大學(xué)英語四級寫作講座2013

1、大學(xué)英語四級考試寫作策略與方法CET4 Writing StrategyOutline總 述真題回顧應(yīng) 用 文議 論 文高分策略總述一、 考試流程二、 復(fù)習(xí)方法三、 大綱解讀NEXT考試流程1. 試卷構(gòu)成及各部分分值 (滿分710) 寫作 （30分鐘） 15 106.5 快速閱讀 （15分鐘） 10 71 聽力 （35分鐘） 35 248.5 深度閱讀 （25分鐘） 25 177.5 完型填空或改錯（15分鐘） 10 71 翻譯 （5分鐘） 5 35.5寫作部分的重要性Well begun is half done.短期內(nèi)最容易提高最能體現(xiàn)個人思維方式、觀點看法、素質(zhì)、修養(yǎng)等最方便實現(xiàn)也最令人

2、放松的交流方式考試流程2. 考試時間：09:00 考試開始 11:20考試結(jié)束09:00-09:10 發(fā)答題卡1 答題卡1為寫作和快速閱讀部分，正、反兩面均有寫作區(qū)域，反面最下方為快速閱讀答題區(qū)域09:10-09:40 寫作考試流程3. 時間分配：審題 （3分鐘）確定體裁，粗?jǐn)M提綱寫作 （20分鐘）檢查 （2分鐘） 時態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(主要) 過去時(圖表)檢查內(nèi)容：拼寫、標(biāo)點、語法 將來時(展望未來) 冠詞 主謂一致 名詞復(fù)數(shù)BACK大綱解讀 1. 大綱要求 教育部（2006修訂版）明確規(guī)定寫作部分要求考生達(dá)到大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性寫作任務(wù)，能描述個人經(jīng)歷、觀感、情

3、感和發(fā)生的事件等，能寫常見的應(yīng)用文，能就一般性話題或提綱在半小時內(nèi)寫出至少120詞的短文，內(nèi)容基本完整，用詞恰當(dāng)，語意連貫。能掌握基本的寫作技能?！?大綱解讀2. 評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 短文寫作要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)根據(jù)提綱寫出一篇120詞以上的短文，本部分的得分占總分的15%，采用總體評分法（Global Scoring），從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面對作文進行綜合評判。滿分為15分，共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分（注：四級作文在試卷總分中占15%，改卷時按照作文總分15分來評改，然后經(jīng)過處理轉(zhuǎn)化為710分中的作文分?jǐn)?shù)）。各個分?jǐn)?shù)檔的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：評分依據(jù)（1. 主題、2. 表達(dá)、3. 文字、4. 語言）

4、14分切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性較好?；旧蠠o語言錯誤，僅有個別拼寫錯誤。 11分切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，但有少量語言錯誤。 8分基本切題，有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強連貫；語言錯誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯誤。 5分基本切題，表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重錯誤。 2分條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯誤。0分白卷；文不對題，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達(dá)思想。 備注：閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對照樣卷評分，若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)（如8分）相似，即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)（即8分）；若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該檔次，則可加分（即9分）或減1分（即7分），但不得加或

5、減半分。 字?jǐn)?shù)不足按下表所示酌情扣分： 累計字?jǐn)?shù)119-110109-10099-9089-8079-7049扣分123459大綱解讀3. 黃金原則： 卷面工整、整潔、清晰 印象原則 分段+字?jǐn)?shù) 語言：基本正確，豐富多變 語言+ 結(jié)構(gòu)：邏輯性 結(jié)構(gòu)+ 總分總/總分 內(nèi)容 關(guān)聯(lián)詞3-5個，同義替換詞匯句型 原則 代詞替換 內(nèi)容：不跑題BACK真題回顧一、歷年真題二、命題思路真題回顧-2001.6A letter to a Schoolmate 應(yīng)用文書信Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of

6、 yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. 1. 表示歡迎 2. 提出對度假安排的建議 3. 提醒應(yīng)注意的事項真題回顧-2002.1ALettertotheUniversityPresident 應(yīng)用文書信假設(shè)你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況(CanteenService)給校長寫一封信，內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表揚，可以是批評建議，也可以兼有而有之。 真題回顧-2002.6StudentUseofComputers 圖表型議論文真題回顧-2004.1A Letter in Reply

7、to a Friend應(yīng)用文書信Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friends inquiry about applying for admission to your college or university. 1建議報考的專業(yè)及理由2報考該專業(yè)的基本條件3應(yīng)當(dāng)如何備考真題回顧-2005.1A Campaign Speech 應(yīng)用文致辭1. 你認(rèn)為自己具備是什么條件(能力，性格，愛好)可以勝任學(xué)生會主席工作， 2. 如果當(dāng)選你將會為本校同學(xué)做什么？真題

8、回顧-2005.6Teachers Day 記敘文1.向老師表達(dá)節(jié)日祝賀2.從一件小事來回憶老師的教誨和無私的奉獻(xiàn)3.我如何回報老師的關(guān)愛真題回顧-2005.12Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 議論文1.名校校園正成為旅游新熱點2.校園是否應(yīng)對游客開放，人們看法不同3.我認(rèn)為真題回顧-2006.06Volunteers Needed應(yīng)用文告示1. 校學(xué)生會將組織一次暑期志愿者活動，現(xiàn)招募志愿者。 2.本次志愿者活動的目的，內(nèi)容、安排等。 3.報名條件及聯(lián)系方式。 真題回顧-2006.06On Students Selectin

9、g Lecturers 議論文1、有些大學(xué)允許學(xué)生自由選擇某些課程的任課老師。2、學(xué)生選擇老師時所考慮的主要因素是3、學(xué)生自選任課老師的益處及可能產(chǎn)生的問題。真題回顧-2006.12Spring Festival Gala on TV 議論文1、許多人喜歡看cctv 春節(jié)晚會；2、但有的人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該取消； 3、你的看法真題回顧-2007.06 Welcome to Our Club 應(yīng)用文告示 1、 本社團的主要活動內(nèi)容2、 參加本社團的好處3、 如何加入本社團真題回顧-2007.12What Electives to Choose 議論文1、各大學(xué)開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課2、學(xué)生因為各種原因選擇

10、了不同的選修課3、以你自己為例真題回顧-2008.06Recreational Activities 議論文1.娛樂活動多種多樣2.娛樂活動可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性3.作為大學(xué)生，我的看法。真題回顧-2008.12Limiting The Use of Disposable Plastic Bags 議論文1.一次性塑料袋曾廣泛使用2.由此帶來的問題3.限制使用一次性塑料袋的意義真題回顧-2009.06Free Admission to Museums? 議論文1. 越來越多的博物館免費對外開放,目的是2. 有人認(rèn)為這樣做會帶來一些問題3. 在我看來真題回顧-2009.12Create

11、a Green Campus 議論文1.建設(shè)綠色校園十分重要2.綠色校園不僅指綠色環(huán)境3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園我們應(yīng)該真題回顧-2010.06Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling 議論文1. 如今不少學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中不重視拼寫2. 出現(xiàn)這種現(xiàn)象的原因是3. 為了改變這種狀況，我認(rèn)為真題回顧-2010.12How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? 議論文1. 目前不少父母為孩子包辦一切2. 為了讓孩子獨立, 父母應(yīng)該真題回顧-2011.6真題Directions: For this part,

12、 you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時尚 2. 網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題 3. 我的建議 真題回顧-2011.12For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succe

13、eds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. Ive done it hundreds of times. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 議論文BACK命題趨勢序號內(nèi)容1實用性增強從體裁上看，議論文、應(yīng)用文寫作占絕大多數(shù)，記敘文偶爾也會涉及。到目前為止，雖然議論文占絕對優(yōu)勢，但近年來應(yīng)用文仍不可小覷，書信、歡迎詞、

14、祝賀詞、競選演說等頻頻出現(xiàn)，集中體現(xiàn)了大綱對實際運用語言能力的要求。 2主要考核三大主題從內(nèi)容上看，所考題型都與考生熟悉的生活事件與現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。就話題而言，四級作文主要有三類：社會熱門話題、校園生活話題和日常生活話題，如告示、英語拼寫、親子關(guān)系、求職面試、大學(xué)專業(yè)的選擇等等，因此，平時應(yīng)盡量偏向這幾方面的主題進行練習(xí)。 3注重綜合能力的考核四級作文從傾向于單純考查某一文體，逐漸過渡到幾種文體的結(jié)合。如：2004年6月的A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction是一篇解說詞，屬應(yīng)用文，但同時要求說明和描寫。這說明作文命題越來越靈活。 命題范圍 1. 學(xué)

15、習(xí)與校園生活(常見) 2. 社會熱點(常見) 3. 常識、格言(類似2011.12) 考試的作文內(nèi)容為社會、文化或日常生活的一般常識，不涉及知識面過廣、專業(yè)性太強的內(nèi)容。命題形式 1. 提綱式作文 (最普遍) 2. 段首句作文 3. 情景式作文 4. 圖表式作文應(yīng)用文 一、書信作文 二、口頭作文(致辭) 三、告示 附、個人簡歷NEXT書信作文1. 真題： 2001.6(schoolmate)， 2002.1 (president of the university) ， 2004.1 (reply to a friend)2. 結(jié)構(gòu)： 私人書信：Dear , (1) 稱呼 公務(wù)書信：Dear

16、sir or madam, (2) 正文 (3) 落款 Yours sincerely, Li Ming書信作文 自我介紹(私人書信除外) I am a freshman/ sophomore/ junior/ senior/ undergraduate/ graduate from第一段 the Department of of University. 寫作目的(中心)(2句) 1. I am writing the letter for the purpose of 或 2. I am writing the letter to inform you that I wish to書信作文建

17、議信常用詞匯： give/ offer/ propose, useful/ practical/ conductive, suggestions/ proposals/ recommendations投訴信常用詞匯： express/ convey, dissatisfaction/ disappointment/ concern, regarding/ concerning/ as regard第二段：通常6句，展開提綱(關(guān)聯(lián)詞、從句)書信作文第三段：2句 表示感謝(私人建議信除外) 1. My appreciation to you for your generous help is be

18、yond words. 或 2. I take this opportunity to show/ extend my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you render/ offer/ give me. 期待回信 1. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. 2. I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.范文1求學(xué)求職類 Directions: You are a student wit

19、h the wish of studying abroad. Write a letter to the university you dream of and ask for admission. 1) 個人介紹 2) 具備的優(yōu)勢 3) 期待回復(fù)Dear Sir or Madam, I am a senior from the Department of Business Administration. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution / y

20、our recently advertised position for a staff member. I am sure that I am qualified for it. First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience. Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate fo

21、r it, (but) my cheerful personality is also well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies include sports and music. Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you render me. Your prompt and favorable attention to my inq

22、uiry would be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely, Li Ming范文2投訴信 Directions: You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college.1)要求

23、下學(xué)期換一個新房間 (段一：寫作目的) 2)解釋原因 (段二：投訴原因) 3)要求單間 (段三：建議措施)Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to express my deep concern regarding accommodation. I would prefer to move into a single room next semester, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfacti

24、on is my roommates inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. In these circumstances, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind in my assignments. I am sure you will agree that the onl

25、y solution is for me to move into a room of my own. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible. Yours sincerely, Li Ming范文3邀請信Directions: The Dean of the English Department knows that Prof.

26、Robin is a famous scholar in British literature. As his assistant, you are asked to write a formal letter to Prof. Robin, inviting him for a short-term visit and to give a lecture.1. 表達(dá)邀請2. 提出講座的時間、地點、內(nèi)容3. 期待回音Dear Prof. Robin, I am the dean of English Department of Beijing University. I am writing

27、on behalf of the English Department to invite you to give a lecture in our university. We know that you are an outstanding expert on British literature. We would be very grateful if you could give a lecture on “Contemporary British Literature” to the English Department on Sunday, April 8. If this su

28、bject does not suit you, any other similar topic would be welcome as well. If it is convenient for you, would you please drop me a line to let me know whether you can come or not? We could be looking forward to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom. Sincerely yours, Li Ming Dean

29、 of the English DepartmentBACK口頭作文(致辭)1.真題：04年6月 導(dǎo)游詞 05年1月 競選演講2.格式稱呼正文：開場白(歡迎詞+自我介紹) 主要內(nèi)容 結(jié)束語(祝福)范文：開幕詞 Directions: Suppose you are the president of Apple (China) Inc., you are invited to deliver a welcome speech on the conference of International Trade Cooperation 1) 歡迎到場嘉賓 2) 介紹會議 3) 期待合作 Speech

30、Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen,Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Apple (China) Inc.The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all

31、of you and declare open the Conference of International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of our company, I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates. Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive. I wish all of you enjoy yourselves during this

32、 conference and hope the above information will help you. If you have any questions for me, please feel free to ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.BACK告示(poster, notice, announcement, bulletin)1. 真題： 2006年6月 招募啟事 2007年6月 納新啟事2. 格式： 標(biāo)題 日期(標(biāo)題右下方) 正文(展開提綱) 活動目的、主辦方、活動內(nèi)容、時間及地點 落款 范文：比賽通告 Dire

33、ctions: The Students Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:1) the purpose of the contest,2) time and place of the contest,3) what is required of the candidates,4) details of the judges and awards. Do not sign you

34、r own name at the end of the announcement. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature. Chinese-Speaking Contest June 10, 2007 To improve students ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students Union of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chine

35、se-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (17 June) at the Students Recreational Center. Those who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitors of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given

36、 awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest. The Students Union Department of Chinese Language and LiteratureBACK個人簡歷RESUMELi Ming (姓名)P. O. Box 237, Beijing University (郵箱)5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871 (地址)Tel: 62768888 Email: L (電子郵箱)Career Objective: A position

37、 with management potential in (職業(yè)目標(biāo)) the banking business specializing in international corporate financingEducational Background: (教育背景：只寫最高學(xué)歷) Sept 2003 to Beijing University July 2007 Major in International Business Management Main courses include English, Computer, Business Management, Accountin

38、g, International Commercial LawWork Experience: (工作經(jīng)歷) July 2006 to Bank of China June 2007 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of Marketing Draft business correspondence Schedule deputy managers appointmentsQualifications: University graduation certificate and (資歷) bachelor degree to be conferr

39、ed upon graduation (2007) College English Test Band 4 June 2005Honors & Awards: Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing (榮譽獎項) University 2005& 2006Special Skills: Familiarity with Microsoft Word, Excel (技能) Ability to work independently Outstanding Organizational skillsPersonal Data: Date of Birth: 9/

40、17/1984 (個人信息) Gender: Female Marital Status: UnmarriedBACKExerciseDirections: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled An Opening Speech. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:假設(shè)你的學(xué)校要召開運動會，你作為學(xué)生會的發(fā)言人在開幕式上發(fā)言，請寫一份開幕詞，包括以下內(nèi)容：1.表明自己的身份和發(fā)言

41、的主要內(nèi)容2.對到場的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和老師給予的支持表示感謝，并闡述體育運動的益處3.預(yù)祝此次運動會圓滿成功An Opening Speech For Sports Meeting Ladies and Gentlemen, Good morning! I am Snoopy, the spokesman of the Students Union. On behalf of the Students Union, the main organizer of todays sports meeting, I welcome you all to the beautiful stadium. After

42、two months preparation, our annual sports meeting is held on schedule. Thanks to the support and help from our school leaders and teachers. Though they have many school responsibilities, they have taken time off to take part in our sports activities. Lets give them a big hand. Through sports, we can

43、 not only develop our physical prowess, but also promote social and emotional skills, and even intellectual skills, which will matter in our future lives considerably. So hope everybody here cherish this opportunity and enjoy it. At last, best wishes for the success of the sports meeting and best wi

44、shes for the good results of our athletes. It is my pleasure to announce the open of the sports meeting. Thank you and good luck!議論文一、真題分析二、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)Exercise一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句和結(jié)尾句所構(gòu)成，它的具體結(jié)構(gòu)可以用以下的圖表加以表示：二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)議論文寫作的三段論模式大學(xué)英語議論文寫作通常采用三段論模式，即：開頭段(introduction)主體段(body paragraph)結(jié)尾段(conc

45、lusion)(一)開頭段開頭段概論常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法開頭段的常用核心句型開頭段概論 對于大學(xué)英語四級的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達(dá)的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個意義清晰、明確的開頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個精彩、新穎的開頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法使用引語（use a quotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) （use figures or statistics）提出問題（ask a question）給出具體實例或報道（offer relevant

46、 examples or reports）定義法（give definition）主題句法（use of topic sentence）常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法 使用引語（use a quotation） 使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如： “Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance n

47、ow. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success. 分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機會”對于成功的重要性，點明主題。 常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù) （use figures or statistics）當(dāng)然對于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如： As is demonstrated in the t

48、able, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002.分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，

49、很有說服力。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法提出問題（ask a question）提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。如： What do you want from your work? Money, promotions, interesting, challenges, continual learning, work-based friendships, the opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers

50、 will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法給出具體實例或報道（offer relevant examples or reports）給出具體生活實例或新聞報道如： As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public

51、in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通過引用新聞報道的一個實例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法定義法（give definition）針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進行深入探討。如： As we all know,

52、practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that這一句型，說明了practice makes perfect的含義。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法主題句

53、法（use of topic sentence）文章一開始就以主題句點明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進行發(fā)展。如： Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between

54、 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。(二)主題段主體段概述主體段段落擴充方法主體段概述 主體段的寫作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，才能把文章寫好。主體段段落擴充方法一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法（Classification）四、比較對照法

55、（Comparison and Contrast）五、因果法（Cause and Effect）列舉法（Listing）定義也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出論點，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間順序等進行。 列舉法作文例子 To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully. First, you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a

56、general idea of what the book contains. Second, you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read. Next, make notes of the major point of each chapter. Then, test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations. Finally, re

57、view your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞first, second, third, etc.; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, wha

58、t is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, last but not least. 舉例法（Exemplification）定義 作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者的觀點，且事例可多可少。 舉例法作文例子 There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, tho

59、se who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are

60、, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.舉例法中常見的過渡性詞語 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as/ such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example, etc. 分類法（Classificatio