Lecture05日常會(huì)話與文化差異看思維模式課件

1、Lecture 5Cultural Differences in Everyday Conversation and the Modes of Thinking 日常會(huì)話中的文化差異與思維模式第1頁，共54頁。Greetings and FarewellsHave you eaten yet? or Have you had your lunch?Where are yon going? or Where have you been? Im pleased to meet you. Its nice meeting you or Its nice to have met you第2頁，共54頁

2、。Greetings and Farewells請(qǐng)留步。慢走，走好，慢點(diǎn)兒騎。 Stay here would sound strange; Go slowly, Walk slowly or Ride slowly第3頁，共54頁。B. Ways of AddressIn recent years, the trend of many English-speaking people has been to address others by using the first name第4頁，共54頁。B. Ways of Address Tom, Michael, Linda, Jane, e

3、tc.-rather than calling the person Mr. Summers, Mrs. Howard or Miss Jones. 第5頁，共54頁。B. Ways of Address The main exceptions ones parents (Dad, ,Mom, Mum or Mother),ones grandparents (Grandpa, Grandma)an older relative (Aunt Mary or Uncle Jim). Notice that the given name, and not the family name, is u

4、sed. 第6頁，共54頁。B. Ways of Address English Brother Joseph or Sister Mary would commonly be understood as referring to persons belonging to a Catholic group or some religious or professional society.第7頁，共54頁。kinship termsproblems The statement Lindas brother married Michaels sister is not easy to rende

5、r into Chinese without further information about whether the brother is older or younger than Linda and whether the sister is Michaels elder or younger sister.第8頁，共54頁。Chinese term，English term，English explanation if needed祖父（母）Grandfather，GrandmotherPaternal grandfather外祖父（母）Maternal grandfather第9頁

6、，共54頁。父Father母Mother兄，弟BrotherElder brother, younger (kid) brother姐，妹SisterElder sister, younger (kid) sister第10頁，共54頁。伯父unclePaternal uncleFathers elder brother叔父Fathers younger brother姑父Husband of fathers sister舅父Maternal uncleMothers brother第11頁，共54頁。姨夫Husband of mothers sister姐夫Brother-in-lawHus

7、band of elder sister妹夫Husband of younger sister第12頁，共54頁。In Chinesethere are many more terms to designate specific relationships. 第13頁，共54頁。It should be mentioned that in English Brother Joseph or Sister Mary would commonly be understood as referring to persons belonging to a Catholic group or some

8、religious or professional society.第14頁，共54頁。In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always, to use simply 公 or 母 to show whether a creature is male or female. In English, more specific terms are often used, including terms for the young.第15頁，共54頁。Name Generic te

9、rm / for male / for female / for youngchicken cock/ rooster, hen, chickduck, drake, duck ducklinggoose, gander goose, goslinghorse stallion mare foal(cattle) (cow) bull cow calfpig boar sow shoatdog dog bitch puppysheep ram ewe lambdeer stag doe fawn第16頁，共54頁。Name bull or cow and cock or hen are fre

10、quently used to distinguish sex; 第17頁，共54頁。e.g., bull seal,(公海豹) cow seal, bull elephant, cow elephant; cock pheasant（公野雞） hen pheasant, cock sparrow, hen sparrow. 第18頁，共54頁。Also,using the terms male or female, or sometimes she with the generic name, is acceptable, as in male leopard (公豹), female pa

11、nda, she wolf. 第19頁，共54頁。Another common Chinese form of address the use of a persons title, office, or occupation, 黃局長，林經(jīng)理，李校長.Bureau Director Smith, Manager Jackson, Principal Morris. 第20頁，共54頁。In Englishonly a few occupations or titles would be used:Doctor _President _Judge _Mayor _Governor _Profe

12、ssor _第21頁，共54頁。在 job, title 前，用 Mr.Mr. President Mr. Governor Mr. Senator Mr. Mayor 第22頁，共54頁。吳老師 Teacher Wu ? Mr. WuHow to address a teacher has long been a problem. Teacher or Teacher Zhang? Comrade or Comrade Li? Mr Yang, Mrs Zhang, Miss Wu? In the sense of a teacher, Chinese has many more synon

13、yms: 教師，老師，教員，導(dǎo)師，師長，先生 第23頁，共54頁。Other difficult terms 警察叔叔，解放軍叔叔. Uncle policeman for 警察叔叔 P.L.A.Uncle for 解放軍叔叔 -“sir”, “officer” 第24頁，共54頁。Other difficult terms同志, 師傅. to attract the persons attention.Excuse me,Pardon me,I say there. Expressions like Hey, or Hey, you or You, there are not conside

14、red polite. 第25頁，共54頁。C. Compliments and praise Americans tend to accept the compliment while Chinese generally murmur some reply about not being worthy of the praise.第26頁，共54頁。Compliments and praise“fishing for a compliment,”故作謙虛，以博得贊揚(yáng) 第27頁，共54頁。D. Miscellaneous Social Amenities 其它社交禮節(jié)謝謝，對(duì)不起，請(qǐng) Than

15、k you, Im sorry, Excuse me. On the whole, they are quite similar and present no problem. However, even among these there are certain differences.第28頁，共54頁。其它社交禮節(jié)Thank you, and Please - Both of these are used more widely than the Chinese 謝謝，請(qǐng). 第29頁，共54頁。On the other hand, the Chinese attitude - the a

16、ppreciation is understood and need not be expressed 中國人相信對(duì)方知道自己的感激之情，不必多言which is sometimes taken for rudeness or lack of consideration by Westerners. 不說這些客氣話有些失禮，對(duì)別人不夠尊重。第30頁，共54頁。Replies to Thank you are similar. The most common are Not at all, Dont mention it, Youre welcome, 沒什么，不用謝。這是我應(yīng)該做的 - Its

17、 my duty Im glad to be of help. Its a pleasure. 我很樂意（為您效勞）第31頁，共54頁。The Chinese term 請(qǐng) The Chinese term 請(qǐng) usually regarded as equivalent to Please. When offering of urging another person to be first in going through a door or getting in a car, the expression is generally After you (not You go first,

18、 as some people not well-acquainted with English are apt to say). 第32頁，共54頁。請(qǐng)At the meal table, Help yourself is customary when urging someone to start eating, or to take more of the food.第33頁，共54頁。Excuse me - 勞駕 when asking a favor or requesting a person do something;借光，請(qǐng)讓一讓 when asking a person to

19、 step aside or make room; 請(qǐng)問 when asking for information or making a query. 第34頁，共54頁。The Chinese 辛苦了 a good warm expression showing concern. Or it may be used in recognition of the fact that a person has put in considerable effort or gone through some hardship to achieve something. 第35頁，共54頁。辛苦了You

20、ve had a hard time or Youve gone through a lot of hardships is hardly enough; in some circumstances is might even give the wrong impression. 第36頁，共54頁。辛苦了If used as a greeting to a person who has just completed a long trip, 辛苦了 could be expressed as You must be tired from such a long tripDid you hav

21、e a good trip? 第37頁，共54頁。辛苦了When commending people who have finished a difficult task or are still working on it, one might say Well done; That was (Youve got) a hard job. （干得不錯(cuò)，你辛苦了）None of these English expressions, however, carries as much meaning or warm feeling as the Chinese.第38頁，共54頁。Thought

22、patters As the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests, language and thoughts are closely related. The reason why people have different discourse patters is probably due to the differences in their modes of thinking.第39頁，共54頁。Thought pattersThe mode of thinking is connected with the worldview, which influen

23、ces al aspects of our perception and consequently affects our belief and value systems, as well as how we think and act. 第40頁，共54頁。Modes of thinkingWesterners tend to be dualistic (二元的) in their outlook while Chinese are inclined to believe in holism (整體論). 第41頁，共54頁。Modes of thinkingWesterners tend

24、 to dissect things into parts and analyze their relationships in order to understand them properly. Their emphasis is upon the parts rather than upon the whole of things.Chinese are likely to synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on “whole”, the systematic and synthetic perceptions of o

25、bjects. 第42頁，共54頁。Modes of thinking:Analytic thinking Synthetic thinking 第43頁，共54頁。 Analytic thinking As analytical thinking prevails in the West, people in that culture are good at classification and categorization and they pursue dichotomies (一分為二) such as good and bad, God and the devil, the indi

26、vidual and the whole. In a word, “A” or “not-A”. This may lead to the fact that they prefer making use of concepts for logical judgment and reasoning. 第44頁，共54頁。Synthetic thinking The Chinese synthetic mode of thinking has its own traits. It usually leads to the emphasis on gaining intuitive insight

27、 (直覺領(lǐng)悟) and thinking in terms of images. Precision and accuracy is not emphasized.第45頁，共54頁。Medicine Western medicine doctors examine parts of the body by detailed analysis Traditional Chinese medicine take the patient as a whole, requiring the consideration of the connections of all parts of the bo

28、dy.( patient suffering from severe headache may get some foot treatment)第46頁，共54頁。Paintings第47頁，共54頁。Differences (1)The Chinese painting is a synthesis of different art form; calligraphy, painting, poetry and stamp. In the West, painting is painting and poetry is poetry. 第48頁，共54頁。Differences (2) In

29、 Chinese painting the eye of the viewer is assumed to move across the surface of the paintingIn the Western painting there is only one focal point, one spot from which the viewer looks at the painting. 第49頁，共54頁。Differences (3)Western paintings seem to be more true to life, precision being obvious. (寫實(shí)) The Chinese painter seeks close resemblance in spirit instead of accurate likeness in appearance，conveying inside meanings（寫意）第50頁，共54頁。Western thinking analytical, statistical, rational, and circumspect, (周到的) laying more emphasis on objectivity,