職業(yè)大學英語Unit Four

1、Unit FourText AText B能力分析訓練Text A The firewall actually defines the difference between Internet and Intranet. They have to do with performance management and prioritization of service, but the primary one is the firewall. It is the difference between Internet and Intranet. Firewalls are very importa

2、nt. But, is the firewall the only way to connect from your Intranet, from your inside network, to the Internet? In most cases, the answer is no.Firewalls are imperfect because they provide only a single point at which we can issue some control. There are many kinds of firewalls, such as “simple traf

3、fic recording system”, “IP packets filter gateway” (or IP packets examine router) and the “proxy application gateway”. Each provides different level of security checking. Which is the best? It is hard to say, because it depends on what kind of files (database) you want to protect and what kind of pr

4、otection you want the firewall to provide, since we know that there are four kinds of documents: public used, copyrighted, secret and confidential. Among all the firewalls, “simple traffic recording system” is the simplest one. It is a kind of recording device that can keep all the records of passin

5、g through traffic in a database or document for auditing purpose. he rest kinds of firewalls are all structured on the base of packets filtering techniques. The packets are small subsets of data that travel through networks, each with the source address, destination address, protocol used, and part

6、of the E-mail texts. This kind of firewalls has two functions: chokes and gates. There are two types of rules used for examining the data traffic: one is called “default permit”, which allows all traffic except that explicitly blocked by firewall administrators; the other is called “default deny”, w

7、hich denies all traffic except that explicitly allowed by the firewall administrator. Generally speaking, the latter is better. The packets filter gate (or packets examine router) is a more common used firewall. It is a kind of router used for packet filtering. Another kind of firewall is called “pr

8、oxy application gateway”, which employs the proxy service software, which not only provides traffic filtering at IP and transport levels, but also provides application level protocol checking at application level.Notes 1When we talk about the Internet, we have to be very careful to identify the fact

9、 that the Internet and Intranet are actually the same physical network. 這里的that the Internet and Intranet are actually the same physical network引導的是同位語從句。 同位語從句用于對前面出現(xiàn)的名詞作進一步說明，一般用連詞that引導。 常見的先行名詞有fact、idea、belief、news、hope、conclusion、suggestion、order、problem、report、decision等。 例如：She finally made t

10、he decision that she would join the fashion show. 她終于決定參加那場時裝秀。 I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time. 我不知道一次能借幾本書。 The news that their team had won the championship came. 他們隊獲冠軍的消息傳來了。 本句譯為：討論互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時，我們細心一點的話可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一個事實，就是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和內(nèi)部網(wǎng)實際上是同一個網(wǎng)絡。 2Generally speaking, the latter is better, for it

11、 doesnt need to update its checking list often, because it only let the preauthorized users to access in and turn down all the unauthorized accessing, no matter what kind of intruders they are, known and unknown. 這里的no matter what kind of intruders they are, known and unknown引導的是讓步狀語從句。 引導讓步狀語從句的連詞和

12、詞組有though、although、whether、even though、even if、no matter what(when, how)、whatever(whenever, however)等。 例如：No matter what you may say, I would not change my mind. 無論你說什么，我都不會改變主意。 本句譯為：總的來說，后者更好一點，因為它不需要經(jīng)常更新它的檢查標準，它只讓預先授權的用戶進入并拒絕所有非授權的進入，無論是已知的或未知的入侵者。Text B Computer crime is growing around the world

13、. The goal of computer security is to institute controls that preserve security, integrity, and availability. The most powerful tool in providing computer security is coding. By transforming data so that it is unintelligible to the outside observer, the value of an interception and the possibility o

14、f a modification or a fabrication are almost nullified. Encryption provides secrecy for data. Encryption is an important tool in computer security, but one should not overrate its importance. Users must understand that encryption does not solve all computer security problems. 1.Encryption The most w

15、idely used technique is the password, a string of characters that the user must provide to gain access to a system. The system stores each password for comparison with the string presented by the user.2User Authentication Techniques A password scheme is economical, acceptable to most users and easy

16、to implement. It has a number of problems, however. Although the method depends on the secrecy of the password, it is common for users, to write down passwords in exposed places or divulge them to others. Others persons can observe the keying in of password.Another method that has been used to learn

17、 a password is spoofing. Other authentication techniques involve some readable machine object possessed by the user, such as a card or badge. But here, there is the danger of loss, theft or forgery of object. Numerous hardware devices have been invented to assist in computer security. These devices

18、range from hardware implementations of encryption to locks limiting access to theft protection to devices to verify users identities.3.Hardware ControlsNotes 1The goal of computer security is to institute controls that preserve security, integrity, and availability. 這里的不定式短語to institute controls tha

19、t preserve security, integrity, and availability作句子的表語。 例如：His purpose is to win the presidential election.他的目標是要贏得此次總統(tǒng)大選。 本句譯為：計算機安全防范的目的是對系統(tǒng)進行控制，以保證系統(tǒng)的保密性、完整性和可用性。 2By transforming data so that it is unintelligible to the outside observer 這里by引導的介詞短語作句子的狀語，而so that引導的是結果狀語從句。 本句譯為：通過數(shù)據(jù)轉換，使外部人員無法識別

20、 3Thus, encryption is at the heart of methods for ensuring all three goals of computer security. 這里介詞短語at the heart of methods for ensuring all three goals of computer security作句子的表語。 例如：He is at work. 他在工作。 The party is in power. 現(xiàn)在是該黨執(zhí)政。 本句譯為：因而加密是保證計算機安全的3個目標的主要方法。 4Thus, it is important to know

21、the situations in which encryption is useful and to use it effectively. 這里的不定式短語to know the situations in which encryption is useful and to use it effectively是真正的句子主語，it是形式主語。 例如：It is necessary to learn a foreign language. 學習一門外語是有必要的。 It is difficult to finish the task in an hour. 一個小時內(nèi)完成這個任務有困難。

22、本句譯為：所以，重要的是了解在什么情況下加密才有用和有效。 5Many users, however, are unaware of the need for security, especially in situations in which a group has recently undertaken a computing task that was previously performed by a central computing department. 這里的in whichcomputing department是定語從句，修飾situations，而該從句中又嵌套了一個定

23、語從句that wascomputing department，修飾task。 本句譯為：但是，很多用戶沒有認識到安全的重要性，特別是當小組剛接手的計算任務原來是由中央計算機部門完成的時候。 6so that using the control does not seriously affect the task being protected. 這里so that引導的是結果狀語從句，而該從句中的主語是動名詞短語using the control。 本句譯為：才能避免對所保護的工作造成嚴重影響。ExercisesTrue or false 1The most powerful tool in

24、 providing computer security is coding. 2Encryption provides integrity for data. 3If encryption is not used properly, it can have no effect on security or can, in fact, improve the performance of the entire system. 4By authentication the system verifies the users claim of identity. 5A password schem

25、e is economical, acceptable to most users but hard to implement. 6Numerous hardware devices have been invented to assist in computer security. 7In fact, some of the simplest controls, such as frequent changes of passwords, can be achieved at essentially no cost but with tremendous effects. 8Some of

26、the easiest, most effective, and least expensive controls are software controls. 9People using controls should not be convinced of the need for security.10Controls should be selective so that they do not exclude legitimate accesses. 1The goal of computer security is to institute controls that preser

27、ve s , i , and availability. 2Furthermore, encryption is important in p , which are agreed-upon sequences of actions to a some task. 3A p for almost any kind of security is accurate i of users.Put in the missing information based on the text 4The system stores each password for c with the string pre

28、sented by the user. 5Another method that has been used to learn a password is s . 6Promising techniques that are still primarily in the research stage involve recognizing some c of the user, such as the voice, hand, f or signature.能力分析訓練Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills of Business

29、 E-mail Writing Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understanding推理和判斷 閱讀時不但要理解字面意思，還要能根據(jù)所讀材料進行一定的判斷和推論，進而理解文章隱含的意義和深層的含義。 其步驟如下：了解有關事實和論據(jù)，注意用詞造句的特點；對這些事實和論據(jù)進行分析；在分析的基礎上做出判斷，有時還要借助常識來判斷。 Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of bui

30、lding upwards, that is to say of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.例1： Question

31、: We can infer form the passage that . （A）English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats （B）People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats （C）People in Britain are forced to move into the high blocks of flats （D）Modern flats still fail to

32、 provide the necessary facilities for living 本題考核的就是學生根據(jù)上下文進行推斷的能力。 文中說英國人在住房問題上和當今世界上許多國家的居民有著不同的看法。 英國人不喜歡住高層公寓，那么，世界上許多國家的居民便是不反對住高層公寓。答案為（B）。 You have been badly injured in a car accident. It is necessary to give you a blood transfusion because you lost a great deal of blood in the accident. How

33、ever, special care must be taken in selecting new blood for you. If the blood is too different from your own, the transfusion could kill you.例2： Question: The passage is most probably written for . （A）the general reader （B）the medical student （C）the blood expert （D）people badly injured in a car acci

34、dent 這篇文章是關于輸血常識的，所表達的內(nèi)容淺顯易懂，因此，我們可以判斷出該題的正確答案為（A）。 根據(jù)推理和判斷的技巧，閱讀下列短文并回答有關問題Exercises of Such Skill The conditions under which social scientists must work would drive a physical scientist mad. Here are five of those conditions. He can make few experiments; he cannot measure the results accurately; h

35、e cannot control the conditions surrounding the experiments; he is often expected to get quick results with slow acting economic forces; and he must work with people, not with non-living objects.Passage 1 Question: The five conditions under which a social scientist must work are characterized by .（A

36、）precision and efficiency（B）variability and vagueness（C）accuracy and explicitness（D）objectivity and exactness It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teenage market. These days every teenage

37、r can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be. And many of todays parents have come toward high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.Passage 2 Question: The author thinks of adv

38、ertisements as . （A）convincing （B）influential （C）instructive （D）authoritative Even though the Egyptians were warlike, they found time for peaceful games. Before long they had developed a number of ball games, each with its own set of rules. Perhaps they played ball more for instruction than for fun.

39、 Ball playing was thought of mainly as a way to teach young men the speed and skill they would need for war.Passage 3 Question: The Egyptians thought that ball playing was . （A）funny （B）worthwhile （C）dangerous （D）peacefulSkills of Translation正反譯與反正譯 在英漢互譯過程中，由于兩種語言表達習慣不同，往往需要把英語中的正說譯成漢語中的反說，把英語中的反說譯

40、成漢語中的正說，或反之，這樣才能確切表達原意并符合語言的規(guī)范。 這種把正說處理為反說，把反說處理為正說的譯法，叫正反、反正表達法。 這種正說和反說的相互轉換是翻譯技巧中的一個重要方法。 它屬于引申和修辭范圍。 那么，什么是正說和反說呢？ 英語詞句中含有“never”，“no”，“not”，“non-”，“un-”，“im-”，“in-”，“ir-”，“-less”等成分以及漢語詞句中含有“不”、“沒”、“無”、“未”、“甭”、“別”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的為反說，不含有這些成分的為正說。 正說和反說包括的詞類范圍很廣，不僅包括動詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞和連詞，而且包

41、括各種詞組、短語和從句。 現(xiàn)以實例對正反、反正表達法加以說明。 在不少情況下，由于有的詞語含有特殊意義，如不從反面著筆，譯文就不通，這時必須反說。例如： I have read your articlesI expect to meet an old man 我讀過你的文章，沒想到你這樣年輕。（動詞） He was absent from his own country last year 他去年不在自己的國家。（形容詞短語） 一、英譯漢正說反譯法 He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children 他衣服沒脫就跳入水中

42、，把孩子救了上來。（副詞） He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time 他對時間不足感到十分抱歉。（名詞） I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task 我的確認為要完成這項任務是他力所不及的。（介詞） The lecture was interesting,but as far as I am concerned the speaker was speaking over my head 這講座很有趣，但對我來說，講座太深了，聽不懂。（介詞短語） The plan a

43、s it is leaves much to be desired 目前這樣的方案大有不足之處。（動詞短語） Before I could say “thank you”,the postman had disappeared around the corner 我還沒來得及說聲“謝謝”，郵遞員已經(jīng)在拐角處不見了。（連詞） This painting is beyond all of us even though it is popular. 盡管這幅畫很受歡迎，但我們都看不懂。（介詞） He always lives ahead of his salary. 他的工資總是不夠花。（動詞） 英

44、文的表達方式是否定的，但在譯文中卻采用肯定的表達方式。例如： The scientist must approach the familiar just as carefully and cautiously as he does the unfamiliar. 科學家在處理熟知的事物時，必須像處理陌生的事物一樣小心謹慎。（形容詞） 二、英譯漢反說正譯法 The illiteracy rate declined from 30.4 percent in 1910 to 22.9 percent in 1920 文盲率從1910年的30.4%降低到1920年的22.9%。（名詞） She cam

45、e very unwillingly（副詞） 她來得不是很情愿。 We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我們對生活要永遠抱樂觀態(tài)度。（動詞） Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year. 到年底再下結論嘛。（動詞） 將下列句子譯成漢語，注意句中斜體部分的譯法。 1The demand for our products exceeds the supply. （正反譯） 2The weather is keeping dry. （正反譯） 3Any person n

46、ot putting litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of $5. （反正譯） 4I couldnt feel better. （反正譯）Exercises of Such SkillSkills of Business E-mail Writing電 話 記 錄 When we are making telephone calls, sometimes the person that is wanted is not present. When this happens, the receiver often takes some notes from the caller, and gives the notes to the wanted person after the call. Read the followi