2022年環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、Unit one Environmental Engineering環(huán)境工程What is this book about？這本書是有關(guān)什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:這本書的目的是使理工科的學生

2、理解跨學科間的研究環(huán)境問題;它們的起因，為什么它們受到關(guān)注，以及我們?nèi)绾慰刂扑鼈?。這本書涉及：Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述環(huán)境和環(huán)境系統(tǒng)意味著什么Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances有關(guān)引起環(huán)境干擾基本因素的基本信息Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and

3、to be able to quantify them理解環(huán)境問題本質(zhì)，并可以定量計算它們所必要的基本科學知識Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前合用于水，空氣和環(huán)境污染問題的環(huán)境控制技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex i

4、nteractions between human activities and nature我們目前的科學知識在理解和控制人類活動和自然之間復雜的互相作用的科學知識上存在相稱大的缺陷Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of societys lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of

5、a lack of resources to do so.許多環(huán)境問題可以應用既有技術(shù)消除或減少，但沒有得到解決是由于社會缺少這樣做的意愿，或者像許多例子那樣由于缺少資源。Some important definitions 某些重要的定義Where they are first used in this book，definitions are introduced in block form，as shown here，or printed in bold type.如果她們是第一次使用這本書，定義簡介采用塊形式，像這里顯示的同樣，或印成黑體字。Environment is the phy

6、sical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.環(huán)境是環(huán)繞在我們周邊物質(zhì)生命的棲息地，在那里我們可以看到，聽到，觸到，聞到和品嘗到。System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，ir

7、rigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)韋伯斯特的字典，被定義為“一組或一系列能形成一種整體或者有機整體的互相關(guān)聯(lián)的事物;例如，太陽系統(tǒng)，灌溉系統(tǒng)，供水系統(tǒng)，世界或宇宙” 。Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival

8、，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定義為有害影響健康，生存，活動的人或其他生物體的空氣，水，或土地的物理，化學或生物特性的不應當有的變化，。When the goal of improving environmental quanlity is taken to be improving human wellbeing，the word “environment” broadens to include all kinds of social，economic，and cultural aspects. Such b

9、roadness is unworkable in many real situations and impractical in a text book designed for a one semester course. Our examination of environmental problems is therefore limited by our definition of “environment”.當改善環(huán)境質(zhì)量的目的是用來改善人類的福祉， “環(huán)境” 這個詞擴大到涉及社會，經(jīng)濟，文化等所有方面的內(nèi)容。這種擴大化在許多實際狀況下是不可行的，在本被設計為一學期課程的教科書中也

10、是不切實際的。因此，我們對環(huán)境問題的考察限于我們定義的“環(huán)境”。Interaction of Systems互動系統(tǒng)A number of different environmental problems are associated with water, air, or land systems. 許多不同的環(huán)境問題都波及到水，空氣，或土壤。Many of these problems will apply only within one of these systems, justifying the breakdown into these categories.許多這些問題只合用于在

11、其中一種系統(tǒng)，這為這些種類中的細目分類提供了充足的理由。Such a classification is also useful for easier comprehension of related problems within one system.這種分類也有助于更容易理解一種系統(tǒng)里的有關(guān)問題。Moreover, it is sensible because, for manager and administrative reasons, such subfields as air pollution, water supply, wastewater disposal, and so

12、lid waste disposal are often dealt with separately by governmental agencies.此外，這樣做是明智的，由于是行政管理的因素，空氣污染，水供應，固體廢物處置和廢水解決，往往是由政府機構(gòu)分別解決的。Unfortunately, many important environmental problems are not confined to an air, water, or land system, but involve interactions between systems.很遺憾的是，許多重要的環(huán)境問題不只局限于一種

13、空氣，水，或土壤系統(tǒng)，更波及系統(tǒng)之間的互相作用。A current example is the acid rain problem stemming from the emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases into the atmosphere from the stacks of generating stations, smelters, and automobile exhausts。目前的一種例子是酸雨問題，本源是許多發(fā)電站，冶煉，汽車排出的廢氣中進入大氣的二氧化硫和氮氧化物氣體。These gases are the

14、n transported by air currents over wide regions.這些氣體被氣流運送到廣闊的區(qū)域。Rainfall “washes them out”, creating acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life, forests, and agricultural crops.雨水“將它們洗去”，產(chǎn)生了對水生生物，森林和農(nóng)作物有害的酸雨。Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are

15、presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature.兩個有有關(guān)系統(tǒng)間互相作用引起的環(huán)境問題有：空氣中的二氧化碳的增長的全球性問題以及具有地區(qū)性質(zhì)的酸雨問題。Environmental Disturbances環(huán)境擾亂Many major improvements to our standard of living can be attributed to the application of sc

16、ience and technology.我們的生活水平的許多重大改善，可以歸因于科學和技術(shù)的應用。A few examples are noted here. Can you think of others?這里舉幾種例子，你可以想到其她例子嗎？The production of more and better quality food生產(chǎn)更多更好的優(yōu)質(zhì)食品The creation of housing as protection from extremes from climates and as living space發(fā)明能避免極端的氣候的保護所和生活空間The building of

17、 fast and reliable means of transportation建設迅速和可靠的運送方式The invention of various systems of communication發(fā)明多種通信系統(tǒng)The invention of machines to replace human or animal power發(fā)明機器來取代人類或動物體力The supply of safe water and the disposal of wastes 安全水的供應和廢物解決The elimination of many infectious diseases消滅多種傳染疾病The

18、 elimination of most waterborne diseases in the developed world through improved water technology在多數(shù)發(fā)達國家中通過改善水技術(shù)來消除大部分水源性疾病The availability of leisure time through greater productivity, providing the opportunity for cultural and recreational activities通過提高生產(chǎn)力，騰出閑暇時間，為進行文化和娛樂活動提供機會The protection from

19、 the worst effects of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.避免最嚴重的自然災害的影響，如洪水，干旱，地震和火山爆發(fā)With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant

20、to controls.然而,隨著(科學技術(shù)的)發(fā)展,產(chǎn)生了不良的副作用,例如,可耕地丟失,森林消失,環(huán)境污染,微生物滋長.Many effects originally considered to be just nuisances are now recognized as potential threats to nature and to humans.起初只是讓我們覺得討厭的許多事物目前被覺得對自然和人類存在的潛在威脅。In an agrarian society, people lived essentially in harmony with mature, raising fo

21、od, gathering firewood, and making clothing and tools from the land.在農(nóng)業(yè)社會，人們基本上能與自然和諧地相處,她們在陸地上種植食物,收集木材,做衣服和工具。The wastes from animals and humans were returned to the soil as fertilizer. Few, if any, problems of water, land, or air pollution occurred.動物和人類排放的廢物作為肥料又返到土地中。很少有水污染、土地污染、和空氣污染問題產(chǎn)生。The c

22、ities of ancient times, particularly those of the Roman Empire, had systems to supply water and to dispose of wastes.在古代的都市，特別是像羅馬帝國那類，就已經(jīng)存在供水系統(tǒng)和處置廢物系統(tǒng)。The aqueducts supplying the ancient city of Rome (population about 1 million) with safe water from the Cloaca Maxima, the best known and one of the

23、earliest sewers to be built, are examples of such systems.從一種最早建成之一且最有名的污水管-古羅馬大排泄溝，向古代的羅馬都市提供安全的水的渠道，就是這樣的系統(tǒng)的例子。The municipal technology of ancient cities seems to have been forgotten for many centuries by those who built cities throughout Europe.古代的都市的市政技術(shù)似乎已經(jīng)被那些在整個歐洲建設都市的人遺忘了許多種世紀。Water supply an

24、d waste disposal were neglected, resulting in many outbreaks of the nineteenth century, it was not realized that improper wastes disposal polluted water supplies with disease-carrying organisms.供水和廢物處置的忽視，導致爆發(fā)了許多疾病，如痢疾、霍亂、傷寒和其他水傳染的疾病。The industrial revolution in nineteenth-century Britain, Europe, a

25、nd North America aggravated the environmental problems since it brought increased urbanization.直到19世紀中期，人們才意識到廢物的不對的處置導致引起疾病的微生物污染了供水。Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental cause of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle. 19世

26、紀在英國、歐洲和北美的工業(yè)革命帶來了工業(yè)化和都市化的增長，也加重了環(huán)境問題。都市化和工業(yè)化在過去和目前都是引起水和空氣污染的主線因素，這在當時的都市還不可以解決。 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades. This led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of water

27、borne diseases.在接下來的幾十年，水解決和廢水的部分解決技術(shù)在發(fā)達國家迅速發(fā)展，這導致水傳染疾病的發(fā)生率大量地減少。Note that all wastes discharge into environment, and thus pollute out water, air, and land system.注意，所有的廢物排放到環(huán)境中都會污染我們的水、空氣和土地系統(tǒng)。Unit Two Historical Overview of Hazardous Substance Disposal in the USA回憶美國處置危險物品的歷史Hazardous substance di

28、sposal practices in the United States have traveled full circle.在美國，解決危險物品的做法走過了迂回的道路。Prior to 1978 there were few if any regulations regarding the disposal of these materials. 1978年之前，很少有任何有關(guān)如何處置這些物品的法規(guī)。Improper disposal of many of these chemicals resulted in health problems for many citizens, cont

29、aminated water supplies, and destruction of wildlife. 這些化學物品的不當處置使市民陷入健康問題，水供應受污染和野生生物死亡。With the enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1978, manufacturing facilities now have an obligation to account for all waste materials that are generated by the facility. 隨著資源回收法（197

30、8年）的頒布，工廠有責任處置生產(chǎn)設施所產(chǎn)生的所有廢棄材料 。Implementation of RCRA has been slow. 但是資源回收法的實行始終進展緩慢。From the very early industrial period in the United States, which started about 1920, until several years after the Second World War, there was little concern for the proper methods of disposal of waste materials th

31、at were generated as by-products during manufacturing processes. 在美國，從大概19開始的初期工業(yè)時代，到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后幾年里，幾乎沒人關(guān)注解決在生產(chǎn)過程中作為副產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生的廢棄材料的合理措施。Up until the 1960s it was quite common to find fresh water rivers and streams fouled with waste chemicals from manufacturing, salt water from oil production wells and wa

32、ste acids from steel mill activities. Virtually every conceivable waste oil, solvent, or resin waste could be found in the rivers.事實上，所有可以想象到的廢物如廢油、溶劑、廢樹脂都可以在河流里面找到。 The laws of the time were either non-existent or not enforced. 然而當時的有關(guān)法律要么不存在，要么是沒有被實行。The literature has many examples of health prob

33、lems of individuals as well as destruction of fish and wildlife habitat. 文獻記載了許多有關(guān)個體的健康問題以及魚類、野生動物棲息地被破壞的例子。Many other cases occurred that were not reported in the literature.許多其她發(fā)生的事件并未記載在文獻上。Other waste materials were dumped haphazardly in makeshift excavations either at the factory side or throug

34、hout the country side. 其她廢棄物質(zhì)被草率地埋在臨時挖掘在工廠尚有鄉(xiāng)村旁邊的坑洞里面。 Because of ignorance and lack of economic incentives to do so, the factories made no attempt to prevent contamination of underground water supplies by the chemicals that were disposed of. 由于對環(huán)境的忽視以及缺少經(jīng)濟刺激，各公司完全沒故意識來保護被化學物質(zhì)污染的地下水供應。In fact, knowl

35、edgeable scientists of the time accepted land irrigation and percolation into the porous underground formations as methods of waste treatment. 事實上，現(xiàn)代有見識的科學家，已經(jīng)接受了土地清洗以及過濾可滲入地底層這兩種可作為解決廢棄物治理的措施。Although these treatment methods may have been intended for non-hazardous materials, they were employed for

36、 hazardous materials as well. 盡管這些治理措施或許用于無毒害的物質(zhì)，同步也可用于有毒害的物質(zhì)。Again, there were no governmental regulations protecting the underground aquifers from these practices. 再者，并沒有政府法規(guī)因保護地下蓄水層而嚴禁這些解決措施。The problem of disposal of hazardous chemicals did not improve with the creation of the Environmental Prot

37、ection Agency (EPA) in the 1996. 解決有毒化學物品的問題并沒有由于在1996年環(huán)保局的成立而有所改善。 The first task of the new agency was to clean up rivers and streams. 此新興機構(gòu)的首要任務是清理干凈河流水道。 Unfortunately, no one in power in the government at the time had insight into the problems that were to be created by the new agency. 不幸的是，當時政

38、府的執(zhí)政人員沒有一種洞察到那個新興機構(gòu)帶來的問題。The EPA was quite successful in those early days in the enforcement of the many water pollution laws that evolved. 環(huán)保局在早些年的時候，對于強制執(zhí)行污染法的發(fā)展還是做的相稱成功的。 As the practice of the dumping of hazardous materials into the rivers and streams was eliminated, those same materials created

39、 other disposal problems. 隨著往河道排放有毒物質(zhì)的習慣的消除，但這些相似的物質(zhì)導致了其她解決問題。Many of the chemicals saved from the sewer were either worthless or of such a low value as to render recovery uneconomical. 在下水道中回收到的物質(zhì)不是沒價值的就是低廉到局限性以恢復運用. In some cases, recovery was technically impossible. As a result, the waste chemica

40、ls were disposed of by any convenient method. 某些狀況下,回收在技術(shù)層面上是不也許的.因此,諸多廢棄的化學藥物都被很簡樸地扔掉了. The makeshift dumps sites were expanded. Because there were no regulations regarding disposal, 臨時的垃圾場已經(jīng)不得不擴大,由于沒有任何有關(guān)廢物丟棄的法規(guī).persons with no technical expertise entered into the business of waste disposal. The p

41、rofits were high because these individuals did not treat the chemicals. 諸多不具有專業(yè)技術(shù)知識的人就進入了廢物解決的行業(yè),由于這些人并沒有真正解決掉化學藥物，因此這個行業(yè)的利潤相稱高。In most cases, the waste materials were transported to impounding areas located on privately owned land. 諸多狀況下,廢棄的化學物品會被運到私有土地上的貯物地.The factories that generated the waste f

42、elt secure in the belief that the waste transporter was disposing of the materials in an acceptable manner. 那些產(chǎn)生廢棄物的廠家之因此感到安心是由于她們相信廢物解決者會用一種合理的措施來處置掉廢物.In most cases, this was not a correct assumption. 但諸多狀況下,事實并非如此.The unregulated dumps grew both in size and complexity. 亂堆放的大小規(guī)模和復雜度上都在增長. When the

43、 dumps were in close proximity to populated areas or public water supplies, a series of problems begin to develop. 當垃圾場很接近居住區(qū)或公共水源的話,一系列的問題將會開始產(chǎn)生.Citizens in the vicinity of some of the dumps began to experience adverse health problems such as skin rashes, paralysis, cancer, and birth defects. 在某些垃圾

44、場附近的居民會開始遇到某些像皮膚疹.麻痹.癌癥.先天缺陷等不利的健康問題. In some cases, these problems have been attributed to contamination from the chemicals. 有時候,這些問題會歸屬于受到化學藥物的污染而產(chǎn)生的.Because of these concerns, the United States Congress enacted a new legislation that dealt with the issues of disposal of hazardous wastes. 由于這些緊張，美

45、國國會通過了一種新的解決有害廢物過程中浮現(xiàn)問題的法規(guī)。This was the Resource Conversation and Recovery Act of 1987.這就是1987年的資源回收保護法。The purpose of the Act was to allow regulation of hazardous substance disposal. 這項法案的目的是批準有害物質(zhì)解決的措施。As a result, industries that generated large quantities of these waste materials now had to ensu

46、re that the materials were disposed of in the a manner that was safe for the environment.成果導致產(chǎn)生大量廢物的公司目前不得不保證這些物質(zhì)被以對環(huán)境安全的措施解決。Many of the improper dumps that were created prior to the RCRA legislation were created by persons with little or no financial resources.在資源回收保護法由很少或者沒有經(jīng)濟資源的人確立之前 ，諸多不合理的堆放已經(jīng)

47、導致。As a result, the cleanup of the old sites has been taken over by the government under legislation. 使得清理舊的堆放點的工作由政府接管。As of this time, the results of these clean up efforts have been ineffective. 在這一時期，這些清理的努力效率不高。Because of the abuses and problems of the past, regulations have been enacted that f

48、orce American industry to be responsible for hazardous waste disposal.由于過去的這些問題，強制美國工業(yè)承當有害物質(zhì)解決的責任的有關(guān)法規(guī)已經(jīng)頒布。The problems were brought about by a lack of economic indentives to the industrial community.這些問題是由對工業(yè)界缺少經(jīng)濟動力帶來的。The problems were compounded by the inexperience and lack of insight by elected

49、governmental officials and the governmental agencies charged with the task of regulation.政府官員缺少經(jīng)驗和洞察力以及政府機構(gòu)對法規(guī)的控制任務使得問題復雜化。Although sufficient legislation is now in place to solve the problem of hazardous waste disposal, it is unlikely that a true solution will be achieved for 20 years or longer.盡管目

50、前有足夠的法規(guī)來解決有害物質(zhì)的解決問題，但是在二十年或更長的時間內(nèi)是不也許真正的解決的。Only through interaction between industry scientists, and government regulators will true solutions be finally realized.只有通過工業(yè)界，科學家和政府部門的共同努力，才干最后得到解決。Unit 3 What is Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization?什么是廢物減量化，廢物至少化 A great amount of time has been spent in

51、 the U.S. discussing the terminology of such words as source reduction, waste minimization, recycling and pollution prevention. EPA has provided the following definitions.美國耗費了大量的時間在討論像資源減量化，廢物最小化，循環(huán)和制止污染這些術(shù)語上，EPA已經(jīng)提供了如下的定義。Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a proc

52、ess. 資源減量化：減少在于一種過程中的大量廢物的任何行為。This includes, for example, process changes, feedstock changes, improved housekeeping/management, and in-process recycling.它涉及，例如，過程調(diào)節(jié)，原料調(diào)節(jié)，提高管理和回收內(nèi)在循環(huán)。Waste minimization: The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored,

53、 or disposed of. 廢物至少化：產(chǎn)生的廢物最大限度減少，然后解決，存儲，或者處置。It includes any source reduction or recycling activity of waste or the reduction in the toxicity of waste (or both) as long as the reduction is consistent with the goal of minimization of present and future threats to human health and the environment.它

54、涉及了被導致了只要減量化與目前或?qū)硗{到人類健康和環(huán)境的最小化的目的一致的總?cè)萘炕驈U物數(shù)量的減少或者廢物毒性的減少，或者兩方面兼?zhèn)涞陌l(fā)生器承當任何資源減量化或循環(huán)的活動。Recycling : The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process. 回收：作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品的替代品，或作為一種工業(yè)過程的原料的運用或再運用。This includes the on-or off-site reclamation of usefu

55、l fractions of a waste or the removal of contaminants from a waste to allow reuse.它涉及了廢物的有用的小部分或來自容許再用的清除了污染物的廢物的在現(xiàn)場或離開現(xiàn)場的回收運用。Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers. 污染的避免：污染也許在生產(chǎn)過程之中產(chǎn)生，或者在當一種產(chǎn)品被用作商業(yè)用途或被消

56、費者使用的時候產(chǎn)生。This may be prevented in three ways: changing inputs/reducing reliance on toxic or hazardous raw materials; process changes /increasing efficiency/improved maintenance such as equipment modifications, better housekeeping, in-process closed-loop recycling; or changing outputs/reducing relia

57、nce on toxic or hazardous products.這樣也許在三個方式上被制止：變化投入/減少依賴有毒物或有害的原材料；變化過程/增長效率/提高類似設備修改的維修保養(yǎng)，更好的管理，在過程中閉環(huán)循環(huán)；或者變化產(chǎn)出/減小對有毒或者有害產(chǎn)品的依賴。With the passage of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in 1984, the U.S. Congress established a national policy declar

58、ing the importance of reducing or eliminating the generation of hazardous waste.隨著1984年危險廢物和固體廢物修正案資源保護和恢復法的通過，美國國會建立一種國家政策來表白回收或消除危險廢物的產(chǎn)生重要性。The Congress hereby declares it to be a national policy of United States that wherever feasible, the generation of hazardous waste is to be reduced or elimina

59、ted as expeditiously as possible. 美國國會宣稱它是一項無論在美國哪里都可行的國家政策，要盡量迅速地回收或消除危險廢物的產(chǎn)生。Waste that is nevertheless generated should be treated, stored, or disposed of so as to minimize present and future threat to human health and the environment.然而產(chǎn)生的廢物還是應被解決、儲存或處置，從而盡量減少目前和將來對人類健康和環(huán)境的威脅。In 1990, the U.S. C

60、ongress passed the Pollution Prevention Act, establishing a hierarchy of waste management as national policy; stating that first pollution should be prevented or reduced wherever feasible; 在1990年，美國國會通過污染防治法，建立了一種全國廢物管理政策。表白第一污染應當被避免或回收；second, waste should be recycled in an environmentally safe man