動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

1、動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1動詞時(shí)態(tài)的概述和基本用法2主動和被動3高考易混時(shí)態(tài)一、一般體（一）一般體中的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)分別表示現(xiàn)在、過去的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作和狀態(tài)。 所謂一般體，表示既不“進(jìn)行”，又不“完成”。We have meals three times a day. 我們一日吃三餐。(現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣）He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于助人(現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)）When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.我小時(shí)候，常去那個(gè)公園玩。(過去的習(xí)慣）（二）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The sun

2、 rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。(三) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用在“主將從現(xiàn)”的結(jié)構(gòu)中。主句往往表將來，出現(xiàn)will/shall/can/must/,或主句是祈使句。條件狀語從句：if， unless, even if 時(shí)間狀語從句：when, before, until(till) ，as soon as , the moment ,once讓步狀語從句：no matter what/ who/ which/ when/ where / how whatever whoever whichever whenever wherever however I will go with y

3、ou as soon as I finish my work.Whatever you say, I will not change my mind.（四）語境中的一般過去時(shí)，往往表示“剛才，在過去”之意，按時(shí)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再這樣。Come on in, I want to show you something. Oh, how nice of you! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.- Your phone number again? I didnt quite catch it.(五) 一般將來時(shí)的用法 1 現(xiàn)在看以后要發(fā)生

4、的動作或存在的狀態(tài)；事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢。Tom will come back next week.Fish will die without water.2 be going to +動詞原形 多用在口語中， 表示“計(jì)劃，打算要做某事”。 此外， be going to 還可以根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的跡象，對未來進(jìn)行推測（天氣）He is going to speak on TV this evening.Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.3 be about to+動詞原形 表示“立即的將來（immediate future)”, 因此，該句型

5、很少與表示將來的具體時(shí)間狀語連用， 但可以和when 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句連用。The train is about to start.4 有些動詞如come ,go , stay, arrive, leave, begin, start 等，其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)亦可表示按計(jì)劃，安排將來要發(fā)生的動作和狀態(tài)。He comes here tonight. I arrive in Beijing at 3:00 p.m. tomorrow.What are you going to do next week?5 be to +動詞原形 （1）表示按計(jì)劃 安排要做的事。When are you to l

6、eave for home?She is to be married next month.The Queen is to visit Japan in a weeks time.Was/were to do sth 表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事或命中注定要發(fā)生的事I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.Was/were to have done sth 表明未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)

7、劃 （過去想做卻沒有做）We were to have told you, but you were not in.我們本來想告訴你的，但是你不在家。 （2） 表示應(yīng)該， 相當(dāng)于should , ought toYou were to report to the police. 你應(yīng)該報(bào)警What is to be done? 應(yīng)該怎么辦呢？（3）表示想 打算 intend wantIf we were to there before ten, well have to go now.(4)用于第一人稱疑問句，表示征求對方意見。Am I to go on with the work? 要我繼續(xù)

8、完成這項(xiàng)工作嗎？What are we to do next? 我們下一步該怎么辦？（5） 用于否定句，表示禁止，相當(dāng)于mustnt.The books in the room are not to be taken outside.You are not to smoke in the reading room. (6) 表示可以 可能 ， may can The news is to be found in the evening paper.這條消息可以在晚報(bào)上看到。Such people are to be found everywhere,這種人到處都有。（7）were to do

9、sth 用于if 或even if ,even though 從句中，表示對未來情況的虛擬，即與事實(shí)相反或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性很小。If I were to tell you that I admired him, would you believe me?Even if the sun were to rise in the west, I would never do such a thing.（8）sb be to blame 該受責(zé)備，對某件壞事應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任，用不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。 Which driver is to blame for the accident? 二 進(jìn)行體 （一）一

10、個(gè)長動作作為背景，被一個(gè)短動作打斷，長動作往往用進(jìn)行體，短動作用一般體。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.The reporter said that the UFO was travelling from east to west when he saw it (二) 表示動作的未完性和暫時(shí)性Have you

11、moved into the new house?Not yet. The rooms are being painted(未完性)I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.（暫時(shí)性） （三）表示計(jì)劃，安排要做的事。Ive won a holiday foe two days to Florida. I am taking my mom. (四)表示現(xiàn)在或當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)展中的或正在進(jìn)行的情況。I first met Lily 3 years ago. She was working at

12、 a clothes shop at the time.Is this coat yours?No, mine is hanging there behind the door.三 完成體（一）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1. 一個(gè)動作開始于過去，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（也許還將持續(xù)下去）。表示從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的一段時(shí)間的狀語有：lately , recently, in the last/past few days/years, since then, up to now, so far 等。In the past few years, great changes have taken place in m

13、y hometown.He has been busy writing a book recently.He has written 8 books so far.2. 一件發(fā)生在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，注意這時(shí)說話者說話的重心在過去的事情對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響。常用的狀語有：already, just(剛剛), yet, never, before等。He has turned off the light. (= The light is off now)他關(guān)掉燈了。The concert has started. (=The concert is on now)音樂會開始了。I have a

14、lready seen the film. (= I know the film now)我看過那部電影了。3.This /It is the first /second.time + that 從句 that 從句的時(shí)態(tài)要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)This is the first time that I have come here. 4. 在條件，時(shí)間，讓步狀語從句中，表示將來某時(shí)間以前已完成的動作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.除非我親眼看到，否則我不會相信你的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)“看完”）I will go with

15、 you as soon as I have finished my work.我干完了工作就和你一起去。（強(qiáng)點(diǎn)“干完”）5 瞬間動詞又叫非延續(xù)性動詞、終止性動詞。瞬間動詞可以用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，但不可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，若要接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語，需要做一些相應(yīng)的變換。瞬間動詞的否定式可以接表示一段時(shí)間的狀語。He has lived in Beijing since last year.He has served in the army for 3 years.He joined the army 3 years ago.He has been a soldier for 3 years.It

16、 is three years sine he joined the army.He has joined the army.RightHe has come to Beijing since last year.He has joined the army for 3 years. Wrong常見的瞬間動詞有：come / go / get in / reach/ arrive in/ arrive at/ leave/ buy / sell/open/close/get up/ join/take part in/ begin/start/return/give/borrow/lend/b

17、ecome/bring/take/die/finish/receive/hear from/lose/jump等(二）過去完成時(shí)1 一件事情發(fā)生在過去的過去，就用過去完成時(shí)。She had learned some English before she came to the college.He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.2 表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始， 一直延續(xù)到過去的另一時(shí)間的動作，常用的時(shí)間狀語有：by then, by that time, until, by the end of, before 2000,by the time+

18、句子等。By then he had learned English for years.到那時(shí)， 他已學(xué)了三年英語了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那時(shí)為止，他對此仍一無所知。 3 hardly.whenNo sooner. than.When 和than 從句里用一般過去時(shí)， 主句用過去完成時(shí)， 表示“剛剛.就”NO sooner had I got home than the rain poured down.Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.4 It was

19、/had been +一段時(shí)間+since 從句 Since 從句的謂語動詞用過去完成時(shí)。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我們10年沒這么高興了。5 that/It/This was the first /second.time +that 從句 , that 從句的謂語要用過去完成時(shí)It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.That was the first time that I had passed the exam.6表示愿望、打算一類

20、的詞，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think 等， 其過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或意圖。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.(三)將來完成時(shí)表示到將來某一時(shí)間，某一動作將會完成，常用的時(shí)間狀語為by+將來的某個(gè)時(shí)間。By the end of next year, all of you will have become college students.四、完

21、成進(jìn)行體He has been learning English for 6 years.(從過去某一時(shí)間開始學(xué)英語，強(qiáng)調(diào)道現(xiàn)在還在學(xué)）It has been raining for 3 days.(強(qiáng)調(diào)說話者抱怨的感情色彩）易混時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法區(qū)別He served in the army from 1952 to 1954.這是過去的一件事He has served in the army for 5 years.現(xiàn)在他仍在軍中服役,他仍然是軍人He wrote many plays when he was at college.寫劇本是他過去做的事He has writt

22、en many plays.這意味著他是劇作家I saw Hero last year.看英雄的時(shí)間是去年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。I have seen Hero before.以前看過， 強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在知道這部電影的內(nèi)容。主動和被動一、 被動語態(tài)1、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成體 時(shí)現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/am/are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/should be done進(jìn)行is/am/are being donewas/were being donewill/shall be being donewould/should be being done完成ha

23、ve/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been done完成進(jìn)行bave/has been being donehad been being donewill/shall have been being donewould/should bave been being done(1)His wallet got stolen on the bus to the office. (2) Street lights are often turned on at six in winter. (

24、3) This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.(4) The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.(5)The boss made them work ten hours a day.They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.(6) Paper is known to have been first made in China.It

25、 is known that paper was first made in China. (7)These books are going to be posted (post) tomorrow.(8) We havent been invited to the party.(9)The problem is being discussed by the students.(10)Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.(11)These novels wont sell well.(12)The house requires cleanin

26、g (clean) at once. (13)The girl isnt easy to get along with.(14)He is seated on a bench.He seats (seat) himself on a bench.(15)He was hidden behind the door. He hid himself behind the door.(16)The book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被動語態(tài))The book is well sold. (系表結(jié)構(gòu))構(gòu)成：助動詞be/get及物動詞的過去分詞。用法：(1)動作

27、的執(zhí)行者不知道是誰或難以說明時(shí)常用被動語態(tài)，如：(2)。(2) 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí)，用被動語態(tài)，如：(3)?！咀⒁狻?1) 帶雙賓語動詞的被動語態(tài)，若將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)中的主語，直接賓語則保留不變；若將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)中的主語，間接賓語前則需加介詞to 或for，如：(4)。(2) 動詞make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等接動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，動詞不定式不帶to；但他們變成被動語態(tài)時(shí)后面的不定式都須加上to，如：(5)。(3) 當(dāng)句子的謂語為say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consi

28、der, report, suggest, think等時(shí)，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式： 謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。 用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面，用主語從句來表示，如：(6)。被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)：(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 系動詞am/is/are 動詞的過去分詞，如：(2)、(3)。(2) 一般過去時(shí)系動詞was/were 動詞的過去分詞，如：(4)。(3) 一般將來時(shí) will 或be going to be 動詞的過去分詞，如：(7)。(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 助動詞have/has been 動詞的過去分詞，如：(8)。(5) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) be being 動詞的過去分詞，如：(9)。(6)

29、帶有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài) 情態(tài)動詞 be 動詞的過去分詞，如：(10)?！咀⒁狻?.主動形式表被動意義(1) cut, read, sell, wear, write, cook, lock, wash等表示主語性質(zhì)功用的動詞接狀語修飾語時(shí)，如：(11)。(2) want / require / need doing中的doing(也可用to be done)用主動形式表被動意義，如：(12)。(3) 在“be 形容詞 to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語時(shí)，用主動形式表被動，如：(13)。(4)系動詞feel, look, smell, taste, sound等。(5) 表示“開始、發(fā)生、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等動詞。(6) 在be worth doing中，doing用主動形