基礎(chǔ)英語教學(xué)ActionResearchforESL課件

1、Own Your Practice:Explore, Execute, ExcelList of TopicsThe Concept of Action ResearchDetermine the ProblemDesign the QuestionIdeationPrioritizationEvaluationAction ResearchIn schools, action research refers to a wide variety of evaluative, investigative, and analytical research methods designed to d

2、iagnose problems or weaknesseswhether organizational, academic, or instructionaland help educators develop practical solutions to address them quickly and efficiently.Differences between Action Research & Formal ResearchAspectsFormal ResearchAction ResearchGoals of ResearchKnowledge produced is gene

3、ralizableKnowledge is to apply to local situationMethod of identifying the problem to be studiedReview of previous researchProblems currently faced.Procedure for literature review Extensive, using primary sourcesMore cursory, use of secondary sources.Sampling approachRandom or representative samplin

4、gStudents/clients with whom they workedResearch designRigorous control, long time frameLooser procedures, change during study, quick time frame, control through triangulationMeasurement proceduresEvaluate and pretest measuresConvenient measures or standardized tests.Data analysisStatistical tests, q

5、ualitative techniquesFocus on practical, not statistical significance, present raw data, graphsApplication of resultsEmphasis is on theoretical significance, increased knowledge about teaching and learning in general Emphasis on practical significance, improved teaching and learning in a particular

6、classroom.Determine the ProblemRoot cause analysis (RCA) A way of identifying the underlying source of a process or product failure so that the right solution can be identified. Problem StatementWhat product failedThe failure observationsThe number of failed unitsThe customers description of the fai

7、lureTechniques in Identifying ProblemFishbone Diagram (Ishikawa Diagram)5 WhysCause-Effect Tree DiagramLotus BlossomFishbone DiagramFishbone DiagramPredetermined Criteria “5M” for manpower, material, method, machinery and measurement (manufacturing, healthcare, construction, landscaping etc.).For re

8、tail businesses or the sales process of an organization, we can use “5P” for price, promotion, place, people, product.Create an Ishikawa Diagrammaterial part not installed employee skipped operation work environment too dark poor lighting light bulbs burned outHow to use Fishbone DiagramDefinition/P

9、urpose: Graphically displays potential causes of a problem. The layout shows cause and effect relationships between potential causes. Write the effect or problem statement Determine general, major categories for the causes. Use five inputs of every process: e.g. Person, Method, Machine, Materials, E

10、nvironmentList sub-causes and place them under the main causes. To determine sub-causes, ask why five times.Evaluate the diagram. Check that the branches on your cause and effect diagram are worded as possible causes and are arranged in a logical sequence.5 WhyThe vehicle will not start. (the proble

11、m)Why? - The battery is dead. (First why)Why? - The alternator is not functioning. (Second why)Why? - The alternator belt has broken. (Third why)Why? - The alternator belt was well beyond its useful service life and not replaced. (Fourth why)Why? - The vehicle was not maintained according to the rec

12、ommended service schedule. (Fifth why, a root cause)5 Whys with tree diagramCause & Effect Tree Diagramplan-do-check-act (PDCA) Lotus Blossom Box I: The initial problem or concept.Boxes A-H: contain concepts or ideas related to the initial concept in box I. Box H: Concept related to initial idea or

13、conceptBoxes h1-h8: These are concepts related to the concept in square H.Ways to improve a big box storeWays to improve a big box store- breaking it downWays to improve playground equipmentWays to improve playground equipment-breaking it downWays to break down a subject and identify problemsWays to

14、 break down a subject and identify problemsExamples of Good Action Research QuestionsWhat happens to the quality of student writing when we implement peer editing throughout our ninth-grade English classes? How does the use of computers affect the student writing process in our fourth-grade classroo

15、ms?How can I use cooperative learning in my high-school mathematics class to improve student learning?Question StemOn WhatWhoSuggested solutionWhat happensHow DoesHow CanQuality of writingWriting Process learningNinth-grade English classFourth-grade classHigh-school mathematics classPeer editingComp

16、utersCooperative Learning8 passions for finding a research question (Classroom research)1. Helping an individual child2. Improving and enriching curriculum3. Developing content knowledge4. Improving or experimenting with teaching strategies and techniques5. Exploring the relationship between your be

17、liefs and classroom practice6. Exploring the intersection of your personal and professional identities7. Advocating social justice8. Understanding the teaching and learning contextStarting PointsYou may ask yourself these to identify an issue you would like to research.I would like to improve _I am

18、perplexed by _I am really curious about _Something I think would really make a difference is _Something I would like to change is _What happens to student learning in my classroom when I _?How can I implement _?How can I improve _?Criteria in designing action research questionsThey should be broad i

19、n scope.They should be research questions (questions about the action) rather than data collection questions (questions to be asked of participants in an interview or on a survey).They should, when answered, have an impact on your practices.They should be answerable.Q-Matrix4 Questions (Design Think

20、ing)1. What is?2. What if?3. What wows?4. What works?IdeationBrainstormDone in groupreach new ideas by building on others ideas (1+1=3). Participants should be able to discuss their ideas freely without fear of criticism.Create an environment where all participants embrace wild ideas and misundersta

21、ndingBraindumpBraindump is very similar to BrainstormHowever its done individually. The participants write down their ideas on post-it notes and share their ideas later with the group.BrainwriteBrainwriting is also very similar to a Brainstorm session. However, the participants write down their idea

22、s on paper & after a few minutes, they pass it to another participant wholl then elaborate on the first persons ideas & pass it to the next person. After about 15 minutes, you will collect the papers and post them for instant discussion.BrainwalkBrainwalk is similar to Brainwriting. However, instead

23、 of passing around the paper, the participants walk around in the room and continuously find new “ideation stations” where they can elaborate on other participants ideas.Worst Possible IdeaIt helps those who are not so confident in expressing themselves by flipping the brainstorm on its head.Doing t

24、his relieves any anxiety and self-confidence issues and allows people to be more playful and adventurous, as they know their ideas are most certainly not going to be scrutinised for missing the mark. Its way easier to say, “hey, no thats not bad enough” than the opposite.Challenge AssumptionsTake a

25、step back from the challenge youre tacklingAsk some important questions about the assumptions you have about the product, service, or situation where youre trying to innovate.Are the characteristics we take for granted about these things really crucial aspects, or are they just so because weve all b

26、ecome accustomed to them?MindmapThe participants write a problem statement or key phrase in the middle of the page. Then, they write solutions and ideas that comes to their mind on the very same page. Participants connect their solutions and ideas by curves or linesSketch or Sketchstormexpress ideas

27、 and potential solutions in the form of diagrams and rough sketches instead of merely in words. Visuals have a way of provoking further ideas and providing a wider lens of thinking. The sketches should be as simple and rough as possible with just enough detail to convey meaning. Sketches will help y

28、ou invent and explore concepts by being able to record ideas quickly. Sketches will make it easier for you to discuss, critique, and share your ideas with others.StoryboardDevelop a visual story relating to the problem, design, or solution which you want to explain or explore. Use it after having em

29、pathised with people in order to better understand their lives. Create scenarios consisting of pictures and quotes from users. Develop a coherent storyline with actors and a plot. SCAMPERSCAMPER that utilizes action verbs as stimuli. It helps us ask seven kinds of questions to come up with ideas eit

30、her for improvements of existing products or for making a new product.S SubstituteC CombineA AdaptM ModifyP Put to another useE EliminateR ReverseHow SCAMPER could be appliedSix Thinking HatsIt involves dividing ideas into six directions of thought:White hat: Data, facts, and informationRed hat: Emo

31、tionsGreen hat: IdeasYellow hat: PositivesBlack hat: Negatives or critical judgmentBlue hat: Control and overviewCreative PauseAn important step in any ideation process We become anchored to an early idea or stream of thought, or get caught up in negative thoughts surrounding the process. A creative

32、 pause gives us time to take a step back, reflect, extract ourselves from the traps weve cognitively set for ourselves, and re-approach the challenge with renewed freshness of the mind. We want proactive thinking to lead the way not reactive thinking, which often has a negative orientated spin to it

33、.Prioritization If you are not prioritizing, you will be doing tasks that are actually not that important. Therefore, not getting the results you wanted.Dot VotingParticipants are each given a set number of dot stickers.They place dot stickers next to options presented that they like.Options with th

34、e most dots “win”.The Eisenhower MatrixThe Eisenhower matrix expedites time management when used daily.You list all the tasks for your day in one or another of the boxes. As you list them in the box, do so by priority. When finished, address the Urgent/Important Tasks immediately and dismiss the Not

35、 Urgent/Not Important tasks.Straight VotingOptionVoteTotalOption 1X X X3Option 2X X X X X5Option 3X1Option 4X1Total votes10Example of Straight Votingwith 10 ParticipantsExample of a Prioritization Matrix with Three Options and Four CriteriaCriteriaMaximum PointsOption 1Option 2Option 3Client accepta

36、bility50253550Feasibility35302028Low cost1551512Overall rating100607080EvaluationEvaluationAttitudesurveyInterviewObservation GridChecklistFocus GroupLearning LogDiaryCritical Incident ReviewStoryRecordingDocument AnalysisSchool DataSurveya survey is a method of gathering information from a sample o

37、f people, traditionally with the intention of generalizing the results to a larger populationClosed Questions (rating scale, Yes/No)Open QuestionsTypes of Likert-ScaleInterviewStructured Interview (predetermined, closed-ended questions)Unstructured Interview (open-ended questions and some might be a

38、dded or missed as the interview progressesGroup Interview (Focus Group) Observation GridSince it is impossible to notice everything that happens in a lesson, observation grids helps us focus on specific aspects and map it against time ( every 5 0r 10 minutes) or observe a particular aspect as a whol

39、e (e.g. degreeofconcentrationv.distractionatanyonetime)ChecklistAchecklistisalistofthingstoobserveorrememberordo.Itisnormallyusedaspartofan observationalthoughitcanactasan aidememoiretoencouragefocustoo.Focus GroupFocus group are a form of group facilitated interview where a small number of learners

40、 or teachers are brought together for a short period of time to discuss a particular issue(s).A focus group typically consists of a small number of participants, usually around six to 12,Learning LogAsimplewayofrecordingandreflectingonexperienceswhichcanbeusefulforboth learnersandteachers.Reflection

41、saboutwhathasbeenlearnedandhowthepersonthinkstheycandobetternexttime.The log can be structured.Document AnalysisIt involves the collection & systematic analysis of documents related to a particular are of interest such as:Public Records, such as transcripts, reports, manuals, handbooks Personal Documents, such as date-books, messages, scrapbooks, online journals, Facebo