《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第三版》原版中英文雙語(yǔ)課程教學(xué)課件全冊(cè)教學(xué)課件匯總

1、授課人：XX XX 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理XX學(xué)院 XX 專業(yè)【全套課件】第1頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN. Gregory Mankiw經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理（第三版）第2頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。1 INTRODUCTION 導(dǎo)言 第3頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Ten Principles of Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理Chapter 1第4頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economy. . .經(jīng)濟(jì) . . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.” 經(jīng)濟(jì)一詞來源

2、于希臘語(yǔ)，意思是“管理家庭的人”。第5頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。A household and an economy face many decisions:一個(gè)家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)體面臨很多決策：Who will work? 誰去工作？What goods and how many of them should be produced? 應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么物品？應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)多少？第6頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。A household and an economy face many decisions:一個(gè)家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)體面臨很多決策：What resources should be used in production? 應(yīng)該用什么資

3、源生產(chǎn)？At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的銷售價(jià)格應(yīng)該是多少？第7頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Society and Scarce Resources:社會(huì)和稀缺資源：The management of societys resources is important because resources are scarce.因?yàn)橘Y源是稀缺的，所以社會(huì)資源的管理就很重要。第8頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Scarcity . . . 稀缺. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot

4、 produce all the goods and services people wish to have.意思是說，社會(huì)擁有有限的資源，不能生產(chǎn)出人們想要的所有物品與勞務(wù)。第9頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究社會(huì)如何管理自己的稀缺資源的學(xué)科。第10頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economists study. . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究 How people make decisions.人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策How people interact with

5、 each other.人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交易The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢(shì)第11頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Ten Principles of EconomicsPeople face tradeoffs.The cost of something is what you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to incentives.How People Make Decisions第12頁(yè)，

6、共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西理性人考慮邊際量人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策第13頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Ten Principles of EconomicsTrade can make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.How People Interact with each other第14頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

7、十大原理貿(mào)易可以使每個(gè)人狀況更好。市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法。政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交易第15頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Ten Principles of EconomicsThe standard of living depends on a countrys production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The forces and trends

8、that affect how the economy as a whole works第16頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力。當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升。社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行的力量和趨勢(shì)第17頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。People face tradeoffs.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍“There is no such thing as a free lunch!”天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐第18頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。1. People face tradeoffs.To get one thing, we usually have t

9、o give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equityMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.第19頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍為了得到我們喜愛的一件東西，我們通常不得不放棄另一件喜愛的東西。 大炮 vs.黃油 食物 vs. 衣服 休閑 vs. 工作 效率 vs. 平等 作決策時(shí)需要在兩個(gè)目標(biāo)之間權(quán)衡取舍第20頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。1. People face tra

10、deoffs.Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.Efficiency v. Equity第21頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍效率 社會(huì)能從其稀缺資源中得到最多東西的特性。平等 社會(huì)資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)成果在社會(huì)成員中公平分配的特性。效率與平等第22頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。2. The cost o

11、f something is what you give up to get it.Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?Whether to go to class or sleep in?第23頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西作出決策時(shí)需要比較可供選擇的行動(dòng)方案的成本與收益上大學(xué)還是去工作?學(xué)習(xí)還是出去約會(huì)?去上課還是睡覺?第24頁(yè)，共

12、801頁(yè)。2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.機(jī)會(huì)成本為了得到某種東西所必需放棄的東西。第25頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and g

13、o straight from high school to the pros where he has earned millions of dollars.第26頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。當(dāng)預(yù)期在四年之內(nèi)賺得上千萬美元時(shí)，高中籃球明星科比.布賴恩特（Kobe Bryant ）決定不讀大學(xué)而直接進(jìn)入職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)盟（ NBA ）。2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西第27頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。3. Rational people think at the margin理性人考慮邊際量Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an exist

14、ing plan of action.邊際變動(dòng)對(duì)當(dāng)前行動(dòng)計(jì)劃微小的增量調(diào)整。People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.人們作決策時(shí)需要比較邊際成本和邊際利益。第28頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。4. People respond to incentives.Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when th

15、at alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!第29頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。4. 人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)成本或收益的邊際改變會(huì)激勵(lì)人們作出反應(yīng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)方案的邊際收益大于邊際成本時(shí)，人們選擇這個(gè)方案，而不去選擇別的。第30頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。5. Trade can make everyone better off.People gain from their ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows

16、people to specialize in what they do best.第31頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。5. 貿(mào)易能使每個(gè)人狀況變好人們可以從與他人相互交易的能力中獲益。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)可以使人們從貿(mào)易中獲益。貿(mào)易可以讓人們從事他們最專長(zhǎng)的工作。第32頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms a

17、nd households as they interact in markets for goods and services.households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 第33頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。6. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)當(dāng)許多企業(yè)和家庭在物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)上相互交易時(shí)通過他們的分散決策配置資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)。家庭決定購(gòu)買什么和為誰工作。企業(yè)決定雇傭誰和生產(chǎn)什么。第34頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。6. Markets are usually a go

18、od way to organize economic activity.Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”第35頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。6. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法亞當(dāng).斯密提出了全部經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中最有名的觀察結(jié)果：家庭和企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上相互交易，他們仿佛被一只“看不見的手”所指引，導(dǎo)致了合意的市場(chǎng)結(jié)果。第36頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。6. Markets are usually a good way

19、to organize economic activity.Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.第37頁(yè)，

20、共801頁(yè)。6. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法由于家庭和企業(yè)在決定購(gòu)買和出售什么時(shí)關(guān)注價(jià)格，所以他們就不知不覺地考慮到了他們的行為的社會(huì)收益與成本。結(jié)果是，價(jià)格指引這些個(gè)別決策者在大多數(shù)情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)了整個(gè)社會(huì)福利最大化的結(jié)果。第38頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.市場(chǎng)失靈市場(chǎng)本身不能有效配置資源的情況。第39頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。7.

21、 Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity.當(dāng)市場(chǎng)失靈時(shí)，政府可以對(duì)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)以促進(jìn)效率和平等。第40頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果Market failure may be caused by an external

22、ity, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.市場(chǎng)失靈的一個(gè)可能原因是外部性。外部性是一個(gè)人的行為對(duì)旁觀者福利的影響。第41頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly in

23、fluence market prices. 第42頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。7.政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果市場(chǎng)失靈的另一個(gè)可能原因是市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力。 市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力是指一個(gè)人或一個(gè)企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌?chǎng)價(jià)格的能力。第43頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes.By comparing the total market value of a nations prod

24、uction.第44頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。8. 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力生活水平 可以用不同的方式衡量:比較人均收入。比較一個(gè)國(guó)家產(chǎn)出的總的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。第45頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.第46頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。8. 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力 幾乎所有生活水平的差異都可以

25、歸因于各國(guó)生產(chǎn)率的差別。第47頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。8. The standard of living depends on a countrys production.Productivity is the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time.Higher productivity Higher standard of living第48頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。8. 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力生產(chǎn)率 是指一個(gè)工人一小時(shí)所生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務(wù)量。高生產(chǎn)率 高生活水平第49頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。9.

26、 Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.第50頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。9. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)

27、上升通貨膨脹 是指經(jīng)濟(jì)中物價(jià)總水平的上升。通貨膨脹的一個(gè)原因是貨幣量的增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)政府創(chuàng)造了大量本國(guó)貨幣時(shí)，貨幣的價(jià)值就下降。第51頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment:Inflation UnemploymentIts a short-run tradeoff!第52頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。10. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)

28、之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍菲利普斯曲線 說明了通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 : 通貨膨脹 失業(yè)這是短期權(quán)衡取舍。第53頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Summary 內(nèi)容提要When individuals make decisions, they face tradeoffs among alternative goals. 當(dāng)個(gè)人決策時(shí)，在不同的目標(biāo)之間面臨權(quán)衡取舍。The cost of any action is measured in terms of foregone opportunities. 任何一種行為的成本用所放棄的機(jī)會(huì)來衡量。第54頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Summary 內(nèi)容提要Rational

29、people make decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits. 理性人通過比較邊際成本與邊際收益作出決策 。 People change their behavior in response to the incentives they face. 人們對(duì)所面臨激勵(lì)的反映就是改變他們的行為。 第55頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Summary 內(nèi)容提要People can benefit by trading with each other. 貿(mào)易可以是互利的。Markets are usually a good way of

30、 coordinating trades. 市場(chǎng)通常是協(xié)調(diào)貿(mào)易的一種好方法。Government can potentially improve market outcomes if there is some market failure or if the market outcome is inequitable. 如果存在市場(chǎng)失靈或者市場(chǎng)結(jié)果不平等時(shí)，政府有可能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果。第56頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。SummaryProductivity is the ultimate source of living standards.Money growth is the ultimate sour

31、ce of inflation.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. 第57頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。內(nèi)容提要生產(chǎn)率是生活水平高低的最終根源。貨幣增長(zhǎng)是通貨膨脹的最終根源。社會(huì)面臨著通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。 第58頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Thinking Like an Economist像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考Chapter 2第59頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Every field of study has its own terminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvector s

32、pacesPsychologyegoidcognitive dissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissory estoppel第60頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言數(shù)學(xué)公理積分向量空間心理學(xué)自我本我認(rèn)知的不一致性法律侵權(quán)行為案發(fā)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)約定的禁止翻供第61頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Every field of study has its own terminologyEconomicsSupplyDemandElasticityConsumer SurplusComparative advantageOpportunity costDeadweight loss第62頁(yè)，共80

33、1頁(yè)。每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)供給需求彈性消費(fèi)者剩余比較優(yōu)勢(shì)機(jī)會(huì)成本無謂損失第63頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives.Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.第64頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)訓(xùn)練你. . . . 從不同的角度思考問題。評(píng)估個(gè)人和社會(huì)選擇的成本。檢查和理解一些事件和問題是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的

34、。第65頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Economist as a Scientist作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家The economic way of thinking . . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客觀地分析與思考。Makes use of the scientific method. 利用科學(xué)的方法。第66頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Scientific MethodUses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.Dev

35、elops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.Observation, Theory and More Observation!第67頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)?？茖W(xué)方法利用抽象的模型幫助解釋復(fù)雜的真實(shí)世界如何運(yùn)行。形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來驗(yàn)證理論。觀察, 理論 ，更多的觀察第68頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Role of Assumptions Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in s

36、cientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.第69頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。假設(shè)的作用 為了使這個(gè)世界更容易理解，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做一些假設(shè)。 科學(xué)思考的藝術(shù)就是決定作出什么樣的假設(shè)。 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用不同的假設(shè)來回答不同的問題。第70頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Economic Way of ThinkingIncludes developing abstract models from theories and

37、the analysis of the models.Uses two approaches:Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.)Analytical (abstract reasoning)第71頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法利用理論建立抽象的模型，然后進(jìn)一步分析模型。利用兩種方法:描述性的方法 (報(bào)告實(shí)情等)分析性的方法 (抽象推理)第72頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the

38、 world Two of the most basic economic models include:The Circular Flow ModelThe Production Possibilities Frontier第73頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)模型 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用模型來簡(jiǎn)化真實(shí)世界，使我們更好地理解這個(gè)世界。 兩個(gè)最基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型是：循環(huán)流向圖生產(chǎn)可能性邊界第74頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Circular-Flow Model經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic trans

39、actions that occur between households and firms in the economy.循環(huán)流向圖一個(gè)直觀地說明一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交易行為的簡(jiǎn)單方式。第75頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Circular-Flow DiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarket for Factors of ProductionMarket for Goods and ServicesSpendingRevenueWages, rent, and profitIncomeGoods & Services soldGoods & Services bough

40、tLabor, land, and capitalInputs for production第76頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖企業(yè)家庭生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng)物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng)支出收入工資、租金和利潤(rùn)收入銷售商品和服務(wù)購(gòu)買商品和服務(wù)勞動(dòng)、土地和資本生產(chǎn)投入第77頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Figure 1 The Circular FlowCopyright 2004 South-WesternSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor, land,and capitalIncome = Flow of inputs and output

41、s = Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages, rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoods and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSF

42、ORGOODS AND SERVICES第78頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Circular-Flow DiagramHouseholds Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell factors of productionFirms Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production第79頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖家庭 購(gòu)買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù) 擁有并出售所有生產(chǎn)要素企業(yè) 生產(chǎn)并出售物品與勞務(wù) 雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素第80頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Circula

43、r-Flow DiagramMarkets for Factors of Production Households sell Firms buyMarkets for Goods & Services Firms sell Households buy第81頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng) 家庭出售 企業(yè)購(gòu)買物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng) 企業(yè)出售 家庭購(gòu)買第82頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Circular-Flow Diagram經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入 L

44、and, labor, and capital 土地、勞動(dòng)和資本第83頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Production Possibilities FrontierThe production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.第84頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 表示一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在

45、可得到的生產(chǎn)要素與生產(chǎn)技術(shù)既定時(shí)所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。 第85頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。The Production Possibilities Frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Quantity ofComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,000BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier電腦產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)可能性邊界第86頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities FrontierEff

46、iciencyTradeoffsOpportunity CostEconomic Growth第87頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。生產(chǎn)可能性邊界闡明的概念效率權(quán)衡取舍機(jī)會(huì)成本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)第88頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。4,000The Production Possibilities FrontierQuantity of ComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier第89頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。4,000生產(chǎn)可能性邊界計(jì)

47、算機(jī)產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750生產(chǎn)可能性邊界向外移動(dòng)第90頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsMicroeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific marketsMacroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.How the markets, a

48、s a whole, interact at the national level.第91頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 的研究對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)體。家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌?chǎng)上相互交易。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 研究經(jīng)濟(jì)總體現(xiàn)象。從總體上看，各種市場(chǎng)在國(guó)家水平上如何相互影響。第92頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Two Roles of Economists經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的兩個(gè)角色When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. 當(dāng)他們努力去解釋世界時(shí)，他們是科學(xué)家。When they are trying to

49、change the world, they are policymakers. 當(dāng)他們想要改變世界時(shí)，他們是政策顧問。第93頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Positive versus Normative AnalysisPositive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.Called descriptive analysisNormative statements are statements about how the world should be.Called prescriptive analysis第94頁(yè)，共

50、801頁(yè)。實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析實(shí)證表述 是企圖描述世界是什么的觀點(diǎn)。被稱為描述性分析。規(guī)范表述 是企圖描述世界應(yīng)該如何運(yùn)行的觀點(diǎn)。被稱為命令性分析。第95頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.提高最低工資水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致最低技能工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive 實(shí)證性第96頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。?Positive or Normative Statements

51、?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.較高的聯(lián)邦赤字水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升。Positive 實(shí)證性第97頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工資水平得到的利益比由此帶來的稍微的就業(yè)減少造成的損失大Po

52、sitive 規(guī)范性第98頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.應(yīng)該允許州政府向煙草公司收取費(fèi)用，用于治療窮人當(dāng)中與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病的費(fèi)用。Positive 規(guī)范性第99頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economists in Washington . . . . . serve

53、as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial第100頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 . . . . .在以下三個(gè)政府部門的政策制定過程中充當(dāng)顧問：立法行政司法第101頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Economists in WashingtonSome government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:Department of CommerceBur

54、eau of Labor StatisticsCongressional Budget OfficeFederal Reserve Board第102頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一些收集經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的政府部門:商務(wù)部勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算辦公室聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì)第103頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Why Economists Disagree為什么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家意見分歧They may disagree on theories about how the world works. 對(duì)關(guān)于世界如何運(yùn)行的理論的正確性看法不同。They may hold different values and, thus,

55、different normative views. 他們可能有不同的價(jià)值觀，因此就有不同的規(guī)范性觀點(diǎn)。第104頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。Table 2 Ten Propositions about Which Most Economists Agree第105頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直同意的10個(gè)主張主張以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家同意的百分比1. 租金上限減少了可得到的住房數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。（93）2. 關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口配額通常降低了普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。（93）3. 有伸縮性和浮動(dòng)性的匯率提供了一種有效的國(guó)際貨幣協(xié)定。（90）4. 財(cái)政政策 例如，減稅和（或）增加政府支出 對(duì)低于充分就業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)有重要的刺激效應(yīng)。（90）5.

56、 如果要平衡聯(lián)邦預(yù)算，應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)周期中而不是每年中來實(shí)現(xiàn)。（85）6. 現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移支付使領(lǐng)取者福利的增加大于等量現(xiàn)金的實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付。（84）7. 巨額聯(lián)邦預(yù)算赤字對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有不利影響。（83）8. 最低工資增加了年輕人和不熟練工人中的失業(yè)。（79）9. 政府應(yīng)該按“負(fù)所得稅”的思路重建福利制度。（79）10. 排污稅和可交易的污染許可證作為控制污染的方法優(yōu)于實(shí)行污染上限。（78）第106頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。SummaryEconomists try to address their subjects with a scientists objectivity.They make appropriate

57、assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them.Two simple economic models are the circular-flow diagram and the production possibilities frontier.第107頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來研究他們的學(xué)科。為了理解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)并建立簡(jiǎn)單的模型。兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型是經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖和生產(chǎn)可能性邊界。第108頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。SummaryThe fie

58、ld of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.Microeconomists study decisionmaking by households and firms in the marketplace. Macroeconomists study the forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.第109頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究市場(chǎng)中的家庭和企業(yè)所作的決策。

59、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢(shì)。第110頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。SummaryEconomics relies on both positive and normative analysis.Positive statements is an assertion about how the world “is”。normative statements is an assertion about how the world “ought to be”.When economists make normative statements, they are acting more as poli

60、cy advisors than scientists.第111頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)依賴實(shí)證分析和規(guī)范分析。實(shí)證表述是關(guān)于世界是什么的論斷。規(guī)范表述是關(guān)于世界應(yīng)該是什么的論斷。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做規(guī)范性表述時(shí)，與其說其是科學(xué)家，不如說其是政策顧問。第112頁(yè)，共801頁(yè)。SummaryEconomists who advise policymakers may offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in valuesAt ot