最具有挑戰(zhàn)性的，它需要運(yùn)用一種獨(dú)特的方法，這種方法在地面上無法施行。IV. Choose the right word to fill in the blanks.Today, the New York City subway system is in the middle of a massive renovation. One of the planned additions is a new tunnel all the way from Long Island to Manhattan.A tunnel-boring machin

29、e (TBM)will do much of the digging.A TBM is a machine so large that it usually has to be _ in pieces. It uses discs and scrapers to crush and remove rock and debris, creating a tunnel. A conveyor removes this debris from the tunnel so crews can of it. Although it moves slowly, a TBM can dig through

30、both hardbedrockand softer soil, and it supports the tunnel as it digs.stretchingtransported_ disposeBut machines like this didnt exist during the construction of the worlds first subways. Building crews had to the subway lines in cities like London and Paris by hand. This was slow, difficult, work.

31、 For example, digging the New York City subway tunnels required close to 8,000 laborers. Thousands sustained injuries during construction, and more than 60 died. Improved construction methods havent completely subway construction accidents. In January 2007, a _at a subway construction site in Sao Pa

32、ulo, Brazil buried a minibus and several dump trucks and created a 260-foot-wide crater.Through the years, crews have used a variety of methods to excavate the subway tunnels. Some have blasted rock withdynamite, and have used movable shields to protect _while excavating hollow tubes under streets a

33、nd buildings. In the 1950s, some crews started using theNew Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), a collection of for determining how and where to dig.excavatedangerouspreventedcollapse othersdiggersTechniques 7.3 Part II Reading Materials Text A: Tunnel Construction(1)Underwater(2)The Big Dig(3)The Fut

34、ure of TunnelingQuestions：a. whats the features and purposes of tunnels ？b. Do you know other tunnel projects in home and abroad？ 1.蓋板法Text B: The Traditional Building ProcessRequirements of reading materials:( it is arranged by teachers)(1)Project Initiation(2)Design(3)Bidding(4)Construction7.4 Par

35、t III Translation of EST(6) -句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換 翻譯知識(shí)：a.英語的形合法:一個(gè)句子由幾個(gè)概念聯(lián)合在一起, 表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的內(nèi)容。這樣, 英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)清楚, 易于識(shí)別。b.漢語的意合法:漢語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)一般是采用意合法, 即需要從意義上來分辨詞的不同作用。詞在句中總是充當(dāng)某種成分。 因此, 在英譯漢時(shí)往往需要按照漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣改變?cè)闹心承┰~在句中所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，這是一種十分常見的翻譯技巧。 句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換的依據(jù)：英漢差異！翻譯策略：按照漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣改變英文中某些詞在句中所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?具體方法： 1. 主語與賓語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 英語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)常譯為漢語的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，英語中的主語譯成漢語中的賓語。The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of generator.利用發(fā)電機(jī)可以把機(jī)械能再轉(zhuǎn)變成電能2. 主語與謂語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換Extreme care must be taken when operating the computer. 操作計(jì)算