2010年職稱英語等級考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級真題閱讀文章翻譯2015年職稱英語真題備考

1、 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/kecheng/english/zhicheng/ 2015年職稱英語真題備考更多精品, 盡在 HYPERLINK http:/www.study/english/zhicheng/ 學(xué)派網(wǎng)!2010年職稱英語等級考試真題（理工類A級）第2部分：閱讀判斷California Gives Green Light to Space Solar PowerEnergy beamed down from space is one step closer to reality, now that California has given the gr

2、een light to an agreement that would see the Pacific Gas and Electric Company buy 200 megawatts（兆瓦）of power beamed down from solar-power satellites beginning in 2016. But some major challenges will have to be overcome if the technology is to be used widely.A start-up company called Solaren is design

3、ing the satellites, which it says will use radio waves to beam energy down to a receiving station on Earth.The attraction of collecting solar power in space is the almost uninterrupted sunshine available in geosynchronous（與地球同步的）orbit. Earth-based solar cells, by contrast, can only collect sunlight

4、during daytime and when skies are clear.But space, based solar power must grapple（努力克服）with the high cost per kilogram of launching things into space, says Richard Schwartz of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. “If youre talking about it being economically viable for power of the Earth, i

5、ts a tough go,” he says.Cal Boerman, Solarens director of energy services, says the company designed its satellites with a view to keeping launch costs down. “We knew we had to come up with a different, revolutionary design,” he says. A patent the company has won describes ways to reduce the systems

6、 weight, including using inflatable mirrors to focus sunlight on solar cells, so a smaller number can collect the same amount of energy.But using mirrors introduces other challenges, including keeping the solar cells from overheating, says Schwartz. “You have to take care of heat dissipation（散發(fā)）beca

7、use youre now concentrating a lot of energy in one place,” he says. According to the companys patent, Solarens solar cells will be connected to radiators to help keep them cool.Though Boerman says the company believes it can make space-based solar power work, it is not expecting to crowd out other f

8、orms of renewable energy. Laws in California and other states require increasing use of renewable energy in coming years, he points out. “To meet those needs, were going to need all types of renewable energy sources,” he says.加利福尼亞州批準(zhǔn)空間太陽能電站從太空中獲取能量的設(shè)想距現(xiàn)實更近了一步，因為加州為太平洋天然氣電力公司從2016年開始購買200兆瓦由太陽能衛(wèi)星反射回

9、來的能量的合約開了綠燈。但要廣泛使用這項技術(shù)，仍有一些挑戰(zhàn)需要克服。 發(fā)出這一設(shè)想的Solaren公司正在設(shè)計衛(wèi)星。公司稱衛(wèi)星將會使用無線電波將能源發(fā)送到地球上的接收站。 在太空收集太陽能這一設(shè)想的吸引人之處在于它是目前在地球同步軌道上收集陽光受阻礙最少的方式。與此截然不同的是，地球上的太陽能電池只能在白天且無云的時候收集陽光。 但太空里的太陽能工廠必須努力克服的問題是：向太空發(fā)射一公斤的物品都要付出昂貴的代價。印第安納州普渡大學(xué)拉法葉校區(qū)的Richarci Scllwartz說：如果你說的是讓這一設(shè)想從經(jīng)濟角度上可行，從而供應(yīng)地球能量，這是一條很艱難的道路。 Solaren公司能源服務(wù)部門的

10、經(jīng)理Cal Boerman說公司設(shè)計這一衛(wèi)星時已考慮到將發(fā)射成本降低。他說：我們知道我們必須想出一個與眾不同的、有革新意義的設(shè)計。這家公司的一項專利說明了降低此系統(tǒng)重量的多種方法，包括使用充氣鏡面向太陽能電池板聚焦，這樣利用較少的太陽能電池板就可以收集到等量的能量。 但使用鏡子又帶來了其他問題，包括防止太陽能電池板過熱，Sclawartz提出。他還說，你必須處理好熱量散發(fā)的問題，因為你將很多能量聚集在一個地方。按照該公司的專利書描述Solaren公司的太陽能電池板會被連接到散熱板上使其保持冷卻。 盡管Boerman說公司相信它能制造建立在太空中的太陽能發(fā)電廠，但它并不會排擠其他形式的可再生能源

11、。加利福尼亞州以及其他州的法律要求在未來幾年增加對可再生能源的利用。他指出：為了滿足這些需要，我們需要使用各種可再生能源。第3部分：概括大意和完成句子Natural GasNatural gas is produced from reservoirs deep beneath the earths surface. It is a fossil fuel（礦物燃料）meaning that it is derived from organic material buried in the earth millions of years ago. The main component of na

12、tural gas is methane（甲烷）.The popularity and use of clean natural gas has increased dramatically over the past 50 years as pipeline infrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）has been installed to deliver it conveniently and economically to millions of residential, commercial and industrial customers worldwide. Today, natu

13、ral gas service is available in all 50 states in the U.S., and is the leading energy choice for fueling American homes and industries. More than 65 million American homes use natural gas. In fact, natural gas is the most economical source for home energy needs, costing one-third as much as electrici

14、ty. In addition to heating homes, much of the gas used in the United States is used as a raw material to manufacture a wide variety of products, from paint, to fibers for clothing, to plastics for healthcare, computing and furnishings. Natural gas is also used in a significant number of new electric

15、ity-generating power plants.Natural gas is one of the safest and cleanest fuels available. It emits（發(fā)出）less pollution than other fossil fuel sources. When natural gas is burned, it produces mostly carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）and water vapor the same substances emitted when humans breathe. Compared with some

16、 other fossil fuels, natural gas emits the least amount of carbon dioxide into the air when combusted（燃燒） making natural gas the cleanest burning fossil fuel of all.The United States consumes about one-third of the worlds natural gas output, making it the largest gas-consuming region in the world. T

17、he U.S. Department of Energys Energy Information Administration forecasts that natural gas demand will grow by more than 50 percent by 2025.There are huge reserves of natural gas beneath the earths surface. The largest reserves of natural gas can be found in Russia, West and North Africa and the Mid

18、dle East. LNG（液化天然氣）has been produced domestically and imported in the United States for more than four decades Today, the leading importers of LNG are Japan, Korea, France and Spain.天然氣天然氣出產(chǎn)于地表極深處。它是一種礦物燃料，也就是說它是由幾百萬年前埋藏在地下的有機物生成的。天然氣的主要成分是甲烷。過去50多年，隨著管道基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的建設(shè)將氣體便利、經(jīng)濟地輸送到世界各地的居住區(qū)、商業(yè)區(qū)和工業(yè)區(qū)用戶，天然氣的受歡迎

19、程度和利用程度便迅速增長。如今全美50個州都有天然氣服務(wù)，并且天然氣成為美國家用燃料和工業(yè)使用燃料的首選。有超過6500萬的美國家庭使用天然氣。事實上，對于家庭能源需求而言，天然氣是最經(jīng)濟的來源，其費用只有電能的三分之一。除了家庭取暖外，在美國，天然氣還被用作油漆、服裝纖維、保健用塑料制品、計算設(shè)備和家具等多種產(chǎn)品的原材料，其也被用在許多新的發(fā)電廠。天然氣是可利用的最安全和最清潔的能源之一。它釋放的污染小于其他礦物燃料。天然氣燃燒時，主要產(chǎn)生二氧化碳和水蒸汽 這與人呼吸產(chǎn)生的物質(zhì)相同。與其他一些礦物燃料相比，天然氣燃燒時排放到空氣中的二氧化碳最少這使得天然氣成為最清潔的礦物燃料。美國大約消耗世

20、界天然氣總產(chǎn)量的三分之一，是世界上最大的天然氣消費地區(qū)。美國能源部能源信息署預(yù)測，到2025年天然氣需求將會超過50%多。地表下面儲存有大量的天然氣。在俄羅斯、西非、北非和中東地區(qū)，天然氣的儲存量最大。過去的40多年，美國除了自己生產(chǎn)液化氣外，還進口液化氣。現(xiàn)在進口液化氣的國家主要有日本、韓國、法國和西班牙。第4部分：閱讀理解第一篇How the First Stars in the Universe Came into ExistenceResearchers believe that our universe began with the Big Bang（宇宙大爆炸）about 13 b

21、illion years ago, and that soon after that event, matter began to form as small dust grains and gases. How the first stars formed from this dust and gas has been a burning question for years, but a state-of-the-art computer simulation now offers the most detailed picture yet of how these first stars

22、 in the universe came into existence.The composition of the early universe was quite different from that of today, and the physics that governed the early universe were also somewhat simpler. Dr. Naoki Yoshida and colleagues in Japan and the U. S. incorporated these conditions of the early universe,

23、 sometimes referred to as the “cosmic dark ages,” to simulate the formation of an astronomical object that would eventually shine its light into this darkness.The result is a detailed description of the formation of a protostar（原恒星） the early stage of a massive primordial（原始的）star of our universe an

24、d the researchers computer simulation sets the bar for further investigation into the star formation process. The question of how the first stars evolved is so important because their formations and eventual explosions provided the seeds for subsequent stars to come into being.According to their sim

25、ulation, gravity acted on minute density variations in matter, gases, and the mysterious “dark matter” of the universe after the Big Bang in order to form this early stage of a star a protostar with a mass of just one percent of our sun. The simulation reveals how pre-stellar（前恒星）gases would have ac

26、tually evolved under the simpler physics of the early universe to form this protostar. Dr. Yoshidas simulation also shows that the protostar would likely evolve into a massive star capable of synthesizing（合成）heavy elements, not just in later generations of stars, but soon after the Big Bang.Their si

27、mulation of the birth of a protostar in the early universe signifies a key step toward the ambitious goal of piecing together the formation of an entire primordial star and of predicting the mass and properties of these first stars of the universe. More powerful computers, more physical data, and an

28、 even larger range will be needed for further calculations and simulations, but these researchers hope to eventually extend this simulation to the point of nuclear reaction initiation when a stellar（星球的）object becomes a true star.宇宙中最初的星辰是如何產(chǎn)生的?研究人員認為，我們的宇宙始于大約13億年前的宇宙大爆炸，而且在這之后，很快就開始形成小的塵埃顆粒和氣體。最初的

29、星辰是如何由塵埃和氣體組成的，多年來這一問題一直困擾著人們。然而現(xiàn)在一種最先進的電腦模擬系統(tǒng)可以提供宇宙中最初的星辰是如何產(chǎn)生的最詳細的圖片。 宇宙最初的構(gòu)成與今天有所不同，且宇宙早期的主要物理現(xiàn)象也比較簡單。Naoki Yoshida博士同他在日本和美國的同事一起整合了宇宙早期的各種情況，這一時期有時也被稱為宇宙的黑暗時代，并模擬了最終在夜空中閃耀的天體的形成過程。 這一研究的結(jié)果是對原恒星（即宇宙中巨大的原始星辰的早期階段）的形成進行了詳細描述，以及研究人員的電腦模擬系統(tǒng)為進一步研究星體的形成過程奠定了基礎(chǔ)。宇宙中最初的星辰是如何形成的這一問題非常重要，因為它們的形成及最終的爆炸為隨后星體

30、的形成埋下了種子。 根據(jù)研究人員的模擬系統(tǒng)，重力對物質(zhì)、氣體及宇宙大爆炸后形成的神秘黑暗物質(zhì) 的密度的微小變化產(chǎn)生了影響，從而形成了星辰的雛形-僅有太陽百分之一大的原恒星。 模擬系統(tǒng)為我們展示了組成前恒星的氣體是如何在早期宇宙簡單的物理作用下演化并形成原恒星。Yoshida博士的模擬系統(tǒng)還展示了原恒星可能會在宇宙大爆炸剛剛結(jié)束就演化成能夠合成重元素的巨大星體，而不是幾代以后的星體才能合成。 對宇宙早期原恒星誕生的模擬意味著向拼接原始星體形成過程和預(yù)測宇宙中最初的星辰的質(zhì)量和性質(zhì)的宏偉目標(biāo)邁出了關(guān)鍵的一步。要進行更進一步的計算和模擬就需要功能更強的電腦，更多的物理數(shù)據(jù)，甚至更廣的研究范圍，但是研

31、究者希望最終能將這個模擬結(jié)果應(yīng)用于核反應(yīng)初期-也就是當(dāng)一個星狀物質(zhì)變成真正的星辰的時候。 第二篇The IcemanOn a September day in 1991, two Germans were climbing the mountains between Austria and Italy. High up on a mountain pass, they found the body of a man lying on the ice. At that height (10,499 feet, or 3,200 meters), the ice is usually perman

32、ent, but 1991 had been an especially warm year. The mountain ice had melted more than usual and so the body had come to the surface.It was lying face downward. The skeleton（骨架）was in perfect condition, except for a wound in the head. There was still skin on the bones and the remains of some clothes.

33、 The hands were still holding the wooden handle of an ax and on the feet there were very simple leather and cloth boots. Nearby was a pair of gloves made of tree bark（樹皮）and a holder for arrows.Who was this man? How and when had he died? Everybody had a different answer to these questions. Some peop

34、le thought that it was from this century, perhaps the body of a soldier who died in World War I. since several soldiers had already been found in the area. A Swiss woman believed it might lie her father, who had died in those mountains twenty years before and whose body had never been found. The sci

35、entists who rushed to look at the body thought it was probably much older, maybe even a thousand years old.With modern dating techniques, the scientists soon learned that the Iceman was about 5,300 years old. Born in about 3300 B.C, he lived during the Bronze Age in Europe. At first scientists thoug

36、ht he was probably a hunter who had died from an accident in the high mountains. More recent evidence, however, tells a different story. A new kind of X-ray shows an arrowhead still stuck in his shoulder. It left only a tiny hole in his skin, but it caused internal damage and bleeding. He almost cer

37、tainly died from this wound, and not from the wound on the back of his head. This means that he was probably in some kind of a battle. It may have been part of a larger war, or he may have been fighting bandits. He may even have been a bandit himself.By studying his clothes and tools, scientists hav

38、e already learned a great deal from the Iceman a- bout the times he lived in. We may never know the full story of how he died, but he has given us important clues to the history of those distant times.冰人1991年9月的一天，兩個德國人正在攀登位于奧地利和意大利之間的山脈，爬到一個山口，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一具躺在冰上的尸體。在那個高度(10，499英尺或3，200米)，冰通常是常年不化的，但1991年是

39、特別溫暖的一年。山上的冰比往年融化得多，因此尸體才顯露出來。他面部朝下。除了頭上有傷之外，骨架狀況良好。骨頭上仍然保留著皮膚和殘余的衣物。手上握著一把斧頭的木柄，雙腳穿著簡單的由皮革和布料做的靴子。旁邊還有一雙樹皮制成的手套和一個箭托。他是誰?他是怎么死的?他是什么時候死的? 對這些問題，每個人都有不同的回答。有人認為他是本世紀(jì)一戰(zhàn)時期陣亡的士兵，因為這一區(qū)域已發(fā)現(xiàn)了好幾具士兵的尸體。一位瑞士婦女認為那人是她父親，他二十多年前死于山中而且尸體從未被找到過。蜂擁而至查看這具尸體的科學(xué)家們認為這一尸體的年代可能更久遠，甚至有一千多年了。科學(xué)家們運用最新的年代確定技術(shù)很快獲悉這一冰人已有大約5300

40、歲了。他大約出生在公元前3300年，生活在青銅器時代的歐洲。起初科學(xué)家們認為他有可能在高山間打獵時出事故而亡。然而最近的一些證據(jù)顯示了不同的結(jié)果。新型的X光表明他的肩膀上仍有一個箭頭，皮膚上只有一個小孔，但卻導(dǎo)致了內(nèi)部損傷和失血?；旧峡梢钥隙ㄋ怯捎谶@個傷口而死，而不是因為頭后部的傷口。這表明他可能死于某場戰(zhàn)斗中。也許這是一場大戰(zhàn)役的一部分，或者他是死于同強盜的搏斗中。甚至他本人就可能是一個強盜。通過研究他的衣物和工具，科學(xué)家們得到了很多關(guān)于他生活年代的信息。我們可能永遠無法知道他死亡的真相，但是他給我們提供了了解那個遠古時代的重要線索。第三篇Scientists Make Sweet Di

41、scoveryGood news for chocoholics: the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you, according to American researchers at the University of California. Chocolate contains substances called flavonoids（類黃酮）that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation. The researchers ha

42、ve discovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate once in a while may contribute to a healthy diet. Chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins（內(nèi)啡肽）in the body: these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy.But who first discovered this wo

43、nderful way of keeping healthy? The Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans, in about 1500 B.C. and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened cocoa hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe. The word chocolate comes from the Nahuatl word xocolali, whic

44、h means “bitter water”.In 1544, a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift. Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal. The Spanish were the first to add sugar to their Cocoa drink. In the 17th century, chocolate was becoming fashionable with t

45、he middle-classes, not only as a drink but also as a medicine. By the middle of the century, solid chocolate was becoming familiar. In 1753, a Swedish scientist renamed cocoa theobroma or “food for the gods”. In 1765, James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States, i

46、ntroducing chocolate to the average citizen. In 1876, in Switzerland, Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate. Making process and produced the first milk chocolate.Since then, chocolate has grown enormously in popularity. One of the biggest chocolate-eating nations is Britain where

47、 the average man, woman, and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year! In fact, chocolate is the number one comfort food and there are more “chocoholics” in Britain than anywhere else in the world. Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you, it should be eaten in small quantities and

48、with no added milk.科學(xué)家的甜蜜發(fā)現(xiàn)巧克力迷們的好消息：據(jù)加州大學(xué)的研究者稱深受全世界成千上萬人喜愛的巧克力對健康很有好處，因為巧克力中含有一種叫作類黃酮的物質(zhì)，它能維護心臟健康并促進血液循環(huán)。研究者們還發(fā)現(xiàn)可可就像阿司匹林一樣，而且偶爾吃一塊巧克力有利于健康飲食。巧克力會在體內(nèi)釋放內(nèi)啡肽，這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)可以有效緩解疼痛和壓力，讓你感到愉快。但是，是誰第一個發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種保持健康的美妙方式？大約公元前1500年，居住在墨西哥和中美洲的奧爾梅克人首次開始種植可可豆；而且在可可風(fēng)靡歐洲之前，瑪雅人已經(jīng)飲用無糖可可好幾百年了。Chocolate這個詞來自納瓦特爾語xocolali，意思是

49、“苦水”。1544年，一個瑪雅貴族代表團覲見西班牙國王菲利普時送給他一罐可可作為禮物。很快，可可便在西班牙和葡萄牙流行起來，西班牙人最早在他們的可可飲料里加糖。在17世紀(jì)，巧克力不僅作為一種飲料、還作為一種藥流行于中產(chǎn)階級。到了世紀(jì)中葉，固體可可開始為人們所熟知。1753年，一位瑞典科學(xué)家將可可改名為obroma或“神明之糧”。1765年，James Baker和John Hanan在美國開辦了第一個巧克力作坊，將巧克力介紹給了普通人。1896年，瑞士的Daniel Peter想出了在巧克力制作過程中加入牛奶的點子，并生產(chǎn)出了第一塊牛奶巧克力。 從此，巧克力越來越受人們歡迎。巧克力的最大消費國

50、之一是英國。那里的普通人，不論男女還是孩子每年都要吃9公斤的巧克力。實際上，巧克力是頂級的撫慰食品，并且英國是全世界巧克力迷最多的國家。研究者們警告，雖然巧克力對我們有好處，但應(yīng)該少量食用而且不應(yīng)另加牛奶。第5部分：補全短文I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings ca

51、n be classified, according to Mind Reading, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel: the first visual dictionary of the human heart.Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emotions into six types anger

52、, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _ (46) Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwins small group. More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worl

53、dwide. _ (47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions.The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism（孤獨癥）, who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors an

54、d teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an “emotion”. _ (48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from “afraid” to “wanting”.Once the

55、se emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds. _ (49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but

56、 we instantly recognize one when we see it on someones face. “It was really clear when the actors had got it right,” says Cathy Collis, who directed the DVD“Although they were given some direction,” says Ms Collis, “the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. _ (50) For example,

57、when someone feels contempt, you cant say for certain that their eyebrows always go down.Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “actio

58、n units”. These can be combined into more than 10,000 visible facial shapes. Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion.我知道你是如何想的你感到悲傷嗎?還是幸福?或者憤怒?也許你認為自己表現(xiàn)這些感情的方式是獨一無二的。好，再想想。根據(jù)一個“閱讀思維”儀器即可以展示各種可能的人類情感的DVD，就算是最私密的感情也可以被歸類。它展示了412種感覺的不同方式：是第一部人類內(nèi)心的可視詞典。對情感進

59、行歸類的嘗試始于19世紀(jì)中葉，那時達爾文將情緒分為6種類型-憤怒、恐懼、悲傷、厭惡、驚喜和愉悅。他說這些感覺的表情是普遍的，是能夠被任何人、任何文化所認知的。所有其它的感覺都源于達爾文確定的這幾種類型。更為復(fù)雜的情感表達或許是后天習(xí)得的，因此它在不同的文化中具有自己的特色。但是更多的面部表情被認為是世界人們所共享的。我們曾試著努力描述各種情緒，但是為此制定一個清晰的規(guī)則幾乎是不可能的?！伴喿x思維”DVD是對這些表情的系統(tǒng)的視覺收錄。這項計劃的構(gòu)想來自于劍橋大學(xué)的一位教授，旨在幫助患孤獨癥的人，他們在閱讀和情感表達方面都有困難。但是很快這項計劃顯示出更廣泛的用途。比如，演員和教師需要了解各種各樣

60、的表情。這位教授同他的研究團隊首先給“情緒”下了定義。他們將其定義為：情緒是一種發(fā)生在“我覺得”或“他看起來”或“她聽起來”之后的思想狀態(tài)。利用這個定義，他們對1512種情緒進行了界定和討論。最終列表上的情緒減少到412種，從“害怕”到“渴望”。 一旦這些情緒被定義和歸類，DVD就成為了最清楚最有效的展現(xiàn)情緒的方式。在“閱讀思維”里，每個表情都由6個不同的演員在三秒內(nèi)表演出來。任何其他表現(xiàn)這412種表情的方式，例如說話，都遠不如這樣有效。原因很簡單：我們很難用語言來形容情緒，但是當(dāng)它們出現(xiàn)在一個人的臉上時我們會立刻辨認出來?！爱?dāng)演員們表演準(zhǔn)確時表情就特別明顯”，這部DVD的導(dǎo)演Cathy Co