英語中的動詞時態(tài)

1、英語中的動詞時態(tài)英語中的動詞時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語： every , sometimes,at , on Sundayleave home for school at 7 every morning.客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實。The earth moves around the sun./Light travels faster than sound.表示格言或警句中。Years bring wisdom.歲月帶來智慧 .Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧

2、.Haste makes waste.欲速則不達(dá) .注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時例： Patience wears out stones.鍥而不舍 金石可鏤 .My grandpa said that patience wears stones.對比 : The donkey is hungry. Peter said that the donkey was hungry.一般過去時The greatest artist was once a beginner.最偉大的藝術(shù)家也曾是個初學(xué)者 .在

3、確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。時間狀語有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。疑問句 :Where did you go last night?Did you have a good sleep?)表示在過去一段時間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.)句型：It is time for sb. to do sth到時間了 該了It is time sb. did sth. 時間已遲了 早該 了

4、例 :It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了 / It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示 寧愿某人做某事 Id rather you did not come tomorrow. 可作補充 wish, wonder, think, hope等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。特殊用法 （ 過去和現(xiàn)在 ）:used to + do ： 過去常常 表示

5、過去習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例 :I used to catch crabs. / You used to be handsome.be used to + doing：對已感到習(xí)慣，或 習(xí)慣于 ， to 是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。例 :He is used to taking a walk after dinner.他習(xí)慣于晚飯后散個步 .（現(xiàn)在 ）感悟 : 對過去最好的態(tài)度 :Don t cry because it is over. Smile because it happened.不要因為結(jié)束而哭泣，微笑吧，為你的曾經(jīng)擁有。When you grow old, you

6、will regret not doing what you like instead of regret what you having done.當(dāng)你老了的時候 ,不會因為做過什么而后悔 ,而會因為沒做什么而后悔 .一般將來時不同表達(dá)方式 :shall 用于第一人稱，常被 will 所代替。Will you still love me tomorrow?If you shut your door to all errors, truth will be shut out.如果你把所有錯誤都關(guān)在門外 ,真理也被拒之門外了 . ( 泰戈爾 )be going to + 不定式，表示將來。主語的

7、意圖，即將做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow?計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month有跡象要發(fā)生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.be + 不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday./ The best is yet to come. 來日會更好 .be about to + 不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is abou

8、t to leave for Beijing.注意： be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。區(qū)別:be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.（ 客觀安排 ）Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. （主觀安排 ）Will 多表意愿和決心 （ 十道羊皮卷 ）:I will greet this day with love in my heart.I will

9、 persist until I succeed.I am nature s greatest miracle.I will live this day as if it is my last.I will be the master of my emotions.I will laugh at the world.I will act now!現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時結(jié)構(gòu) : be+V-ing（ 現(xiàn)在分詞 ）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的基本用法：表示現(xiàn)在 ( 指說話人說話時 ) 正在發(fā)生的事情。I am waiting for you.歌曲 :I am sailing.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正

10、在進(jìn)行。GJM is writing another novel.表示漸變的動詞有： get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。The leaves are turning brown./Its getting colder and colder.與 always, constantly, forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩 , 多含抱怨。You are always changing your mind.She is forever complaining.考點 :用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來意為： 意圖、打算

11、、安排、常用于人。 常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay 等。 Im leaving tomorrow.I am coming to see you.(NCE-2.2)Are you staying here till next month?典型例題My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.has lost, dont findis missing, dont findhas lost, havent foundD. is missing, havent found

12、.答案 D. 前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在， 應(yīng)用完成時，瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。過去進(jìn)行時給人直觀鮮活的印象 , 可多用于描寫過去 :結(jié)構(gòu) : was/were+V-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞 ） （ 單一單三用 was, 其余用 were）心靈雞湯 : When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, youre the one who is smiling and everyone

13、around you is crying.歌曲 I went to your wedding Your mother was crying, your father wascrying, and I was crying too. The teardrops were falling because we were losing you.將來進(jìn)行時概念：表示將來某時進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動作，或按預(yù)測將來會發(fā)生的事情。Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：將來進(jìn)行時不用于表示 意志 ，不能說 Ill be ha

14、ving a talk with her.2 )常用的時間狀語Soon, tomorrow, this evening， on Sunday, by this time， tomorrow, in twodays, tomorrow evening.例 : By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.現(xiàn)在完成時名言Life has taught me to think, but thinking has not taught me to live.生活教會了我思考 ,但思考卻沒教會我生活 .現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去 , 但它的

15、影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到 現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。構(gòu)成：肯 :主語 +have (has) + 過去分詞 (done)/疑 :Have/Has+ 主語 +doneI have been there.Have you ever been to ?考點 :1)This / It is the first / second time結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句. t部ha分t ，用現(xiàn)在完成時。This is the first time that I have visited this city.It was the eighth time that the man had failed.2 ) This is t

16、he 結(jié) th構(gòu)a，t that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時 .This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。真題演練 :-Have you been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.even, comeB. even, have comeC. ever, comeever, have come現(xiàn)在完成時 VS. 一般過去時 過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的

17、動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調(diào)動作； 現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調(diào)的是影響。I lost my cell phone yesterday./Oh no! I have lost my cell phone!2 ）過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。一般過去時的時間狀語 :yesterday, last week， ago, in1980, in October, just now（具體明確的過去時間狀語 ）現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till

18、 / until, up to now, in past years,always,（ 不確定模糊的時間狀語 ） Since 的四種用法 :1） since + 過去一個時間點 （ 如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點 ） I have been here since1989.2）since + 一段時間 + agoI have been here since two years ago.兩年前我就來到了這里 .3）since + 從句 Great changes have taken place here since you left.4）It is + 一段時間 + since 從句It is tw

19、o years since I became a college student.過去完成時1)概念：表示過去的過去| 其構(gòu)成是 had + 過去分詞 構(gòu)成。過去以前過去現(xiàn)在2)用法a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.b. 狀語從句在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時；發(fā)生在后，用一般過 去時。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.When I arrived at th

20、e train station, the girl had already left.3) 過去完成時的時間狀語 before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English beforeBy the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.實戰(zhàn)演練 :The students their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have clea

21、nedB. had cleaned C. was cleanedD. have beencleaned將來完成時1) 構(gòu)成 will / be going to do sth.概念a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。b. 動作完成： 表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前， 已經(jīng)完成的動作或一獲得 的經(jīng)驗。They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.實戰(zhàn)演練 :1. By the time you arrive in

22、 London, we in Europe for two weeks.A shall stayB have stayedC will have stayedDhave been staying2. By 2050 the level of industrial pollutiondangerous levels in many cities.A will have reachedB will has reached C will have reachedD will reach將來完成進(jìn)行時構(gòu)成：主語 + shall/will have been doing將來完成進(jìn)行時表示動作從某一時間開

23、始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時間。 是否繼續(xù)下去， 要視上 下文而定。這個時態(tài)常和表示將來某一時間的狀語連用。如 :I shall have been working here in this city for six years by the end of this year.到今年年底，我將在這個城市工作 6 年了I will have been pursuing the girl for eight years by the end of this month.到這個月月底 , 我追那個女孩將要滿 8 年了 .過去將來進(jìn)行時過去將來進(jìn)行時表示就過去某一時間而言, 將來某一時刻或某一段時間正在進(jìn)行

24、的動作,主要用于賓語從句中 ,尤其多用于間接引語中。They said they would be coming.他們說了他們要來的 .He asked me what I should be doing at six the next day.他問我次日六點將正在做什么 .09.23. It would be _C_ a risk to let the child go to school by himself.A. followingpassingrunningcarrying過去完成進(jìn)行時過去完成進(jìn)行時表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間。 和過去完成時一樣，過去完成進(jìn)

25、行時也必須以一過去時間為前提。I had been looking for it for days before I found it.這東西我找了好多天才找著的。過去將來完成時 過去將來完成時表示在過去看來將來某時會已經(jīng)完成的動作，它由 “ would+have+ 過去分 詞” 構(gòu)成。如： She said she d have finished her exams by then.她說到那時她會已經(jīng)考完試了I thought Sophia would have told you something.我想索菲婭會已告訴你一地情況。被動語態(tài)主語是動作的發(fā)出者 ,用主動語態(tài) ; 主語是動作的承受

26、者 ,用被動語態(tài) .被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 : be+done （ 過去分詞 ）+（by 動作的發(fā)出者 ）be 的變化形式很多 , 很多時態(tài)都有各自的被動語態(tài) .This book is written by GJM.That book was written by Luxun.English is spoken in many countries.主動形式表示被動意義 :1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell,driveThe book sells well.這本書銷路好。This

27、 knife cuts easily.這刀子很好用。2）blame, let（ 出租 ）, remain, keep, rent, buildI was to blame for the accident.Much work remains.3）在 need, require, want, worth （形容詞 ）, deserve 后的動名詞必須用主動形式。The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.This room needs cleaning. 這房間應(yīng)該打掃一下。This book is worth reading

28、. 這本書值得一讀。4）特殊結(jié)構(gòu)： make sb. heard / understood （使別人能聽見 / 理解自己 ）， have sth.done （ 要某人做某事 ）。不用被動語態(tài)的情況 :1）系動詞無被動語態(tài)：appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell,sound, stay, taste, turn/ 例 : It sounds good.被動語態(tài)的諺語 :Give love and love will be given. 播撒愛 ,也會收獲愛 .Everything that

29、 is done in the world is done by love. 世上做成的每件事都是希望的功勞 .Man is not made to defeat. Man can be destroyed but not defeated.人不是為失敗而生的 . 人可以被毀滅 ,但是不可以被打敗 . （海明威老人與海 ）need/want/require/worth注意：當(dāng) need, want, require, worth（形容詞 ) 后面接 doing 也可以表示被動Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了The floor requires washing.地板

30、需要沖洗。The book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀典型例題The library needs_, but itll have to wait until Sunday.A. cleaningB. be cleanedC. cleanD. being cleaned答案 A. need （ 實意 V.） +n /to do ，need （ 情態(tài)）+ do ，當(dāng)為被動語態(tài)時，還可 need + doing. 本題考最后一種用法，選 A 。如有 to be clean 則也為正確答案。強調(diào)句型?？嫉膹娬{(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)是 it 引導(dǎo)的句子 :It is (was) 被強調(diào)部分 + t

31、hat (who) +句子其他部分此結(jié)構(gòu)強調(diào)的成分僅限于主語，賓語和狀語It is love that makes the world go around.愛是推動世界的力量It is often in our suffering that we grow the most.在痛苦中我們成長最多.It is virtue and not birth that makes us noble.品德使我們高貴 , 而不是出身.典型例題1 ) It was last night _ I see the comet.A. the time B. when C. that D. which答案 C. 強調(diào)

32、句的結(jié)構(gòu)是： It +be + 被強調(diào)部分 + that (who) + 主謂句。 強 調(diào)句的連詞只有兩個， that 和 who 。當(dāng)強調(diào)的部分是人，且為句子的主語時， 才用 who ，其余用 that 。原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.強調(diào)主語： It was my father who did the experiment in the labyesterday evening.強調(diào)賓語： It was the experiment that my father did in the labyes

33、terday evening.強調(diào)時間： It was yesterday evening that my father did theexperiment in the lab.( 注意不用 when)強調(diào)地點： It was in the lab that my father did the experimentyesterday evening.2 ) It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada.A. thatB. when C. since D. as答案 C. 考點是連詞用法。本題易誤選為 A. that. 其實本句不是強調(diào)句。 若

34、是強調(diào)句， 去掉 It be that 還應(yīng)是一個完整的句子。而本句去掉 It is that， 只剩下 ten years Miss Green returned to Canada.不成句。因此本句不是強調(diào)句。It is /was + 時間 + since 其中 is has beenwas hadbeen.經(jīng)典強調(diào)句College will be the most important years in your life.It is in college that you will truly discover what learning is about.大學(xué)將是你人生最重要的時光，在

35、大學(xué)里你會發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)的真諦。李開復(fù)給女兒的一封信虛擬語氣虛擬語氣存在于 if 條件從句中和一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中 .虛擬語氣與動詞的過去的某種時態(tài)形影不離 . 虛擬語氣是通過謂語動詞的變化來實現(xiàn)的 .真實條件句用于陳述語氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生， if 是如果的意思。時態(tài)關(guān)系 （主將從現(xiàn) ）句型：條件從句主句一般現(xiàn)在時 shall/will + 動詞原形If winter comes, can spring be far behind?冬天到了 ,春天還會遠(yuǎn)嗎 ?如果If you shed tears when you miss the sun, you also miss the stars.你因失去太

36、陽而哭泣 ,你也將失去群星了 .真題演練 :The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A. will rainB. rains C. rainedD. is rained非真實條件句一、 if 條件狀語從句中表示對將來、過去、現(xiàn)在的虛擬對現(xiàn)在的虛擬條件狀語從句的動詞形式 主句的動詞形式If+ 主語 +動詞過去式I (we) should+ 動詞原形主語 +would(might, could)+ 動詞原形 (be 的過去式用 were)If I could rearrange the alphabet, Id put U and I togeth

37、er.If I were a boy again, I would cultivate courage.假如我回到了童年 ,我將培養(yǎng)勇氣.If hopes were horses, beggars would ride.如果愿望是馬 ,乞丐也會有馬騎 .對過去的虛擬條件狀語從句的動詞形式主句的動詞形式If+ 主語 +had+過去分詞I(we) should+ have+ 過去分詞 主語+would(might, could)+have+ 過去分詞If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination.例 :I

38、f the whole operation beforehand, a great deal of time and moneywould have been lost. A.was not planned B.has not been plannedC.had not been plannedD.were not planned對將來的虛擬條件狀語從句的動詞形式 （三種 ）主句的動詞形式 If+ 主語+動詞過去式 （be 的過去式用 were）, 通常要與一個表示將來 的時間狀語連用 （tomorrow）If+ 主語（任何人稱和數(shù) ）+should+ 動詞原形If+ 主語（任何人稱和數(shù) ）

39、+were +to 動詞原形I （we） should+ 動詞原形或主語 （ 任何 人稱 ）+would（might,could）+動詞原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.混合虛擬語氣主句與從句的動作發(fā)生在不同的時間， 這時主從句謂語動詞的虛擬語氣形式因時間不 同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。If he had follow

40、ed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now.（從句與過去事實相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。）If I were you, I would have gone home.如果我是你 ,我早就回家了 .虛擬語氣的倒裝虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有 were, should, 或 had, 可將 if 省略，再把 were, should 或 had 移到從句句首，實行倒裝。Were they here now, they could help us. If they were here now, they could help us.Ha

41、d you come earlier, you would have met him If you had come earlier, you would have met him.If you should fail, try again. Should you fail, try again.真題演練 :04-6your advice yesterday, I would have missed the train.A. Had I not takenB. If I didnt takeC. If I havent takenD. Provided I didnt take考點固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的

42、虛擬語氣 It is (high) time that+過去式It is (high) time that后面的從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用 shouldshould 不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should go to bed. If only 句中的虛擬語氣If only he were here!If only I knew more!If only I had taken his advice!區(qū)別: only if 表示只有； if only 則表示 如果

43、就好了 。If only加動詞原形，但也可用于陳述語I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有鬧鐘響了，我才會醒If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時鬧鐘要是響了，就好了。If only he comes early. 但愿他早點回來。在 would （ just ）as soon（寧愿） would sooner （寧愿） would （just ） rather （寧愿）后的賓語 從句中，從句謂語用一般過去時來表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)硪龅氖虑?，若談及過去的 動作，用過去完成時。其后不加 that 。.Id rather I

44、 were in the rain now.Don t always make noise. I d rather you kept silent.在 in case, for fear that, lest等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，意為 “以免 ”，從句要用虛擬語氣。構(gòu)成 should+ 動詞原形， should 也可以省略。Take an umbrella with you in case it （should） rain.在表示建議 ,要求 ,命令等意思的動詞 （request, require, demand, advise, suggest, propose, recommend, com

45、mand, order , desire, insist,）后面的賓語從句中 , 謂語動詞用 should+ 動詞原形 （should 可以省略 ,that 不能省 略）He suggested that we （should） have a meeting.The commander ordered that the bridge（should） be bombed.表示建議 , 請求 , 命令動詞在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中（主語從句） “It is suggested/required/request/ordered/advised/insisted/demandedthat用虛擬語氣 . 構(gòu)成It w

46、as suggested that he (should) attend the conference.It was requested that the trial (should) be reported openly.在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中 (主語從句 )Itis important/necessary/strange/desirable/advisable/better/essential/vital/imperative( 必須的 )that 句型中 .that 引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語氣， should 可以省略 ,that 不能省略 .It is essential that there sho

47、uld be enough food and clothing for thewinter .It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.as if/as though 或 even if/even though 引導(dǎo)的從句中的虛擬語氣 , 如果從句中表示的動作發(fā)生在過去 ,則謂語動詞用 had+ 過去分詞形式 ; 如果指的是現(xiàn)在的狀況 ,則用過去式 ;指將來則用 would(should, could)+ 動詞原形 .這里只看從句動作發(fā)生的時間 ,與主句的時態(tài)沒有關(guān)系 .He speaks English so

48、 fluently as if he had studied English in the U.S.She looks as if/though she were ill.He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.(倒塌 )倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)全部倒裝 是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首 , 謂語動詞常用 be, come, go, lie,run 。There goes the bell.鈴響了 .Th

49、ere comes the bus. 車來了 .Here is your letter.表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語用表示運動的動詞。Out rushed the boys!男孩們沖了出去 .Away went the girl.那女孩走了 .注意： 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全 倒裝。Here he comes.Here you are.部分倒裝 部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。 經(jīng)典考點:助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be 動詞 + 主語 + 實義動詞以下情況需要部分倒裝 句首為否定或半否定的詞語， 如 no, not, n

50、ever, seldom, little, hardly, at no time,in no way, not until等。 Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。 I have never seen such a performance.真題實戰(zhàn) :Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.man did knowB. man knowC. didnt man knowD. did manknow答案 D.看到 Not until 的句型，我們知道為一倒裝句，答案在C，D 中選一個以否定詞組開頭句子需要部分倒裝 , 如 Not only but also,Hardly/Scarcely when, No sooner thanNot only had the poor man been arrested, b