自考現(xiàn)代英語語法學(xué)習(xí)筆記第二章句子類型

1、考點(diǎn)1考點(diǎn)2學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載第二章句子類型Sentencetype2.0Introduction句子類型和作用4種主要句型，陳述句(declarative)，疑問句(interrogative)，祈使句(imperative)，感嘆句(exclamatives)1.Statementsareassociatedwithdeclarativesandprimaryconcernedwithgivinginformation.2.Questionsareassociatedwithinterrogativesandprimaryconcernedwithrequiringinfo.3.Comman

2、dsareassociatedwithimperativesandprimaryconcernedwithrequiringactions.4.Exclamationsareassociatedwithexclamativesandprimaryconcernedwithexpressingthespeakersimpressionofsomething.2.1Statements陳述句陳述句通常分為肯定陳述句（Assertion肯定句）和非肯定句（NonAssertion非肯定句），與這兩種陳述句用法相關(guān)聯(lián)的有3類詞，肯定詞(Assertive)，否定詞(Negative)和非肯定詞(Non

3、assertive)。AssertionPositiveandDeclarativePositiveSentenceInterrogativeNonAssertionNegativeNegative2.1.1肯定詞(Assertive)，否定詞(Negative)和非肯定詞(Nonassertive)以及使用AssertiveNonassertiveAssertiveWordsNonassertiveWordsNegativeWordsSomeAnyNoSomebodyAnybodyNobody.OneortheotherNeitherNeitherStillAnymore,Anylonger

4、Nomore,NolongerAlreadyYet*Positivestatementsusuallymakeassertion,thereforeweuseassertivewords.Questionsareusuallynonassertive,buttheycanbeassertivewhenanpositiveanswerisexcepted,therefore,bothassertive&nonassertivewordscanbeused.*Negativestatementsoftenuse1:not+Nonassertiveword;2:NegativewordIdonoth

5、aveanynewsforyou.Ihavenonewsforyou.*NonassertivewordsinNonassertivecontext.1.接在有否定意思的詞后Theyrefusedtostayhereanylonger.2.If從句ifanyonecallsme,itmustbeJohn.3.putativeshould從句itsoddthatsheshouldsayanythinglikethat.4.比較句，heisbetterthananyoneelseintheclass.考點(diǎn)3學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載2.1.2Negation否定句a.否定詞一般是no,not,加強(qiáng)否定詞：n

6、ever,notatall,notasingle,bynomeans,notabit,notintheleast,半否定詞，negativeinmeaningbutnotinappearance.Seldom,Hardly,Rarely,barely,scarcely,little,fewb.否定范圍1.thescopeextendsfromnegativewordstotheendofthesentence.2.Differentintonationonendplaceadverbial.3.thescopedoesntincludedisjunctionorconjuncts.4.Apar

7、ticularstress.(intonation)5.Allandeveryindifferentstress.(Intonation)c.否定轉(zhuǎn)移transfernegation考點(diǎn)4normallyoccurswiththewordsexpress”:opinion”think,believe,suppose,image,expert,Idontthinkhewillcome.butthesewords:assume,fear,surmise,presume.Idontassumethattheyvealreadywonthegame.Iassumethattheyhaventwonth

8、egame.2.2Questions疑問句4種句型，一般疑問句YES-NOQuestion,特殊疑問句WH-question,選擇疑問句alternativequestion,附加疑問句tagquestion.YES-NOQUESTIONS作用:queryingthetruthofastatement.特點(diǎn)：用non-assertivewords.作用:askingforconfirmationofspeakersassumption.特點(diǎn):AYES-NOQuestionwithpositiveorientationuseassertivewordsinsteadofnonassertive.

9、Doyouhavesomequestions?(expecttosayyes,)作用:expressthespeakersnegativeattitudetowardshisownassumption.特點(diǎn)：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.Dontyouhaveanysenseofhumor?(Ithoughtyouhad,butyoudont)作用：asimperative特點(diǎn)：negativeorientation,withnegativewords.Wontyoucomein?/sitdown?作用：asexclamation特點(diǎn)：negati

10、veorientation,withnegativewords.isntitlovely?WHQUESTIONS特殊疑問句作用：requiresomespecificinformationInthereply.Notquerythetruthofthestatement,butaskfordetailsaboutapartofit.考點(diǎn)5考點(diǎn)6學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載AlternativeQuestion選擇疑問句Twosubclasses:1)formedonthebasisofYES-NOQuestion,2)formedonthebasisofWH-Question.Wouldyoulikete

11、aorcoffee?Tea,please.No,thanks.(coffee升調(diào))Whatwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?Tea,please.TagQuestion附加疑問句Thetagcanbespokenwithrisingtoneandfallingtone.Risingtone(likeayes-noquestion):Expressthespeakersneutralexpectationofthehearersresponse,andinvitethehearertoverifythetruthofthepropositioninthestatement.Fal

12、lingtone（similartoexclamation）:thespeakeraskforthehearersconfirmationofthestatementratherthanverificationthetruth.Irregularquestiontags.*Lets.,shallwe?*Everyoneishere,isnthe?Isntthey?*Have做助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，反義疑問句用haventYouhavealreadyheardthenews,haventyou?Haveto詞組，用doTheyhavetoliveontheirown,dontthey?Have除了表述“占有

13、，擁有”時(shí)，都用dontYouhadyourhaircut,dontyou?Youhavealotoffriends,haventyou?Dontyou?May用cant做反義疑問句。Oughtto用shouldnt做反義疑問句。2.3Commands祈使句祈使句的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式：1.加主語You,但不可加please了。Youbepatient;youshutup.2.句首加doDobequiet.祈使句的否定形式1.Dont+Nonassertivewords.EatsomethingDonteatanything.2.Let祈使句，在let后加not或在句首加dontLetmetryagain.Letmenottryagain.Dontletmetryagain.考點(diǎn)7學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載2.4Exclamations感嘆句2majortypes:What-exclamationsandHow-exclamations.What-exclamations:canbesubject,object,complement,adverbial可修飾單數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)以及不可數(shù)名詞。Whatalargeantisapproaching!(Subject)Whatastrangefriendyouhave.(Object)What