句子成分及基本句型講解與練習(xí)課件

1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence*句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)英語的基本成分有七種：_和_主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)補(bǔ)語（complement）。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。一： （主謂）二： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）基本句型 一： （主謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞等等。主語一般

2、在句首。謂語：謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等?；揪湫?二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表

3、達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等，表情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞：look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作

4、的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。 （及物動(dòng)詞） （賓語）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，eg：give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語)；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this ho

5、use to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. （及物） （賓語） （賓補(bǔ)） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do.

6、_4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞）短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、 定語：定語是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，譯為的定語

7、通常位于被修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時(shí)要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）分詞（短語）作狀語：The boy needs a pen to

8、 do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想,湯姆變得對(duì)商業(yè)很有興趣. 不定式作狀語：狀語從句：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位語：同位語 當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子

9、成分用來說明和解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，這個(gè)句子成分就叫做它的同位語。We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們） 四、獨(dú)立成分：與全句沒有語法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh, hello, aha, ah,等?？隙ㄔ~:yes否定詞:no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,這個(gè)

10、故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束. 一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表語- The old man was feelin

11、g very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定語1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 She li

12、kes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. 英語基本句型-1 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語組成，主要用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。系動(dòng)詞有:1.表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be, seem, feel

13、, appear, look, smell, taste, sound; 2.表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示狀態(tài)變化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow; Our English teacher is thirty years old.The cake tastes delicious. We feel used to living in big cities.The potatoes went bad in the fields.Their boss seems sati

14、sfied with the work. Deep water stays still.鞏固練習(xí)：1冬季白天短，夜晚長(zhǎng)2十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。 3孩子們很少保持安靜。 4她的工作是在幼兒園里照看兒童。In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen, he became a famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.5他失業(yè)了。 6樹葉已

15、經(jīng)變黃了7這個(gè)報(bào)告聽起來很有意思 He is out of work. The leaves have turned yellow. The report sounds interesting英語基本句型-2 主謂結(jié)構(gòu) 主謂結(jié)構(gòu) 本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語加不及物的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成, 常用來表示主語的動(dòng)作。如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early

16、 so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.鞏固練習(xí)：1她昨天回家很晚。 2會(huì)議將持續(xù)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 3在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。4正在睡覺的嬰兒笑了。5每天八時(shí)開始上課。 6五年前我住在北京。7秋天有些鳥飛到南方去。 8我的爺爺早晨起得很早。 1. She w

17、ent home very late yesterday evening. 2. The meeting will last two hours.3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 4. The sleeping baby smiles.5. Classes begin at eight every day. 6.I lived in Beijing five years ago.7.In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 8. My grand

18、father gets up early in the morning. 英語基本句型-3 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu) 本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+及物的謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語構(gòu)成。 賓語成分的多樣化使得這一結(jié)構(gòu)異常復(fù)雜。如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided where to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 5. It took them ten years to build the

19、dam. 7. Mother promises to give me a present.鞏固練習(xí)：1昨晚我寫了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過多次了。 4他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。 5那位先生能流利地說三種語言。 6我收到了筆友從澳大利亞寄來的信。 7Jim 還不會(huì)自己穿衣服。 8我們大家都相信Jack 是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)男孩。 9. 他不知道說什麼好。 10. 我開窗戶你在意嗎？ 1. I wrote a letter last night. 2. I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3. He has read this book man

20、y times. 4. They have carried out the plan successfully. 5. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 6. I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. 7. Jim cannot dress himself. 8. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 9. He did not know what to say. 10. Do you mind my openi

21、ng the window? 英語基本句型4 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu) 說明：此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物謂語動(dòng)詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）”組成。如： He brings me cookies every day.但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend,

22、hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。鞏固練習(xí)：1Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。 3請(qǐng)把那本字典遞給我好嗎？ 4他把車票給列車員看。 5我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？6新式機(jī)器將會(huì)為你節(jié)省許多勞動(dòng)。7他用他的第一個(gè)月工資給他媽媽買了一件毛衣。1.Mr Johnson tau

23、ght us German last year. 2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3.Would you please pass me the dictionary? 4.He showed the ticket to the conductor. 5.Shall I call you a taxi? 6.The new machine will save you a lot of labour. 7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months sala

24、ry.英語基本句型5 復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu) 說明: 此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系，若無賓語補(bǔ)足語，則句意不夠完整?？梢杂米鲑e補(bǔ)的有：名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on. 用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，以使句子

25、結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補(bǔ)+真正賓語。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.鞏固練習(xí)：1我們叫她Alice. 2我們大家都認(rèn)為他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。 3他們把小偷釋放了。 4我要你把真相告訴我。 5 .衛(wèi)兵命令我們立即離開。 6. 每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。 7他每個(gè)月理一次發(fā)。8我們不會(huì)讓她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month.We wont let her go out at night. 英語基本句型6 There be 句型 說明： 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在關(guān)系可以稱“有”。 它其實(shí)是倒裝的一