加拿大豬育種改良計劃課件

1、The Canadian Swine Improvement Program加拿大豬育種改良計劃Li Li 李黎Programmer - AnalystCanadian Centre for Swine Improvement (CCSI)加拿大豬育種改良中心軟件分析師CCSI History 加拿大豬改良中心的歷史Created in 1994 by the Canadian pork industry to provide leadership, coordination and services for swine genetic improvement1994年由加拿大養(yǎng)豬業(yè)創(chuàng)立，以便

2、為豬遺傳改良提供指導(dǎo)，合作等服務(wù)。Its member organizations are the regional swine improvement centres in Western Canada, Ontario, Qubec and Atlantic Canada, the Canadian Pork Council, the Canadian Meat Council, and the Canadian Swine Breeders Association.它的成員組織主要是一些區(qū)域性的豬改良中心，包括西部加拿大，安大略，魁北克，大西洋區(qū)，加拿大豬肉協(xié)會，加拿大肉類協(xié)會及加拿大種

3、豬協(xié)會Services to Canada and international clients 為加拿大和海外客戶服務(wù)Genetic evaluations 遺傳改良Database and Internet 數(shù)據(jù)庫和網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具Research and development 研究和發(fā)展Training 訓(xùn)練課程Consulting 咨詢顧問National database 國家數(shù)據(jù)庫30 years of historical data 三十年的數(shù)據(jù)Detailed performance records on 4 million purebred pigs 有四百萬頭豬的詳細記錄Web-b

4、ased tools for different purposes, e.g. data transfer, EBV report, selection decision, mating planning etc. 有基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的為不同目的服務(wù)的工具, 如數(shù)據(jù)傳輸, EBV報告, 選擇決策, 配種計劃等Member Organizations 成員組織Atlantic Swine Centre 大西洋區(qū)豬中心Canadian Meat CouncilCCSI魁北克豬改良中心加拿大肉類協(xié)會 加拿大 種豬協(xié)會加拿大豬改良中心 HERDS畜群 AI CENTRES NUCLEUS SOWS 核心母豬

5、Western Swine Testing Association西部豬測試協(xié)會 (WSTA)Ontario Swine Improvement Inc.渥太華豬改良公司 (OSI)Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement加拿大豬改良中心 (CCSI)Centre de dveloppement du porc du Qubec魁北克豬改良中心 (CDPQ)Yorkshire大白Landrarce 長白豬 Duroc 杜洛克豬 Lacombe拉康母PietrainTai ZumuHampshireThe Canadian Swine Improvement P

6、rogram 加拿大豬改良計劃Atlantic Swine Centre (ASC)大西洋豬中心Genetic Improvement遺傳改良 Structure of the industry 養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的結(jié)構(gòu)RetailProcessingProductionMultiplicationBreedingGene flow基因傳遞核心群Informationflow信息流程繁育群生產(chǎn)群加工零售Common Crossbreeding Systems with three breeds常用的三品種雜交YorkshireLandraceDurocboarsF1 sowsMarket Hogs商品豬大

7、白長白豬杜洛克公豬Objectives of genetic evaluation 遺傳評估的目的Identify the best animals for breeding, by using all information available (data and pedigree)通過所有可獲得的信息去鑒定最優(yōu)良的牲畜用于育種（資料和系譜）Data recording, EBVs and continued improvement數(shù)據(jù)記錄，預(yù)計育種值及持續(xù)的改良Data Recording數(shù)據(jù)記錄Selection of best pigs on EBVs通過育種值選擇最好的豬只Breed

8、ing育種Genetic Evaluation 遺傳力評估The Canadian Swine Improvement Program加拿大豬改良計劃Genetic evaluations 遺傳評估Four step to generate EBVs 產(chǎn)生預(yù)計育種值的幾個步驟1. Data Collection 數(shù)據(jù)采集2. Data Entry 數(shù)據(jù)輸入3. Data adjustment 數(shù)據(jù)調(diào)整 4. Computer Program Execution 運行計算機程序Genetic evaluation program遺傳評估方案Best Linear Unbiased Predict

9、ion (BLUP) for genetic evaluation(the national genetic evaluation program for swine) 用最佳線性無偏預(yù)測(BLUP)進行遺傳評估Data from about Entire country herds in across-herd evaluations 有來自全國的純種豬場的雜交群的評估數(shù)據(jù)Database, UNIX Computer System 數(shù)據(jù)庫，UNIX 計算機系統(tǒng)Internet support 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)支持BLUP Genetic Evaluation BLUP 遺傳評估 BLUP = Bes

10、t Linear Unbiased Prediction 最佳線性無偏預(yù)測 Statistical method used for genetic evaluation of all identified animals. 用于對所有個體進行遺傳評估的統(tǒng)計方法 Optimal use of all pedigree and all available performance measurements. 優(yōu)化應(yīng)用所有系譜及可獲得的測量性能 Result= Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs) and Indices 結(jié)果 = 預(yù)計育種值系數(shù)EBVs and Indic

11、esused in the Canadian Swine Improvement Program預(yù)計育種值及用于加拿大豬改良計劃上的指數(shù)Genetic Evaluations 遺傳評估Routine evaluations:日常評估Age to market 上市日齡Backfat thickness at market wt.上市體重的背膘厚Lean yield 瘦肉量Loin eye area 眼肌面積Loin Muscle depth 眼肌深度Feed conversion 料肉比Litter size 窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Sire and dam lines 父系線和母系線Sire Line：br

12、eed used in the makeup of the sires of market hogs (ex: Duroc) selected on traits such as growth, carcass, feed efficiency, etc.用來構(gòu)成市場公豬的品種(例如：杜洛克) 。對選定的性狀如生長，胴體，飼料效率等 Dam Line : breed used in the makeup of the commercial sows which are the dams of market hogs (ex: Landrace, Yorkshire) selected sow

13、productivity, growth, feed efficiency, etc. 用來構(gòu)成母豬的品種(例如大白和長白)Crossbreeding systems use heterosis and complementarity between sire and dam lines 雜交體系在父系線和母系線間用了雜種優(yōu)勢和互補性 YorkshireLandraceDurocboarsF1 sowsMarket Hogs商品豬約克夏長白豬杜洛克公豬Indices SLI & DLI 父系及母系的指數(shù)SLI=Sire Line Index, combines EBVs for: 父系指數(shù)Da

14、ys to 100 kg 到達100kg的天數(shù)Loin eye area 眼肌面積Feed conversion 飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率Loin Muscle depth 眼肌深度DLI=Dam Line Index, combines EBVs for:母系指數(shù)Days to 100 kg 到達100kg的天數(shù)Loin eye area 眼肌面積Feed conversion 飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率Loin Muscle depth 眼肌深度Total Born 總的出生頭數(shù)Used to select sire lines (Duroc, Lacombe, Pietrain)Used to select dam

15、lines (Landrace, Yorkshire)Relative weights of traits in indices相對的性狀指標的比重 Sire Line Index父系指數(shù)Age 到達100kg的天數(shù)LEA 眼肌面積FCR 飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率LD 眼肌深度Dam Line Index 母系指數(shù)Age 到達100kg的天數(shù)LEA 眼肌面積FCR 飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率LD 眼肌深度Total Born 窩產(chǎn)子數(shù)Heritability (h2) 遺傳 Heritability = proportion of the variation of a trait due to geneticsExampl

16、esBackfat thickness at market wt.上市體重的背膘0.52Loin eye area 眼肌面積0.47Lean yield 瘦肉量0.40Age to market 上市日齡0.30Feed conversion 料肉比0.30Loin Muscle depth眼肌深度0.25Litter size 窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)0.11Growth (Days to market)到達100kg的天數(shù)About -30 days in the last 30 years在過去三十年內(nèi)降了三十天 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 長白 杜洛克Backfat 背膘A

17、bout -7 mm fat in the last 30 years在過去三十年內(nèi)降了七毫米 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 長白 杜洛克Loin Muscle depth 眼肌深度Measured by ultrasound on live pigs用超聲波測量生豬 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 長白 杜洛克Lean Yield 瘦肉量Lean yield is used for carcass grading at the slaughterhouse瘦肉量用于在屠宰場 胴體分級 Prediction of the proportion

18、of lean meat in pig carcass預(yù)測瘦肉的比例 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 長白 杜洛克Loin Eye Area眼肌面積Carcass measurement or predicted from ultrasound measurements胴體測定或由超聲波測定來預(yù)測 Measure of loin eye surface (expressed in cm2) at 3/4th last rib眼肌的表面（以平方厘米表示）測量在3/4th最后肋骨 Loin eye area Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 長白 杜洛

19、克Feed Conversion料肉比Indicator of feed efficiency飼料效率指標 How many kg of feed to produce one kg of pork 多少公斤的飼料生產(chǎn)一公斤豬肉 Yorkshire Landrace Duroc 大白 長白 杜洛克Litter size窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Total piglets born per litter 每窩仔豬出生總數(shù) Includes live born + stillborn包括活豬+胎死腹中 Excludes mummified不包括木乃伊 Genetic trends 遺傳趨勢產(chǎn)仔數(shù)分娩年份Geneti

20、c Evaluations 遺傳評估Sow Productivity: Piglet survival 仔豬存活率 Number of piglets weaned 斷奶仔豬數(shù) Age at first farrowing 第一胎日齡 Farrowing interval 懷孕間隔 Litter weight at weaning 斷奶窩重 Birth Weight variability 出生窩重變異Piglet perinatal survival 仔豬成活率 Based on the proportion of piglets still alive 24h after birth基于仔

21、豬出生后24小時仍然活著的比例It is important to have large litters at birth, but also that piglets survive till weaning大的窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)很重要The first day of life is critical出生的第一天是關(guān)鍵 Piglet weaned 斷奶仔豬數(shù)Number of piglets weaned by the sow Depends on litter size at birth, piglet survival and maternal abilities要看窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)，仔豬成活率，及母豬的

22、能力Transfers have a large impact轉(zhuǎn)讓有很大的影響 Genetic Evaluations遺傳評估Meat quality 肉質(zhì) Colour 肉色 Marbling 大理石紋 pH(24) 最終酸堿度 Drip loss 滴水損失 Intramuscular Fat measured on live pigs by ultrasound肌間脂肪Measured on carcassPredicting intramuscular fat in live pigs using ultrasounds用超聲波測定活豬肌間脂肪New technology using u

23、ltrasound scanning and image analysis利用超聲波掃描和圖像分析的新技術(shù) Can be done using an Aloka or Aquila machine and a specific image analysis softwareSince 2009, Canadian technicians can be accredited for IMF measurementsGenetic EvaluationsConformation 體型 Feet and legs 肢蹄結(jié)實度 Toes 腳趾 Number of teats 奶頭數(shù) Locomotio

24、n 運動力What should I look for when I select a boar? 當選擇一頭公豬的時候，我應(yīng)該注意些什么？For example, 例如Boar A : Age EBV = -5.3 days, Lean Yield EBV = +2.2%Boar B : Age EBV = -11.8 days, Lean Yield EBV = +0.5%公豬A: 年齡評估育種值= -5.3 天，瘦肉率評估育種值= +2.2%公豬B:年齡評估育種值= -11.8 天，瘦肉率評估育種值= + 0.5%Both of these boars have a sire line

25、index of 148. However, Boar A will improve lean yield more while Boar B will reduce age to 100 kg more. Depending on how lean your herd already is, and depending on the demand from your customers, you can select one or the other. 這兩頭豬都有相同的父方的指數(shù)148。然而，公豬A 將會提高瘦肉率，公豬B會降低達到100kg體重的天數(shù)。基于你現(xiàn)在品系的瘦肉率水平以及客戶的

26、要求，你會做出選擇。EBVs and DNA tests 育種值和DNA檢測 Selection on EBVs (performances and pedigrees) very efficient in the last decades在過去幾十年來用育種值來做選擇仍然是非常有效New programs including performances, pedigree and DNA tests, even more efficient, but also more expensive (for now) DNA檢測更準確，但過于昂貴Ranking to find the “Best”按等

27、級找出“最好的”Inbreeding Coefficient 近交系數(shù) An inbred animal is born from two related animals (example: brother and sister, sire and daughter, cousins, etc.)近交系動物，是一個由兩個相關(guān)的動物出生 Inbreeding has negative effects on diversity and performances近親繁殖在很多方面及性能表現(xiàn)有負面影響 Inbreeding can increase the frequency of genetic defects近交可增加遺傳缺陷頻率模擬交配Tool that can be used to check the IC of two animals that will be used in mating可以用來檢查兩個要交配豬的近交系數(shù)Mating Plans 配種計劃 list “best” males X “best” females 列出最優(yōu)的公豬X 最優(yōu)的母豬On Farm