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1、英語學(xué)科知識(shí)與教學(xué)能力(中學(xué))教師資格(統(tǒng)考)第一章 學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié) 詞法一、名詞 要點(diǎn):常用的修飾名詞的限定詞,表示名詞數(shù)量的詞組辨析一些常見名詞的不規(guī)則單復(fù)數(shù)變化名詞的所有格(s / of)及雙重所有格(of +s)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)與謂語的關(guān)系名詞修飾名詞第一節(jié) 詞法(一)可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞可以分為專有名詞(Proper Nouns)和普通名詞(Common Nouns)。專有名詞是國名、地名、人名、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱;普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞。普通名詞又可分為下面四類:(1)個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns):表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體,如:pen, student
2、, desk, book, bike。第一節(jié) 詞法(2)集體名詞(Collective Nouns):表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體,如:family, class, people, school。(3)物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns):表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物,如:air, water, paper。(4)抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns):表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念,如:work, time, news。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算,稱為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算,稱為不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Noun
3、s)。第一節(jié) 詞法(二)修飾名詞的限定詞1.只能修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)的限定詞,其謂語部分常用單數(shù)2.只能修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的限定詞,其謂語部分常用復(fù)數(shù)3.只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞,其謂語部分常用單數(shù)4.既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其謂語單復(fù)數(shù)視具體名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定第一節(jié) 詞法(三)單復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞分為單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)。名詞單數(shù)就是該詞本身,要表示一個(gè)以上概念時(shí),要用名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,其變化規(guī)則如下:(1)規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式第一節(jié) 詞法第一節(jié) 詞法規(guī)則例詞一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, book-books, girl-girls, day-days以 s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾的名詞后加-
4、esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes以-f 或 -fe結(jié) 尾 的詞變-f 和-fe 為v 再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves, knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs,以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的名詞,變 y 為 i 加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities以元音字母加 y
5、結(jié)尾的名詞,或?qū)S忻~以 y結(jié)尾的,加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys第一節(jié) 詞法以輔音字母加-o 結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不 少 外 來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes / volcanos以元音字母加-o 結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, b
6、amboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos以-th 結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,(2)不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式第一節(jié) 詞法規(guī)則例詞改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses一些集體名詞總是用
7、作people, police, cattle, staff第一節(jié) 詞法復(fù)數(shù)部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)(整體)也可以作復(fù)數(shù)(成員)audience,class,family,crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public,enemy, party復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs (海關(guān)), forces (軍隊(duì)), times (時(shí)代), spirits (情緒), drinks (飲料), sands (沙灘), papers (文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks (外表)
8、, brains (頭腦智力), greens (青菜), ruins(廢墟)表示“ 某 國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman 結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen第一節(jié) 詞法合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boyfriends無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)gr
9、own-ups, good-for-nothings(飯桶), go-betweens(中間人)將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servants【注意】在使用名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)還要注意的幾個(gè)問題:(1)有些名詞通常只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:clothes 衣物 trousers 褲子goods 貨物 compasses 圓規(guī)scissors 剪刀 arms武器第一節(jié) 詞法(2)單、復(fù)數(shù)形式詞義不同。如:glass 玻璃 glasses 眼鏡time 時(shí)間 times 倍,次,時(shí)代work 工作 works 工廠,工事,作品wood 木頭 woods 森林cloth布 clothes
10、衣服sand 沙子 sands 沙灘第一節(jié) 詞法(3)物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式一般表示不同的種類。如:these foods 這些(不同種類的)食品 fruits(各種)水果grasses(各種)草第一節(jié) 詞法(4)有些名詞形式上是單數(shù),但意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)。如:people 人民 cattle 牛(總稱)police 警察 public 公眾第一節(jié) 詞法(四)名詞的所有格名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種:一是名詞詞尾加s 構(gòu)成,二是由介詞 of 加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西,后者多表示無生命的東西。第一節(jié) 詞法(1)s 所有格的構(gòu)成第一節(jié) 詞法單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe
11、 boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-lawsphoto復(fù) 數(shù) 名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights以 s 結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s 或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Chinas problemsJanes and Marysbikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and America
12、s problems, Jane and Marys father表示“某人家”“店鋪”,所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles第一節(jié) 詞法(2)s 所有格的用法1.表示時(shí)間Todays newspaper, five weeks holiday2.表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3.表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4.表示工作群體the ships cr
13、ew, majoritys view, the teams victory5.表示度量衡及價(jià)值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6.與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot(3)of 所有格的用法第一節(jié) 詞法1.用于無生命的東西the legs of the chair, the cover of the book2.用于有生命的東西,尤其是有較長定語時(shí)the classrooms of the first-year students3.用于名詞化的詞the struggle of the o
14、ppressed(4)雙重所有格的用法第一節(jié) 詞法雙重所有格的形式of+名詞所有格a friend of my brothersof+名詞性物主代詞a necklace of yours雙重所有格的特征1)雙重所有格所修飾的名詞通常和不定冠詞 a 及 any, someno, few, several 等表示數(shù)量的詞連用,但不可以和定冠詞 the 連用。 This is a book of my fathers. Have you read any books of Einsteins? Some friends of my brothers Have arrived.2)“of 十名詞所有格
15、”中的名詞一般表示人,不能表示物,該名詞必須是特指的,不能是泛指的,不能與不定冠詞連用。a friend of the doctorssome books of my brothers第一節(jié) 詞法(五)名詞作定語(1)當(dāng)名詞作定語時(shí),幾乎總是用單數(shù)形式(即使在意義上是復(fù)數(shù))。例如:shoe repairers 修鞋的人 tooth brushes 牙刷(2)sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和 accounts 等作定語時(shí),仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:a sports car 一輛賽車 a customs officer 一名海關(guān)官員第一節(jié) 詞法(3)“man
16、 / woman+n.”變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)時(shí),作定語的名詞和中心詞都要變復(fù)數(shù)。 a man teacher 一個(gè)男教師ten men teachers 十個(gè)男教師第一節(jié) 詞法【現(xiàn)場訓(xùn)練】1. Mr. Black is an _ in the army, not an _ in the government. You can not easily find him in his _.A. official; officer; officeB. officer; office; officialC. official; official; officialD. officer; official; offi
17、ce第一節(jié) 詞法【答案】D【解析】考查形近名詞詞義辨析。句意:Mr. Black 是部隊(duì)上的一位軍官,而不是政府部門的官員,所以你不會(huì)輕易在辦公室看到他。officer“軍官”;official 作形容詞意為“官員的;公務(wù)上的”;作名詞意為“官員,公務(wù)員”;office“辦公室”。根據(jù)句意,故選 D。第一節(jié) 詞法2. Shelly had prepared carefully for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it at her first _.A. intention B. effortC. at
18、temptD. sight第一節(jié) 詞法【答案】C【解析】考查名詞辨析。句意:Shelly 很認(rèn)真地為生物考試做了準(zhǔn)備,因此她很有把握第一次嘗試就能通過。attempt“嘗試”,at ones first attempt“某人第一次嘗試”,符合句意。Intention“意圖,打算,目的”;effort“努力”;sight“視力,視野”。第一節(jié) 詞法3. He is surrounded by bad friends. As we all know, a man is known by the _ he keeps.A. companyB. customC. conceptD. community
19、【答案】A【解析】考查名詞辨析。句意:身邊都是些壞朋友。眾所周知:近朱者赤,近墨者黑。company 在本句中的意思是“同伴,伙伴”,the company he keeps 表示“他所交往的人”。故選A。第一節(jié) 詞法4. The _ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _car.A. girls; TomsB. girls; TomsC. girls; TomsD. girls; Toms【答案】C【解析】考查名詞所有格形式。根據(jù)題干后半部分的 them 可知對(duì)應(yīng)
20、復(fù)數(shù) girls.故選 C。第一節(jié) 詞法二、冠詞 要點(diǎn):對(duì)于 the 與 a, an 的理解(弄清“特指”與“泛指”)牢記常見固定搭配(詞組 / 短語)牢記只能用 the 或只能用零冠詞的幾種情況第一節(jié) 詞法1.指一類人或事,相當(dāng)于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2.第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3.表示“每一”相當(dāng)于 every,oneWe study eight hours a day.4.表示“相同”相當(dāng)于 the sameWe are nearly of an age. = We ar
21、e nearly of the same age.5.用于人名前,表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out. / That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6.用于固定詞組中a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk7.用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.8.用于 so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is
22、 as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.第一節(jié) 詞法(二)定冠詞的用法1.表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2.用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3.表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4.用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5.用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the living, the wounded6.表示“一家人”或“夫婦”
23、the Greens, the Cangs7.用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.第一節(jié) 詞法8.用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海、山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China9.用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10.在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前,指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s11.用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12.用于方位名詞、身體部位名詞及表
24、示He patted me on the shoulder.第一節(jié) 詞法(三)零冠詞的用法1.專有名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、人名地名等名詞前Peking University, Jack, China, love, air2. 名詞前有 this, my, whose, some, no,each, every 等限制I want this book. / Whose purse is this?3.季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4.表示職位、身份、頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of
25、 America.5.學(xué)科、語言、球類、棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6.與 by 連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7.以 and 連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork8.表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.第一節(jié) 詞法【現(xiàn)場訓(xùn)練】1.Have you heard of North Koreas rocket launch? Yes,_news came as_shock to me.A.the; aB. the; th
26、eC. a; a D. a; the【答案】A【解析】考查冠詞。句意:你聽說朝鮮進(jìn)行火箭發(fā)射這件事了嗎?是的,消息傳來,真是讓我感到震驚。第一空表特指用定冠詞;shock 意為“令人震驚的消息”時(shí)一般用單數(shù),因此第二空用不定冠詞。故選 A。第一節(jié) 詞法2._operation was very successful indeed, which was comfort to the concerned mother.A. The;/ B. An;theC. An;aD. The;a【答案】D【解析】考查冠詞用法。句意:這項(xiàng)手術(shù)實(shí)際上非常成功,這對(duì)于憂心忡忡的媽媽來說是一個(gè)安慰。operation
27、 在句中為特指,故其前加定冠詞 the;而在第二個(gè)空后的 comfort 在表示“一件讓人感到安慰的事”時(shí),為抽象名詞具體化用法,前面要用不定冠詞 a。故選 D。第一節(jié) 詞法3. Mo Yan, whose real name is Guan Moye, has been awarded _2012 Nobel Prize in _Literature.a; a B. the; / C. the; a D. the; the【答案】B【解析】考查冠詞。第一空為特指,the 2012 Nobel Prize;literature 為不可數(shù)名詞,且表泛指,其前不用冠詞。句意:莫言,真實(shí)的名字是管謨
28、業(yè),被授予 2012 年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。故選 B。第一節(jié) 詞法4. If you have got _temperature without coughing and headache, perhaps you have caught _cold. Just stay in_bed and dont think that you have got H1Nl. A. the; the; 不填B. a; a; 不填C. a; the; the D. a; a; the【答案】B【解析】考查冠詞。第一空和第二空是抽象名詞具體化。此時(shí) temperature 表示發(fā)燒,cold 表示感冒,應(yīng)加不定冠詞。
29、第三空 in bed 是固定短語,意為躺在床上。故選 B。第一節(jié) 詞法第一節(jié) 詞法5.- Do you like_movie Big Hero 6? - Yes, it is_interesting film. I like it very much.A. a; anB. the; anC. a; theD. the; a【答案】B【解析】考查冠詞。句意:你喜歡超能特戰(zhàn)隊(duì) 6這部電影嗎?是的,它是一部有趣的電影。我非常喜歡。不定冠詞 a/an 表示某一類人或某事物中的任何一個(gè),經(jīng)常用在第一次提到某人或某物時(shí),用不定冠詞起介紹作用,表示一個(gè)。a 用于輔音音素前,an 用于元音音素前。定冠詞特指某
30、(些)人或某(些)事物,以區(qū)別于同類中其他的人或事物,特指前文出現(xiàn)過的事物或說話雙方都知道的事物。根據(jù)電影名稱 Big Hero 6 可知是特指。根據(jù)句意可知第二空是表示類別。故選 B。第一節(jié) 詞法第一節(jié) 詞法6.Mr White, who comes from_European country, has formed _habit of attending _church on Sundays.A.an; ; the B. a; the; C. an; the; D. a; a; a【答案】B【解析】第一空泛指來自一個(gè)歐洲國家,European 為輔音發(fā)音,所以用 a;第二空特指去教堂禮拜的
31、習(xí)慣;第三空考查短語 attend church,意為:去教堂禮拜。故選 B。第一節(jié) 詞法第一節(jié) 詞法三、代詞要點(diǎn):人稱代詞(主格 / 賓格)、物主代詞、反身代詞指示代詞(it, that, this)的用法it 的用法:指代上文中的物或事;用作表示年份、時(shí)間、季節(jié)、氣候的主語;用作形式主語或形式賓語that 在同類事物的比較句中的用法第一節(jié) 詞法 不定代詞:another, other(s), the othersboth, either, neither, all, noneone, some, any, many, much, (a) few, (a) littleeach, every
32、 復(fù)合不定代詞:(與形容詞的位置關(guān)系)-thing, -one, -body第一節(jié) 詞法(一)代詞分類人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs反身代詞myself,yourself,himself, herself,itself, ourselves,yourselves, themselves指示代詞thi
33、s, that, these, those, such, some疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever,whatever關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a littleother/ another, all/ both, neither/ either復(fù)合不定代詞some, any, every, no 都能和 one, body, t
34、hing 一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合不定代詞第一節(jié) 詞法(二)不定代詞用法(1)one, some 與 anyone 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,復(fù)數(shù)為 ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Do you have any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.第一節(jié) 詞法some 可用于疑問句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù),或者表示建議,請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas? Could
35、 you give me some money?some 和 any 修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí),some 表示某個(gè),any 表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.第一節(jié) 詞法some 和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”,any 可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today?第一節(jié) 詞法(2)each 和 everyeach 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別,代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)
36、以上,而 every 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體,所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.第一節(jié) 詞法(3) no, no one, nobody, noneno 等于 not any,作定語。 There is no water in the bott
37、le.no one=nobody,兩者均只能指人不指物,其后通常不接 of 短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)。No one / Nobody likes it.第一節(jié) 詞法none 既可指人也可指物,作主語或賓語,代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語用單數(shù),代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。其后也通常接 of 短語。例如:How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.none 有時(shí)暗示一種數(shù)量,即指數(shù)量上“一個(gè)也沒有”,而 no one 或 nobody 則往往表示一種全
38、面否定,即“誰都沒有”,所以在回答 how many 或 how much 的提問時(shí),通常用 none,而在回答who 的提問時(shí),通常用 no one 或 nobody。第一節(jié) 詞法(4)another, other, the other, others, the othersanother 指“又一個(gè),另一個(gè)”無所指,指三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè),用作代詞或形容詞。例如:I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / so
39、me others.第一節(jié) 詞法other 泛指“另外的,別的”,只作定語,常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞連用;但如果前面有 the, this, that, some, any, each, every, no, one 及 my, your, his 等時(shí),則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如:any other plant, the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way。第一節(jié) 詞法the other 表示“兩者中的另一個(gè)”,常與 one 連用,構(gòu)成 onethe other“一個(gè)另一個(gè)”,作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),表示“全部
40、其余的”。例如:I spend half of my holiday practicing English and the other half learning drawing.第一節(jié) 詞法others 泛指別的人或物,是 other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式,泛指別的人或物(但不是全部),不可作定語。例如:Some like football, while others like basketball.the others 特指其余的人或物,是 the other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home
41、.第一節(jié) 詞法(5) both, all, either, any, neither 與 none 的用法都任何都不兩者botheitherneither三者(以上)allanynone第一節(jié) 詞法注:all 表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both 和 all 加否定詞表示部分否定,全部否定用neither 和 none。All of the books are not written in English. = Not all of the books are written in English.不是所有的書都是英文的。第一節(jié) 詞法 Both of us are not teache
42、rs. = Not both of us are teachers.我倆不都是老師。Either of us is a teacher.我倆都是老師。Neither of us is a teacher. 我倆都不是老師。(三)that 和 those 的用法比較1. that 用作替代詞主要用于替代“the+單數(shù)名詞(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))”,表特指。His handwriting is like that of a much younger child.他的筆跡像是一個(gè)年紀(jì)小得多的孩子的筆跡。those 用作替Studying Wendys menu, I found that many of t
43、he items are similar to those of McDonalds.研究溫迪的菜單,我發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多名目類似于麥當(dāng)勞的。第一節(jié) 詞法(四)it 的用法第一節(jié) 詞法用法舉例(1)代替上文提到的一件事物My book is missing. I cant find it anywhere.(2)代替指示代詞 this, that-What s this? -Its a car.(3)指代時(shí)間、季節(jié)It often rains in spring here.(4)指代氣候、天氣、溫度、自然環(huán)境等In Britain it is neither too cold in winter no
44、r too hot insummer.(5)指代距離Its four kilometers from my home to the farm.(6)指代不明性別的嬰兒-Whos the baby in the photo? -Its me.第一節(jié) 詞法(7)指代遠(yuǎn)處的人或者敲門者等不能確定對(duì)方身份的人Open the door, please. It may be the police.(8)作形式主語Its not easy to get him to change his mind.(9)作形式賓語She found it difficult to get along with him.(
45、10)用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It was he who bought a shirt at this shop yesterday.(11)某些及物動(dòng)詞(like, love,Id appreciate it if you could drop in tonight.(五)it, that, one, so 的用法比較第一節(jié) 詞法用法舉例it( 指 代同 名 同物)it 指代上文所提事物的本身,如果所代替的事物為復(fù)數(shù),則應(yīng)該用 they 或 them 表示The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they c
46、an move in.it 也可以用來代替上文所提到的一件事Marys mother always told her to work hard, but it didnt help.seetoit that=see that/make sure that/check that 意思是“確?!薄皠?wù)必”,這里所提到的that 從句中的將來時(shí)都要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代。You will see to it that your methods are ideal.第一節(jié) 詞法that(指代同名異物)that 表替代時(shí)是特指,可指上文談到物或情況(均為單數(shù),可代替可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,有時(shí) that 后面接
47、of 短語-He was nearly drowned once.-When was that?-It was in 1998 that he was in middle school.若 that 所代替的內(nèi)容為前置用法,即要代替的內(nèi)容將出現(xiàn)在下文中,一般用 this, these 或 the following 表示W(wǎng)hat I want to suggest is that: Everyone should have another try. We neednt onlywait for help.第一節(jié) 詞法one( 既 可 代替事物, 也 可 代替人)常用來代替與上文所提到人或物相類
48、似的不確定的另一人或物(而 that 代替上文談到的物或情況),且被替代者為可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式,相當(dāng)于“a+名詞”(泛指),其復(fù)數(shù)形式為 onesMeeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure.若下文替代者表示非特指含義,則用 a/anadjone 形式表示;若下文替代者為另一特指含義,則用the one 或theadjone形式表示;若下文替代時(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)含義,則用theadjones 或 the ones 表 示I brought a necklace t
49、o you that day, but it wasa different one.one 作替代詞用時(shí),其前可加某些形容詞或限定詞,如 the, this, that, which, each, every, any,但一般不能直接在其前加物主代詞I dont like this blue cat, Id likethe red one.第一節(jié) 詞法one 作替代詞用時(shí),其前可加某些形容詞或限定詞,如 the, this, that, which, each, every, any,但一般不能直接在其前加物主代詞I dont like this blue cat, Id likethe re
50、d one.soso 表示替代常用來代替上文中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容,尤其是上文內(nèi)容在下文中以賓語從句形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)It has many omissions;evenso. (=evenitHasmanyomissions)如果在下文被代替者為否定含義的賓語從句,常用動(dòng)詞否定形式+so 或直接用 not 代替-Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?- I dont believe so. / I believe not.(六)such 的用法1.表示“那樣的”、“這樣的”,與 no, any, some, all, few, many, each,
51、every, several, other, another, one, two 等詞語連用應(yīng)置于其后,但是,與不定冠詞連用時(shí),要置于其前。如:Theres no such thing as ghosts.沒有鬼這樣的東西。He couldnt afford to pay such a price.他出不起這樣的價(jià)錢。第一節(jié) 詞法注:受 no such 修飾的名詞無需再用冠詞。如:There is no such thing as a free lunch.沒有免費(fèi)的午餐。2.比較 suchas 與 suchthatsuchas 中的 as 是關(guān)系代詞,用以引導(dǎo)定語從句,在句中充當(dāng)主語或賓語等
52、,而 suchthat 中的that 只起引導(dǎo)詞的作用,用以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語。如:Ive never heard such stories as he tells.Its such a heavy stone that I cant move it.第一節(jié) 詞法(七)固定結(jié)構(gòu)1. nothing less than“不亞于”“完全”。如:It was nothing less than a miracle. 那完全是個(gè)奇跡。His negligence was nothing less than criminal. 他的粗心大意無異于犯罪。 2. nothing more than“僅僅”“不過是
53、”。如:It was nothing more than a shower. 只不過下了場陣雨。第一節(jié) 詞法It is nothing more than a made-up story. 它只不過是杜撰的故事而已。3. anything but 為習(xí)語,意為“根本不是”“一點(diǎn)不是”。如:The party was anything but a success. 晚會(huì)根本不成功。第一節(jié) 詞法注:anything but 不僅可用于事物,也可用于人;anything but 有時(shí)可單獨(dú)使用。如:I dont mean hes lazyanything but! 我不是說他懶,他根本不懶。4. n
54、othing but 也是習(xí)語,意為“僅僅”“只”。如:There is nothing but some waste paper in the desk. 課桌里只有些廢紙。第一節(jié) 詞法【現(xiàn)場訓(xùn)練】1.I found _ difficult to make friends with him because he is very shy.A. thatB. oneC. itD. what【答案】C【解析】考查代詞。固定用法 it 做形式賓語。句意:我發(fā)現(xiàn)跟他交朋友很難,因?yàn)樗浅:π?。It 在句子中做形式賓語,真正的賓語是后面的不定式,故此題選 C。第一節(jié) 詞法2.One of the mos
55、t important questions they had to consider was _ of public health.A. whatB. thisC. thatD. which【答案】C【解析】考查 that 作代詞。That 指代前面的名詞 questions,后面有定語修飾,表示特指。句意:他們不得不考慮的問題之一就是公共健康的問題。故 C 正確。第一節(jié) 詞法3.I agree with most of what you said, but I dont agree with _.everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing第一節(jié) 詞
56、法【答案】A【解析】考查代詞。前文的 I agree with most of what you said(我同意你說的大部分內(nèi)容),其后的 not 與 everything 構(gòu)成部分否定,意為“不是所有的都同意”,前后兩部分用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞 but 連接,語氣通順、連貫。故選 A。第一節(jié) 詞法4. As a student studying in America, I find that the method of teaching is quite different from _given by Chinese teachers.oneB. thatC. itD. those【答案】B【解析】
57、考查代詞。that 代替前面的 the method of teaching,表示特指,也可用 the one代替。故選 B。第一節(jié) 詞法5.-What do you think of the furniture on exhibition?-Well, great! But I dont think much of _ you bought.the oneB. itC. thatD. which第一節(jié) 詞法【答案】C【解析】考查代詞。此處使用 that 替代上文不可數(shù)名詞 furniture,其后為定語從句,省略了作賓語的關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that。故選 C。句意:你覺得這些展品家具
58、怎樣?很不錯(cuò)!不過我不大喜歡你買的。第一節(jié) 詞法6.To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against _.A. anotherB. the otherC. otherD. either【答案】B【解析】考查代詞。句意:為了給自己取暖,這個(gè)水手坐在火前面一只光腳摩擦另外一只腳。因?yàn)槿擞袃芍荒_,一只是 one,另外一只是 the other,故選 B。第一節(jié) 詞法四、形容詞和副詞要點(diǎn):形容詞在句中的位置(前置定語 / 后置定語 / 表語)多個(gè)形容詞的排序形容詞與副詞的轉(zhuǎn)換副詞在句中的
59、位置(動(dòng)詞的前后)常用程度副詞的辨析:very, much, (by) far, quite, rather, fairly, too, so, such, enough, badly, much too, almost, nearly, hardly, that, this形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)第一節(jié) 詞法(一)形容詞1.形容詞的位置形容詞作定語通常前置,但在下列情況后置:第一節(jié) 詞法修 飾 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible以-able, -ible
60、結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或 only 修飾的名詞之后the best book availablethe only solution possiblealive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置the only person awake和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on with多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:第一節(jié) 詞法代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞
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