各種溶劑的純化方法

1、苯甲腈 Benzonitrile【中文名稱】芐氰；苯基氰；氰基苯；苯甲月青；芐月青【英文名稱】 benzonitrile;phenyl cyanide【結(jié)構(gòu)或分子式】 一【相對分子量或原子量】103.13【密度】1.008【熔點（C）】-13【沸點（C）】 190.7【閃點（C）】79【粘度 mPa - s （20C）】 1.24【折射率】1.5289【毒性LD50（mg/kg）】小鼠經(jīng)口720。小鼠經(jīng)皮注射180。【性狀】無色透明液體，有苦杏仁的氣味，極毒！【溶解情況】溶于熱水、乙醇和乙醚，難溶于冷水。【用途】用于有機合成和制染料、藥物等，也用作乙烯基樹脂的溶劑?！局苽浠騺碓础靠捎杉妆浇?jīng)氨氧

2、化，或由苯甲酸經(jīng)干餾而制得。Benzonitrile 100-47-0 M 103,1. f -12.9, b 191.1, d 1.010, n 1.528. Dried with CaSO4 CaCl?, MgSO4 or K2CO3, and distd from P2O5 in an all-glass apparatus, under reduced pressure (b 69/10mm), collecting the middle fraction. Dis tn from CaHa causes some decomposition of solvent. Isonitril

3、es can be removed by preliminary treatment with cone HC1 until the smell of isonitrile has gone, followed by preliminary drying with K2CO3. (This treatment also removes amines).Steam distd (to remove small quantities of carbylainine). The distillate was extracted into ether, washed with dil NU2CO3,

4、dried overnight with CaCLj, and the ether removed by evaporation. The residue was distd at 40mm (b 96) Kice, Perham and Simons J Am Chem Soc 82 834 I960,Conductivity grade benzonitrile (specific conductance 2 x 10* mho) was obtained by treatment with anhydrous AICI3, followed by rapid dism at 40-50

5、under vacuum. After washing with alkali and drying with CaCh, the distillate was vac distd several times at 35 before being fractionally crystd several times by partial freezing. It was dried over finely divided activated alumina from which it was withdrawn as required Van Dyke and Harrison J Am Che

6、m Soc 73 402 1951.【中文名稱】甲苯；甲基苯；苯基甲烷【英文名稱】 toluene;toluol;methylbenzene【結(jié)構(gòu)或分子式】CH【相對分子量或原子量】92.14【密度】0.866【熔點（C）】-95【沸點（C）】 110.8【閃點（C）】4.4 （閉式）【蒸氣壓（Pa）】907 （0C）； 2920 （20C）； 74194 （100C）【折射率】1.4967【性狀】無色易揮發(fā)的液體，有芳香氣味。【溶解情況】不溶于水，溶于乙醇、乙醚和丙酮?！居猛尽坑糜谥圃焯蔷?、染料、藥物和炸藥等，并用作溶劑?！局苽浠騺碓础坑煞逐s煤焦油的輕油部分或由催化重整輕汽油餾分而制得?！酒?/p>

7、他】化學性質(zhì)與苯相像。蒸氣與空氣形成爆炸性混合物，爆炸極限為1.27.0% （體積）?！局形拿Q】乙月青；甲基氰；氰基甲烷【英文名稱】 acetonitrile; methyl cyanide; Ethane nitrile【結(jié)構(gòu)或分子式】CH CN3【相對分子量或原子量】41.05【密度】0.7828【熔點（C）】-45【沸點（C）】80-82【閃點（C）】12.8【蒸氣壓（Pa）】 9.729千帕（20 C）【粘度 mPa - s (20C)】 (25C) 0.340【折射率】1.33934【性狀】有芳香氣味的無色液體。【溶解情況】溶于水、乙醇、甲醇、乙醚、丙酮、苯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、氯仿、氯乙烯、四氯化碳?！居猛尽坑糜谥凭S生素B1等藥物和香料等，也用作脂肪酸萃取劑、酒精變性劑等。