醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語翻譯1-4單元

1、.wd.wd.wd.第一單元 To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the bodys structure is called anatomy; the study of the bodys function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryolog

2、y, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人體各局部的組成及其功能，對于認識人體是必需的。研究人體構(gòu)造的科學(xué)叫解剖學(xué)；研究人體功能的科學(xué)叫生理學(xué)。其他研究人體的科學(xué)包括生物學(xué)、細胞學(xué)、胚胎學(xué)、組織學(xué)、內(nèi)分泌學(xué)、血液學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等。Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circ

3、ulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)把整個人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺器官的做法是很有幫助的。本文描繪并

4、闡述了各系統(tǒng)的主要局部。The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton.

5、They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made.骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、關(guān)節(jié)以及軟骨組成。它對軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護作用，并牽動骨胳肌，引起各種運動。人體有206根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長的、短、立方的、扁的及不規(guī)那么的。許多長骨里有一個內(nèi)層間隙，里面充填著骨髓，這即是血細胞的制造場所。

6、A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivo

7、t joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 關(guān)節(jié)把骨與骨連接起來。顱骨不能運動，是由于骨與骨之間的連接太嚴密。但其它的關(guān)節(jié)可允許活動，如一個平面上的前后屈伸運動，如肘關(guān)節(jié)；或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，如樞軸點允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動。如果一根骨的球形

8、末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大輻度的運動如肩關(guān)節(jié)、髖關(guān)節(jié)即成為可能。Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infants skeleton is made of cartil

9、age that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.軟骨是一種比一般骨更具韌性的物質(zhì)。它是骨連結(jié)的保護、緩沖層。它把肋骨與胸骨連結(jié)起來，也是鼻腔與內(nèi)耳的構(gòu)造根基。一個嬰兒的骨骼就是由軟骨組成，然后不斷生長、骨化，使嬰兒長大成人。The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated

10、muscles can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body

11、, as when bending a finger. Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.肌肉系統(tǒng)使軀體運動，肌肉收縮產(chǎn)生的熱有助于維持一個恒定的體溫。人體能夠有意識地控制條紋

12、肌。結(jié)締組織使肌肉末端附著于不同的骨面上，所以當(dāng)肌肉收縮時，兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運動。這也就使整個人體可以運動起來，如走路，運動軀體某個部位，如彎曲手指。心臟收縮和平滑肌收縮就不是被意識所控制的。器官壁內(nèi)層的平滑肌，如胃腸壁的平滑肌把胃腸中的物質(zhì)運送到全身。The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulat

13、e and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the bodys defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells th

14、at protect the body against foreign invaders. 循環(huán)系統(tǒng)：機體的所有局部需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣來使之發(fā)揮功能和生長，也需要在這些器官所產(chǎn)生的廢物積聚而危害生命之前將其排除。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)運送有用物質(zhì)，排泄廢物。心血管系統(tǒng)是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的組成之一；心血管系統(tǒng)包括心臟、血管及血液。血液也是機體防御系統(tǒng)的一個局部，血液中有抗體及白細胞來防止機體受到外來的侵襲。 The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the l

15、ungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins. 心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉。一半吸收來自肺部的血液，并將血

16、液運送到機體的其余部位，另一半使流經(jīng)全身的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時，動脈把全身血液輸送到毛細血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。 Also functioning in circulation is the lymphatic system. Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels - the lymph ve

17、ssels. Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood. 淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個組成局部。一些細胞周圍的體液不是直接回流入血管通道，這種體液叫淋巴液，它是流經(jīng)另一個管道系統(tǒng)淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過濾，過濾后再回流人血液。脾是一個過濾血液的大淋巴器官。 The respiratory system takes in oxygen fro

18、m the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, and trachea. The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood

19、 through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood release carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled. 呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外。空氣經(jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管，各連結(jié)左右肺，左右支氣管再分枝20屢次，在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細血管流入血液，血液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。 The digestive system consists of a tube

20、extending from the mouth to the anus. In it, food and fluids are taken in, moved through the body, and broken down into small molecules that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This breakdown, known as digestion, is both a mechanical and a chemical process. Food enters through the mouth, where

21、 chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow. Next, the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach. Contractions of the stomachs muscular wall continue to break down the food mechanically, and chemical digestion continues when acid and enzymes are secreted into

22、the stomach cavity. 消化系統(tǒng)是一個從口腔直到肛門的管道。食物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動時，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后再進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個機械過程，也是一個化學(xué)過程。食物進入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開場將食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機械化地分解食物，而當(dāng)酸和酶分泌入胃腔時，化學(xué)性消化開場。 The liquified food gradually passes into the small intestine. In the first part of the small intestine, called the duod

23、enum, enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete the chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of fat is aided by bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The small intestine of an adult is about 21 feet (6.4 meters) long. Most of its length is devoted to

24、 absorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities. 液體化食物逐漸進入小腸。小腸的起始局部叫十二指腸，胰腺分泌的酶輔助食物消化。這些酶完成食物的化學(xué)分解。肝臟分泌的膽汁貯存在膽囊內(nèi)，膽汁有助于脂肪消化。一個成年人的小腸有21英尺6.4米長。小腸的大局部腸段用來吸收消化過程中釋放的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。 The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine, or colon, which is about 12 feet (3.7 meters) long

25、. It is more than twice as wide as the small intestine. In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled. 液狀的剩余食物進入大腸，或結(jié)腸，它大約有12英尺3.7米長。大腸是小腸的兩倍多寬。大局部液體在大腸內(nèi)被吸收，相對干化的剩余物被排出體外。 The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small mo

26、lecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that are in short supply. 泌尿系統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì)，如鈉、鉀的正常水平。身體是通過讓腎過濾血液來做到這一點的。腎是兩個有效的過濾器官，它濾出各種

27、多余的小分子物質(zhì)，保存那些供應(yīng)缺乏的小分子物質(zhì)。 The fluid that leaves the kidneys, known as urine, travels through a tube called the ureter to the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra. 從腎流出的液體，即尿，通過輸尿管人膀胱。膀胱起貯存尿液的作用，直到尿經(jīng)膀胱另一端的管道排出。 The endocrine system. Th

28、e two systems that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system. The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream. 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)。內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)是調(diào)

29、控機體活動的兩個系統(tǒng)，前者依靠其化學(xué)信使激素發(fā)揮作用。激素是由各種內(nèi)分泌腺體制造，并直接被釋放入血流 A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones,which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs. Because some of the pituitarys hormones stimulat

30、e other glands to produce their own hormones, the pituitary called the master gland. 腦垂體是一個主要腺體，它位于頭中部腦下方。它至少分泌八種激素，這些激素對人體生長、肝功能及性器官發(fā)育有影響。因為腦垂體分泌的一些激素促進其他腺體分泌激素，所以腦垂體是主要腺體。 Another gland, the thyroid, is located between the collar bones. Its hormone controls the rate of the bodys metabolism. The se

31、x organs (ovaries end testes) make the sex cells and also make hormones that control certain characteristics of males and females. Located on top of each kidney is the adrenal gland, which produces cortisone and adrenaline. The pancreas produces not only digestive enzymes but also 3 insulin and gluc

32、agon, which control the bodys use of sugar and starches. 另一個腺體，甲狀腺，位于鎖骨之間。甲狀腺激素調(diào)控著機體新陳代謝的速度。性器官卵巢、睪丸分泌性細胞和性激素，這些激素控制著男性和女性的某些特征。每邊腎上方是腎上腺，它分泌可的松和腎上腺激素。胰腺不僅分泌消化酶，而且分泌胰島素和高血糖素，這兩種激素控制機體的糖分及淀粉的消耗。 The nervous system. The brain, the spinal cord and the nerve - also controls body activities. The lower pa

33、rts of the brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regions that direct voluntary muscular activities of the arms and legs. Performed here are

34、 the higher functions of integrating and processing information. 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦、脊髓及神經(jīng)，也調(diào)控機體活動。腦的偏下部位控制著諸如呼吸、心跳、體溫、饑渴的 基本活動。而腦的偏上部位那么是視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺及味覺中心，也是指揮臂、腿隨意肌肉運動的區(qū)域。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)更高級的功能是整合、處理信息。 The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in the spinal cord. The spinal cord

35、is protected by the spinal column. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord at each level of the body, traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk. These nerves bring information from the various sense organs. The information is processed by the brain, and then messages are carried back to muscles

36、 and glands through out the body. 腦通過神經(jīng)收集并傳送信息，許多神經(jīng)局部地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱保護。在機體每一級，神經(jīng)傳人、傳出脊髓，往返于臂、腿、軀體。這些神經(jīng)輸送來自各種感覺器官的信息。信息經(jīng)腦處理后輸送回全身及腺體 The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. Themale reproductive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sp

37、erm (the male sex cell). It also produces the male sex hormone, testosterone, which regulates the development of a beard, pubic hair, a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male. 男、女性的生殖系統(tǒng)不同。男性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送、維持能存活的精子男性性細胞。它也分泌男性激素、睪酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)胡須、陰毛、深沉嗓音極其他成年男子身體發(fā)育的特征。 The female productive

38、 system is responsible for producing and transporting ova (the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and providing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child. The female reproductive

39、 system also produces the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female. 女性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送卵子女性性細胞，將未受精的卵子排出體外，而當(dāng)精、卵結(jié)合時，女性生殖系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)、提供胚胎生長場所，并孕育新生兒。女性生殖系統(tǒng)也分泌女性性激素雌激素和孕酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)乳房及其他成熟女性身體發(fā)育的特征。 The skin is a complet

40、e layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the bodys organs. It keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation. The nerves in the skin provide tactile information. The skin also helps keep the bodys temperature close to 37 C, heat is conse

41、rved by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin. Hair and nails are accessory structures of the skin. 皮膚是保護肌體內(nèi)層構(gòu)造的完整層，也是機體的最大器官。皮膚防御外來侵襲，防止過多水分蒸發(fā)。皮膚上的神經(jīng)提供觸覺信息。皮膚也能將體溫維持到98.6華氏度約37攝氏度。通過皮膚的血流量降低時，熱量就被儲存起來，通過皮膚的血流增加及汗液蒸發(fā)時，熱

42、量就散發(fā)。頭發(fā)及指甲是皮膚的附屬構(gòu)造。解人體各局部的組成及其功能，對于認識人體是必需的。研究人體構(gòu)造的科學(xué)叫解剖學(xué)；研究人體功能的科學(xué)叫生理學(xué)。其他研究人體的科學(xué)包括生物學(xué)、細胞學(xué)、胚胎學(xué)、組織學(xué)、內(nèi)分泌學(xué)、血液學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、免疫學(xué)、心理學(xué)等等。解剖學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)把整個人體分成骨骼、肌肉、循環(huán)、呼吸、消化、泌尿、內(nèi)分泌、神經(jīng)、生殖系統(tǒng)以及感覺器官的做法是很有幫助的。本文描繪并闡述了各系統(tǒng)的主要局部。骨骼系統(tǒng)由骨、關(guān)節(jié)以及軟骨組成。它對軟組織及人體器官起到支持和保護作用，并牽動骨胳肌，引起各種運動。人體有206根骨頭。骨形態(tài)不一，有長的、短、立方的、扁的及不規(guī)那么的。許多長骨里有一個內(nèi)層間隙，里面充填著

43、骨髓，這即是血細胞的制造場所。關(guān)節(jié)把骨與骨連接起來。顱骨不能運動，是由于骨與骨之間的連接太嚴密。但其它的關(guān)節(jié)可允許活動，如一個平面上的前后屈伸運動，如肘關(guān)節(jié)；或是繞軸心旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，如樞軸點允許頭部轉(zhuǎn)動。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大輻度的運動如肩關(guān)節(jié)、髖關(guān)節(jié)即成為可能。軟骨是一種比一般骨更具韌性的物質(zhì)。它是骨連結(jié)的保護、緩沖層。它把肋骨與胸骨連結(jié)起來，也是鼻腔與內(nèi)耳的構(gòu)造根基。一個嬰兒的骨骼就是由軟骨組成，然后不斷生長、骨化，使嬰兒長大成人。肌肉系統(tǒng)使軀體運動，肌肉收縮產(chǎn)生的熱有助于維持一個恒定的體溫。人體能夠有意識地控制條紋肌。結(jié)締組織使肌肉末端附著于不同的骨面上，所以當(dāng)肌肉收縮

44、時，兩骨彼此靠近而產(chǎn)生運動。這也就使整個人體可以運動起來，如走路，運動軀體某個部位，如彎曲手指。心臟收縮和平滑肌收縮就不是被意識所控制的。器官壁內(nèi)層的平滑肌，如胃腸壁的平滑肌把胃腸中的物質(zhì)運送到全身。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)：機體的所有局部需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和氧氣來使之發(fā)揮功能和生長，也需要在這些器官所產(chǎn)生的廢物積聚而危害生命之前將其排除。循環(huán)系統(tǒng)運送有用物質(zhì)，排泄廢物。心血管系統(tǒng)是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的組成之一；心血管系統(tǒng)包括心臟、血管及血液。血液也是機體防御系統(tǒng)的一個局部，血液中有抗體及白細胞來防止機體受到外來的侵襲。心臟是一塊被分為幾乎對等兩半的肌肉。一半吸收來自肺部的血液，并將血液運送到機體的其余部位，另一半使流經(jīng)全身

45、的血液回流人肺。心臟收縮時，動脈把全身血液輸送到毛細血管。靜脈輸送血液返回心臟。淋巴系統(tǒng)也是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的一個組成局部。一些細胞周圍的體液不是直接回流入血管通道，這種體液叫淋巴液，它是流經(jīng)另一個管道系統(tǒng)淋巴管而回流人心臟。沿淋巴管的淋巴結(jié)將淋巴液過濾，過濾后再回流人血液。脾是一個過濾血液的大淋巴器官。呼吸系統(tǒng)從空氣中攝取氧氣，并將二氧化碳、水蒸氣排出體外?？諝饨?jīng)鼻腔、口腔人喉管、氣管。氣管分成左右支氣管，各連結(jié)左右肺，左右支氣管再分枝20屢次，在終端形成大量微小的肺泡。從空氣攝取的氧氣流經(jīng)這些肺泡壁內(nèi)的毛細血管流入血液，血液再經(jīng)肺泡把釋放出的二氧化碳排出體外。消化系統(tǒng)是一個從口腔直到肛門的管道。食

46、物和液體在消化道里被吸收，在腸道里移動時，被分解成小分子物質(zhì)后再進入循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。這種分解，即消化，是一個機械過程，也是一個化學(xué)過程。食物進入口腔里，咀嚼和唾液開場將食物粉碎，使之便于吞咽。接著，食物經(jīng)食管人胃。胃肌壁的收縮繼續(xù)機械化地分解食物，而當(dāng)酸和酶分泌入胃腔時，化學(xué)性消化開場。液體化食物逐漸進入小腸。小腸的起始局部叫十二指腸，胰腺分泌的酶輔助食物消化。這些酶完成食物的化學(xué)分解。肝臟分泌的膽汁貯存在膽囊內(nèi)，膽汁有助于脂肪消化。一個成年人的小腸有21英尺6.4米長。小腸的大局部腸段用來吸收消化過程中釋放的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。液狀的剩余食物進入大腸，或結(jié)腸，它大約有12英尺3.7米長。大腸是小腸的兩倍多寬

47、。大局部液體在大腸內(nèi)被吸收，相對干化的剩余物被排出體外。泌尿系統(tǒng)維持水分及體內(nèi)某些小分子物質(zhì)，如鈉、鉀的正常水平。身體是通過讓腎過濾血液來做到這一點的。腎是兩個有效的過濾器官，它濾出各種多余的小分子物質(zhì)，保存那些供應(yīng)缺乏的小分子物質(zhì)。從腎流出的液體，即尿，通過輸尿管人膀胱。膀胱起貯存尿液的作用，直到尿經(jīng)膀胱另一端的管道排出。內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)。內(nèi)分泌和神經(jīng)是調(diào)控機體活動的兩個系統(tǒng)，前者依靠其化學(xué)信使激素發(fā)揮作用。激素是由各種內(nèi)分泌腺體制造，并直接被釋放入血流。腦垂體是一個主要腺體，它位于頭中部腦下方。它至少分泌八種激素，這些激素對人體生長、肝功能及性器官發(fā)育有影響。因為腦垂體分泌的一些激素促進其他腺體

48、分泌激素，所以腦垂體是主要腺體。另一個腺體，甲狀腺，位于鎖骨之間。甲狀腺激素調(diào)控著機體新陳代謝的速度。性器官卵巢、睪丸分泌性細胞和性激素，這些激素控制著男性和女性的某些特征。每邊腎上方是腎上腺，它分泌可的松和腎上腺激素。胰腺不僅分泌消化酶，而且分泌胰島素和高血糖素，這兩種激素控制機體的糖分及淀粉的消耗。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦、脊髓及神經(jīng)，也調(diào)控機體活動。腦的偏下部位控制著諸如呼吸、心跳、體溫、饑渴的 基本活動。而腦的偏上部位那么是視覺、聽覺、觸覺、嗅覺及味覺中心，也是指揮臂、腿隨意肌肉運動的區(qū)域。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)更高級的功能是整合、處理信息。腦通過神經(jīng)收集并傳送信息，許多神經(jīng)局部地分布在脊髓里。脊髓由脊柱保護。在

49、機體每一級，神經(jīng)傳人、傳出脊髓，往返于臂、腿、軀體。這些神經(jīng)輸送來自各種感覺器官的信息。信息經(jīng)腦處理后輸送回全身及腺體。男、女性的生殖系統(tǒng)不同。男性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送、維持能存活的精子男性性細胞。它也分泌男性激素、睪酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)胡須、陰毛、深沉嗓音極其他成年男子身體發(fā)育的特征。女性生殖系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生、輸送卵子女性性細胞，將未受精的卵子排出體外，而當(dāng)精、卵結(jié)合時，女性生殖系統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)、提供胚胎生長場所，并孕育新生兒。女性生殖系統(tǒng)也分泌女性性激素雌激素和孕酮，以此調(diào)節(jié)乳房及其他成熟女性身體發(fā)育的特征。皮膚是保護肌體內(nèi)層構(gòu)造的完整層，也是機體的最大器官。皮膚防御外來侵襲，防止過多水分蒸發(fā)。皮膚上的神經(jīng)提供觸覺

50、信息。皮膚也能將體溫維持到98.6華氏度約37攝氏度。通過皮膚的血流量降低時，熱量就被儲存起來，通過皮膚的血流增加及汗液蒸發(fā)時，熱量就散發(fā)。頭發(fā)及指甲是皮膚的附屬構(gòu)造。第二單元 Human Diseases The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However

51、, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need t

52、o understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases. 第一章中，通過對人體的概論，即解剖學(xué)與生理學(xué)，我們對兩種被認為是醫(yī)學(xué)根基的不同學(xué)科有了一個大致的印象。然而如果我們不考慮病理學(xué)，這門涉及由疾病帶來的構(gòu)造和功能變化的學(xué)科，上述的人體概論就不是完整的。實際上，現(xiàn)代對疾病的研究方法強調(diào)了病理學(xué)與生理學(xué)方面的密切關(guān)系，強調(diào)了我們在治療任何人體疾病方面需要了解病理學(xué)與生理學(xué)根基的重要性。 Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that imp

53、airs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses. 那么什么是疾病呢它可能被定義為正常的功能或是局部功能遭受損害時的一種狀態(tài)。每一種生物、植

54、物和動物，都會受制于疾病。例如，人類常常被微小的細菌所感染，但是，反過來說，細菌又能夠被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。 Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is somet

55、hing a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ. 許多種疾病存在于世。每一種都有其特定的病癥、征兆和線索，醫(yī)生能以此診斷疾病之所在。病癥是病人自己就能覺察到的，比方，高燒、流血，或是疼痛。而征兆那么是醫(yī)生能夠觀察到的，比方，血管擴張或是體內(nèi)器官腫大。 Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons

56、 in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes year

57、s-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute. 疾病可以劃分為不同的種類，例如，流行病是一種在某一社區(qū)內(nèi)侵襲許多人的疾病。當(dāng)它年復(fù)一年地襲擊同一社區(qū)，就成了一種地方病。急性病發(fā)作快，但病程短，舉個例子來說，急性心臟病發(fā)作常常沒有前兆，而且會很快致命。慢性病發(fā)作那么慢，但病程有時會長達幾年之久。風(fēng)濕熱正是由于發(fā)病慢、病程長而成為

58、一種慢性失調(diào)病慢性病。而介于急性與慢性之間的另一種類型，就被稱為亞急性。 Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi

59、can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can t

60、hen pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it. 疾病也可以依其病原體來劃分，例如，傳染病也叫作可傳播的疾病，就是一種通過咳嗽和打噴嚏造成的空氣小粒來傳播的疾病。極小的有機體，如，細菌和真菌可導(dǎo)致傳染病。病毒和小蟲子也不例外。不管病原體會是什么樣，只要它存活于人體內(nèi)就能夠傳染給別人。有時，一個致病的有機體侵人人體后，該人卻沒有顯示帶病的病癥。于是無病癥的病原攜帶者甚至在自己也不知情的情況下就把疾病傳染給了他人。 Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunct