美國(guó)文學(xué)整理終

1、美國(guó)文學(xué)單選（10/20）True or false（10/10）填空（15/15）根據(jù)一段作品內(nèi)容節(jié)選，寫(xiě)出該作品的作品名及作家（5/10）簡(jiǎn)答（5/25）文學(xué)評(píng)論（20）簡(jiǎn)答題：.歐文的重要地位是什么？Washington Irvingfirst American writerthe messenger sent from the new world to the old worldfather of American literature.超驗(yàn)主義American TranscendentalismBackground: four sourcesUnitarianismFatherhoo

2、d of GodBrotherhood of menLeadership of JesusSalvation by character (perfection of one s character)Continued progress of mankindDivinity of mankindDepravity of mankindRomantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is“ oversoul ”PuritanismE

3、loquent expression in transcendentalismAppearance1836,Nature by EmersonFeaturesspirit/oversoulimportance of individualismnature - symbol of spirit/God garment of the oversoulfocus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)InfluenceIt served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and b

4、rought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy wh

5、ere opportunity often be came opportunism, and the desire to“ get on obscured the moralnecessity for rising to spiritual height.It helped to create the first American renaissance one of the most prolific period inAmerican literature.精選文檔Ralph Waldo EmersonworksNatureTwo essays: The American Scholar,

6、 The Poetpoint of viewOne major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul .He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.If man depends upon himself

7、, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man .Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.aesthetic ideasHe is a c

8、omplete man, an eternal man.True poetry and true art should ennoble.The poet should express his thought in symbols.As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.Henry David ThoreauworksA Week on the Concord and Merrimack RiverWaldenA Pl

9、ea for John Brown (an essay)point of viewHe did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy in

10、fluence on man s spiri-bslingellHe has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.He was very critical of modern civilization.a Simplicity simplify!”He was sorely disgusted with “ thenundations of the dirty institutions of men s odd-fellow society ”.He has calm trust in the future

11、and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.清教主義(PuAtanism)features of PuritanismPredestination: God decided everything before things occurred.Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.Total depravityLimited atonement

12、: Only the“elect can be saved.InfluenceA group of good qualities - hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth garden of Eden.Symbolism: the American puritan s metaphorical mode of percep

13、tion was chieflyinstrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.精選文檔.歐亨利短篇小

14、說(shuō)特點(diǎn)（第二冊(cè)P53）their wit,Wordplaywarm characterizationClever twist endings, O. Henry ending.witty narration. Henry James （美國(guó)人的命運(yùn)）？ ？ ？ Aesthetic ideasThe aim of novel: represent lifeCommon, even ugly side of lifeSocial function of artAvoiding omniscient point of viewPoint of viewa. Psychological analysi

15、s, forefather of stream of consciousness b. Psychological realismc. Highly-refined languageStyle “stylist ”Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurateVocabulary: largeConstruction: complicated, intricate二、稱號(hào)性評(píng)價(jià)(John Smith)約翰史密斯美國(guó)文學(xué)史上第一個(gè)作家(Thomas Paine)托馬斯 潘恩 美國(guó)獨(dú)立之父 the father of America

16、n revolution(Philip Freneau-1752-1832)菲利普 弗倫諾一 a poet of the American Revolution ，美國(guó)詩(shī)歌之 父(Washington Irving-1783-1859) 華盛頓 歐文 美國(guó)文學(xué)之父，美國(guó)短篇小說(shuō)之父Nathaniel Hawthorne納撒尼爾 霍桑 human soul first great American writer of fiction象征主義大師Walt Whitman 沃爾特 惠特曼Father of free verse自由詩(shī)之父Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加愛(ài)倫坡偵探小說(shuō)之父爐邊詩(shī)人

17、 Fireside PoetsHenry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨禾U 沃茲沃思 朗費(fèi) the first poet to write the narrative poems Ezra Pound埃茲拉龐德詩(shī)人，美國(guó)意象派詩(shī)歌的創(chuàng)始人。Eugene ONeill 尤金奧尼爾美國(guó)戲劇之父三、1.Thomas PaineThe American Crisis.Nathaniel Hawthorne（主題）? Hawthorne showed a great interest in the problems sin and evil.? To Hawthorne evil exi

18、sted in the human heart and everyone possessed some evil secret.? Most of his works dealt with evil such as poisoning, murder, adultery, and crime.Ralph Waldo Emerson （文章各自的影響力）第一冊(cè) P139WorksNature&Self-Reliance精選文檔. Theodore Dreiser(欲望三部曲)? The Financier (1912)金融家? The Stoic (1947)巨人? The Titan (191

19、4)斯多葛. William Faulknerthemeshistory and raceHe explains the present by examining the past, by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people

20、 who were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both races.DeteriorationConflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environmentHorror, violence and the abnormalstyle/features of his workscomplex plotstream of consciousnessmultiple point of view, circular formviolation of c

21、hronologycourtroom rhetoric: formal languagecharacterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of characters“ anthero ” : weak, fable, vulnerable (true peope in modern society)Emily Dickinson( 主題)-love, nature, death, immortality; Plain, brevity, directLocal ColorAppearanceuneven development

22、 in economy in Americaculture: flourishing of frontier literature, humouristsmagazines appeared to let writer publish their worksWhat is Local Colour ”？Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very sma

23、ll part of the world.Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)Garland, Harte - the westEggleston -IndianaMrs StoweJewett MaineChopin - Louisiana.Gilded Age（暫無(wú)）.作者筆名與原名Mark Twain-Samuel Langhorne ClemensO.Henry-William Sidney PorterDiedrich Knickerbocker- Washington Irving.新英格蘭文學(xué)的影響（見(jiàn)教材第一冊(cè)P3

24、）.時(shí)代代言人Benjamin Franklin本杰明富蘭克林十八世紀(jì)美國(guó)啟蒙思想代言人Mark Twain美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義F. Scott Fitzgerald 被視為早期爵士時(shí)代”的文學(xué)代言人了不起的蓋茨比Ernest Hemingway, 迷惘的一代”的代表人物精選文檔四、對(duì)作家及其作品的評(píng)價(jià)Washington Irving 華盛頓 歐文，美國(guó)著名小說(shuō)家，被稱為美國(guó)文學(xué)之父”，“美國(guó)短篇小說(shuō)之父”.James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯 費(fèi)尼莫爾 庫(kù)珀，美國(guó)首位重要長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)家。 開(kāi)創(chuàng)了以 皮 裹腿故事集為代表的邊疆傳奇小說(shuō)，其中最為重要的一部是最后的莫西干人。開(kāi)創(chuàng)了航海小說(shuō)體裁。Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉爾夫？沃爾多？愛(ài)默生，美國(guó)19世紀(jì)著名哲學(xué)家、作家、 詩(shī)人、超 驗(yàn)主義代表人物。論自然 Nature (the manifesto of American transcendentalism)