中英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯-清障車的發(fā)展

1、 附錄 A清障車的發(fā)展道路清障車最早應(yīng)用于公路交通非常發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，美國(guó)早在 20 世紀(jì) 50 年代即生產(chǎn)出世界第一輛道路清障車。當(dāng)時(shí)這種特種車結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，通過(guò)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)，帶動(dòng)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)構(gòu)，并用拉桿支撐，將故障車一端吊起拖離現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，而且往往采用自制底盤(pán)，功能也較單一，這是道路清障車發(fā)展的第一階段。道路清障車發(fā)展的第二階段，是以液壓傳動(dòng)與控制技術(shù)的引入為標(biāo)志的。20 世經(jīng)70 年代，第一批全液壓系統(tǒng)的道路清障車并涌現(xiàn)出一批著名的道路清障車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)，如美國(guó)的 C E N T U R Y 、LLENGER、JERR-DAN、WRECKER，奧地利的 EMPL，日本的 TOKYU，加拿大的 NR

2、C 等。此階段內(nèi)，道路清障車技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)得到很大發(fā)展。首先是系列品種及規(guī)格增多，結(jié)構(gòu)型式多樣化；其次是所用的專用底盤(pán)、二類底盤(pán)多樣化，最大型號(hào)的道路清障車為 4 橋；第三是結(jié)構(gòu)多樣、功能齊全，具有托舉、起吊、拖拽、牽引、背拖、破拆、清潔、維修等功能；第四是工作能力更大，拖舉能力最大可達(dá) 25t，拖牽能力可達(dá) 48t，起吊能力可達(dá) 40t；第五是操作方式更先進(jìn)，工作環(huán)境更優(yōu)越舒適。近幾年我國(guó)公路交通事業(yè)發(fā)展非常迅速：一是投資大，國(guó)家每年投資兩三千億元用于公路建設(shè)，已成為拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的先導(dǎo)行業(yè)；二是公路多，2002 年公路通車總里程已達(dá) 175.8 萬(wàn)公里，高速公路通車?yán)锍桃衍S居世界第二位；三是汽車

3、多，2002 年汽車產(chǎn)銷總量已躍居世界第五位。客流量及物流量，道路清障車也要同步快速發(fā)展，而且今后我國(guó)公路交通仍將保持高速發(fā)展勢(shì)頭，到 2010 年全國(guó)公路總里程將達(dá)到 210萬(wàn)230 萬(wàn)公里。那么，道路清障車的需求量也應(yīng)保持與之相適應(yīng)的增長(zhǎng)比例，并且絕不只是數(shù)量上的增長(zhǎng)，而是在質(zhì)量和技術(shù)上的不斷提高。只有這樣才能適應(yīng)公路交通事業(yè)的發(fā)展，而且市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)首先集中在技術(shù)的層次與創(chuàng)新上。我國(guó)道路清障車雖起步較晚，但發(fā)展迅速，國(guó)內(nèi)已有近二十家生產(chǎn)道路清障車的廠家,其中形成生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的主要廠家有廣東粵海汽車有限公司、長(zhǎng)沙中聯(lián)重工科技發(fā)展股份有限公司、沈陽(yáng)北方交通工程公司、江蘇揚(yáng)州盛達(dá)特種車有限公司等。

4、我國(guó)道路清障車行業(yè)走了一條引進(jìn)技術(shù)與自主開(kāi)發(fā)相結(jié)合的道路，緊跟世界道路清障車發(fā)展方向，技術(shù)基本與世界同步，只是在產(chǎn)品的可靠性和耐用性方面與世界先進(jìn)水平有一定差距。無(wú)論是研發(fā)、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)還是生產(chǎn)能力，我國(guó)企業(yè)都能滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)需求。主要特點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面：(1)起點(diǎn)高。國(guó)內(nèi)道路清障車主要生產(chǎn)廠家在產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)，以國(guó)際著名品牌的近代 產(chǎn)品為基型，剖析、吸納國(guó)際上經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的道路清障車新類型、新結(jié)構(gòu)、新工藝、新技術(shù)和新材料，全面提升了道路清障車技術(shù)的起點(diǎn)和水平；(2)配置新?，F(xiàn)在多數(shù)廠家采用了國(guó)際最新技術(shù)成果，特別是在液壓、電氣、傳感、氣動(dòng)及數(shù)控等元器件的應(yīng)用方面，直接引入了這些領(lǐng)域的最新技術(shù)；(3

5、)多元化。各生產(chǎn)廠家為滿足市場(chǎng)的需求，各種類型的道路清障車不斷涌現(xiàn)，使品種多元化成為道路清障車技術(shù)的一個(gè)明顯特點(diǎn)。(4)大型工程機(jī)械生產(chǎn)企業(yè)介入清障車領(lǐng)域：國(guó)內(nèi)諸如中聯(lián)重科、三一集團(tuán)等世界級(jí)的工程機(jī)械大型生產(chǎn)企業(yè)憑借其強(qiáng)大的制造實(shí)力、研發(fā)實(shí)力以及優(yōu)質(zhì)的售后服務(wù)參與到提高清障車技術(shù)水平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中來(lái)，將大幅度縮短我國(guó)與世界清障車設(shè)計(jì)、制造水平的差距，盡快實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)水平與世界同步。道路清障車今后的發(fā)展將有如下趨勢(shì)：(1)重型化趨勢(shì)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)最大噸位的道路清障車為 48t，產(chǎn)品投入市場(chǎng)后很受歡迎。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展越來(lái)越快，高等級(jí)道路越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)，重型運(yùn)輸車輛越來(lái)越多，我國(guó)對(duì)重型清障車的需求越來(lái)越大。我國(guó)自己開(kāi)

6、發(fā)的 60t 道路清障車也即將面市，開(kāi)發(fā)80t 的道路清障車工作已經(jīng)開(kāi)始籌劃，道路清障車的重型化趨勢(shì)也使得重型道路清障車占有的市場(chǎng)比例越來(lái)越大。(2)開(kāi)發(fā)專用底盤(pán)。目前國(guó)內(nèi)道路清障車所用的底盤(pán)，絕大多數(shù)采用的是普通載重車用二類底盤(pán)，它的受力方式、結(jié)構(gòu)布局、車體改造等都不能很好地滿足道路清障車的需要。道路清障車底盤(pán)專用化是國(guó)內(nèi)道路清障車行業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。(3)應(yīng)用新技術(shù)。利用數(shù)控技術(shù)、遙控技術(shù)來(lái)提高道路清障車的自動(dòng)化程度；利用高強(qiáng)、輕質(zhì)新材料，提高道路清障車各結(jié)構(gòu)件、受力件的強(qiáng)度，減輕道路清障車的自質(zhì)量；利用液壓、電氣、氣動(dòng)方面的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和最新成果來(lái)提高道路清障車的功能；利用表面處理及涂裝新技

7、術(shù)，防腐防銹，美化外觀。(4)多重安全保障。利用傳感技術(shù)來(lái)自動(dòng)限制道路清障車的超重、超距等違章操作，確保車輛安全。(5)流水線生產(chǎn)。在產(chǎn)品制造過(guò)程中開(kāi)始大量使用專用設(shè)備，有條件實(shí)現(xiàn)道路清障車的流水線生產(chǎn)，提高產(chǎn)量，降低成本。道路清障車是一個(gè)剛剛起步的朝陽(yáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)，只要路在延長(zhǎng)，車在增加，就需要越來(lái)越多的道路清障車來(lái)保障路的暢通。功能大致相同、噸位相同、質(zhì)量差不多的道路清障車，國(guó)外產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格是國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品的 4 倍。這說(shuō)明我國(guó)的道路清障車走向世界市場(chǎng)具有很大的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)，成為世界的道路清障車生產(chǎn)大國(guó)已經(jīng)不是遙遠(yuǎn)的夢(mèng)想當(dāng)前，隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的健康發(fā)展，國(guó)內(nèi)需求的持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，我國(guó)專用汽車市場(chǎng)也將取得飛速的發(fā)展。 今

8、后幾年發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)主要集中在城市建設(shè)、服務(wù)和高等級(jí)公路運(yùn)輸方面。具體到車型上體現(xiàn)在下列方面：1、自卸汽車隨著近幾年來(lái)國(guó)家實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需的方針，積極投資基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和興建大型工程，以及 2008 年的北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)和 2010 上海世博會(huì)，都對(duì)相應(yīng)的自卸汽車需求量有大量的增長(zhǎng)，而且大、重噸位的自卸車是發(fā)展的方向，所占的比例也將進(jìn)一步增大。2、牽引汽車隨著我國(guó)高速公路、高等級(jí)公路的高速增長(zhǎng)，高速公路、高等級(jí)公路拓展帶來(lái)的對(duì)提高運(yùn)輸效率的需要，這將為我國(guó)公路今后的主導(dǎo)車型大容積的廂式半掛車將大大增加，相應(yīng)的半掛牽引車的需求量也將大量增加，并且大功率、高速公路長(zhǎng)距離運(yùn)輸?shù)臓恳囀鞘袌?chǎng)需求的熱點(diǎn)。3、罐式汽車罐

9、式汽車包括常見(jiàn)的油罐車、散裝水泥車、混凝土攪拌運(yùn)輸車，以及使用量相對(duì)較少的液化氣高壓罐車、化工液罐車、吸污液罐車等。隨著西部地區(qū)油氣資源的開(kāi)發(fā)必然會(huì)帶動(dòng)石化煉油業(yè)的發(fā)展，因此大型油罐車的需求也會(huì)增大。大噸位的半掛式油罐車增長(zhǎng)比率還將加快。4、散裝水泥車及混凝土攪拌機(jī)近幾年來(lái)，隨著房地產(chǎn)熱的興起和公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的開(kāi)發(fā)等原因?qū)е铝藢?duì)散裝水泥車及混凝土攪拌車的大量需求。5、市政用車市政用車包括大型公交車、路面清掃車、可換車廂式的垃圾壓縮車、吸糞車、下水道疏通車、各種郵政車，灑水車及清洗高層建筑物的高空作業(yè)車等。隨著國(guó)家確立加快城市化進(jìn)程，為適應(yīng)城市建設(shè)需要的各類建筑工程專用車需求量將會(huì)很大，而且品

10、種會(huì)十分豐富。城市化進(jìn)程不僅會(huì)拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，同時(shí)對(duì)各種專門(mén)的需要會(huì)增多起來(lái)，拉動(dòng)專用車行業(yè)的發(fā)展。6、高速公路維護(hù)車輛我國(guó)高速公路的飛速發(fā)展，以“五縱七橫”為主骨架的公路網(wǎng)的完成，我國(guó)高速公路通車總里程將達(dá) 3.5 萬(wàn)公里。隨著西部大開(kāi)發(fā)的不斷推進(jìn)和西部地區(qū)高速公路里程的不斷增加，大型高速公路清障車、路面養(yǎng)護(hù)車、路面清掃車、救援拖車、帶大型起重機(jī)的救援車等有大的市場(chǎng)。7、消防車專業(yè)化、特種消防車的數(shù)量愈來(lái)愈多，但從在用車輛的實(shí)際情況看，目前我國(guó)消 防車在數(shù)量和質(zhì)量上還存在很大的欠缺，尤其是車型結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、特種消防車比例過(guò)低，水罐車占總量的 69.2%，而特種消防車(除水罐、干粉、泡沫以外的車輛

11、)僅占 10%。今后專業(yè)化的特種消防車將成為需求的重點(diǎn)。8、醫(yī)療專用車醫(yī)療專用車包括救護(hù)車、醫(yī)療急救車、采血車、防疫車、化驗(yàn)車等。由于 2003年初全國(guó)“非典”疫情的影響和當(dāng)前流行于東南亞國(guó)家的禽流感病毒，將大大刺激國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)療專用車的需求。9、機(jī)場(chǎng)專用車當(dāng)前，國(guó)家把機(jī)場(chǎng)建設(shè)確立為西部大開(kāi)發(fā)的重點(diǎn)，隨著機(jī)場(chǎng)的建成，機(jī)場(chǎng)大量需要舷梯車、行李運(yùn)送車、食品供應(yīng)車，飛機(jī)大型的加油車、飛機(jī)牽引車、救援車、消防車等。除機(jī)場(chǎng)專用的大功率消防車國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)生產(chǎn)以外，其他都已有企業(yè)生產(chǎn)，但其中的大噸位的飛機(jī)加油車，在性能結(jié)構(gòu)和技術(shù)保證上，還不能完全過(guò)關(guān)，急待盡快提高水平。10、油田專用車油田專用車，是在通用型的重噸位貨

12、車底盤(pán)上加裝各種鉆井、修井等作業(yè)的專用裝備而成。隨著西部石油資源的開(kāi)發(fā)，西部地區(qū)的非沙漠油田用車輛的需求大型固井車、鉆井車、生活車、修井車等車型。11、集裝箱車隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代物流的加快以及用于肉類，速凍食品、冷飲、乳制品及鮮果類商品的總產(chǎn)量和運(yùn)輸量的增加，集裝箱運(yùn)輸將是我國(guó)汽車運(yùn)輸發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要方向，國(guó)家每年對(duì)集裝箱車的需求量將大大增加。我國(guó)清障車工業(yè)起步于上世紀(jì)八十年代末，在近二十年里，國(guó)內(nèi)清障車行業(yè)經(jīng)歷了引進(jìn)整車、吸收仿制到自主研發(fā)清障車的過(guò)程。隨著我國(guó)城市交通和高速公路的快速發(fā)展，國(guó)內(nèi)清障車的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)、制造工藝也進(jìn)行了突破性發(fā)展，形成了清障車多功能化、智能化、人性化的產(chǎn)

13、品技術(shù)特點(diǎn)；專用機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)用新型材料、產(chǎn)品模塊化設(shè)計(jì)、專用設(shè)備的應(yīng)用的制造工藝技術(shù)特點(diǎn)。2002 年我國(guó)公路通車?yán)锍桃堰_(dá) 175.8 萬(wàn)公里，其中高速公路達(dá) 2.5 萬(wàn)公里，躍居世界第二。隨著京沈、京滬、西南出海通道等高速公路的開(kāi)通，我國(guó)以五縱七橫國(guó)道主干線為重點(diǎn)的國(guó)家公路主骨架已初步建成。這為清障車的突飛發(fā)展孕育了廣闊市場(chǎng)，作為“讓大地的脈絡(luò)更暢通”的使者清障車，要使其更能發(fā)揮安全快捷、強(qiáng)而有力的道路清障優(yōu)勢(shì)，那么清障車底盤(pán)專用化、重型化、智能化、作業(yè)附件實(shí)用性是清障車技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。 To clear up obstacles in the development of carVehicl

14、es used to clear up obstacles in the path of road traffic is the first developedcountry, the United States as early as the 50s in the 20th century that produced the worldsfirst clear up obstacles in the path of a car. At that time, relatively simple structure suchvehicles, driven by the engine throu

15、gh mechanical transmission, drive winch body, and thesupport rod, one end of the fault car lifting off the scene, often using home-made chassisthan a single function, which is the road clearance impaired the first stage of vehicledevelopmentVehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of the second ph

16、ase of development is basedon hydraulic transmission and control technology, marked by the introduction of the. 20world by 70 years, the first all-hydraulic system to clear up obstacles in the path of vehiclesand the emergence of a group of cars to clear up obstacles in the path of a well-knownmanuf

17、acturers, such as the United States, CENTURY, LLENGER, JERR-DAN,WRECKER, Austria EMPL, Japan The TOKYU, such as Canadas NRC. This stage, theroad to clear up obstacles in vehicle technology and production has been great development.First of all, a series of varieties and specifications of morediversi

18、fied structure; followed by the exclusive use of the chassis, chassis second-classdiversification, to clear up obstacles in the path of the largest car models 4 bridge; the thirdis the structure of diverse functions, with lifts, lifting,towing,traction,backdragging,cleaning,maintenance, etc.; and th

19、e fourth is the ability to work even greater ability to drag up to give25t, capacity 48t, lifting capacity of 40t; V is a more advanced mode of operation, superiorand comfortable working environment.In recent years, the development of Chinas road traffic very quickly: First, largeinvestment and an a

20、nnual 300 billion yuan investment for highway construction, to promoteeconomic growth has become the industry leader; Second Highway in 2002, has total lengthof highways open to traffic 1.758 million kilometers of highway traffic mileage has leapt tosecond in the world; more than three motor vehicle

21、s, motor vehicle production and salesvolume in 2002 has been ranked fifth in the world. Such a large road network and trafficflow, traffic flow and Physical Properties of road vehicles to clear up obstacles to the rapiddevelopment of synchronization, and road traffic in China will maintain a momentu

22、m ofrapid development in 2010 will reach National 2100000 230 10,000 kilometers. In thatcase, the demand for cars to clear up obstacles in the road should also adapt to maintain thegrowth rate, and not just a quantitative growth, but in terms of quality and continuousimprovement in technology. The o

23、nly way to adapt to the development of road traffic, butthe focus of competition in the market will first concentrate on the level of technology andinnovation. Although the road to clear up obstacles in my car late start, but the rapid developmentof domestic production of nearly 20 car manufacturers

24、 to clear up obstacles in the road,which formed the production scale are the main manufacturers in Guangdong GuangdongAutomobile Co., Ltd., Changsha Zoomlion Heavy Industry Technology Development in Co.,Ltd., Shenyang North Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu Yangzhou Shengda Special PurposeVehicle Co., Lt

25、d. 80 during the late 20th century, China began to clear up obstacles in theproduction of road cars. Chinas car industry to clear up obstacles in the road take aself-developed technology with the introduction of a combination of roads, closely followthe development of the worlds roads to clear up ob

26、stacles in the direction of vehicles,technical basic with the world, but in product reliability and durability with the advancedworld level a certain gap. Both the research and development, production technology andproduction capacity, Chinese enterprises can meet domestic market demand. The mainfea

27、tures of performance in the following areas(1) the starting point of the high. The main roads to clear up obstacles in the domesticcar manufacturers in product development to world-renowned modern brand-based products,analysis of the economy to absorb the international community to clear up obstacle

28、s in thepath of developed countries, new types of vehicles, the new structure, new processes, newtechnologies and new materials, to enhance the cars to clear up obstacles in the way thestarting point and level of technology;(2) the new configuration. Most manufacturers are now using the latest techn

29、ologicalachievements, especially in the hydraulic, electrical, sensors, pneumatic and CNCcomponents such as applications, direct introduction of the latest technology in these areas;(3) diversification. Manufacturers to meet the needs of the market, to clear upobstacles in the road cars of all types

30、 continue to emerge, so that species diversity as avehicle to clear up obstacles in the path of an obvious feature of technology.(4) large-scale construction machinery manufacturing enterprises vehicles involved inthe field of obstacles: internal, such as Zoomlion, Trinity Group Construction Machine

31、ryworld-class large-scale manufacturing enterprises, with its powerful manufacturingcapabilities, R & D strength, as well as to participate in quality after-sales service toimprove to clear up obstacles in the level of vehicle technology competition, the will tosignificantly reduce the obstacles in

32、our country with the worlds car design andmanufacturing levels, skill levels as quickly as possible with the world.Vehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of future development will have the followingtrends:(1) heavy trend. At present, the largest tonnage of cars to clear up obstacles in the path

33、of 48t, after the product into the market very popular. Chinas economic development asmore and more rapidly, more and more high-grade the road a long, heavy transport vehicles, more and more obstacles in our country on the heavy demand for cars is growing. 60tdeveloped our own road cars will also be

34、 available to clear up obstacles in the developmentof vehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of 80t work has already begun planning to clearup obstacles in the path of the trend of heavy vehicles also makes heavy-duty trucks to clearup obstacles in the road occupies an increasingly large share o

35、f the market.(2) the development of a dedicated chassis. At present, vehicles used to clear upobstacles in the path of the chassis used in the vast majority of ordinary truck chassis used inthe second category, which means force, structural layout, and so the body can not bemodified to meet the need

36、s of cars to clear up obstacles in the road. To clear up obstacles inthe path of vehicle chassis is dedicated to clear up obstacles in the road cars of the inevitabletrend of development of the industry.(3) application of new technologies. The use of digital technology, remote controltechnology to i

37、mprove the roads to clear up obstacles in the automated car; the use ofhigh-strength, lightweight new materials, to enhance road cars of the structural obstacles,the strength of the force incident to reduce the obstacles the road since the quality ofvehicles; use hydraulic, electrical, pneumatic asp

38、ects of the latest achievements intechnological innovation and to improve the function of vehicle to clear up obstacles in theroad; the use of surface treatment and coating of new technologies, anti-corrosion rust-proofand beautifying the appearance.(4) multiple security. The use of sensor technolog

39、y to automatically limit the overweighttrucks to clear up obstacles in the road, ultra-distance and other illegal operations, ensure thesafety of vehicles.(5) production lines. Product manufacturing process in the beginning of large-scale useof special equipment, road obstacles to achieve the assemb

40、ly line production of vehicles,increase production and reduce costs.To clear up obstacles in the road car is a sunrise industry has just started, so long as theextension of the road in cars is increasing, we need to clear up obstacles in the path of moreand more vehicles to ensure smooth flow of road. Function more or less the same, the sametonnage, quality is almost up obstacles in the path of cars, the price of foreign products isthe product of 4 times.