微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)英文課件：ch14 Markets for Factor Inputs

1、CHAPTER 14 OUTLINE14.1Competitive Factor Markets14.2Equilibrium in a Competitive Factor Market14.3Factor Markets with Monopsony Power14.4Factor Markets with Monopoly PowerMARKETS FOR FACTOR INPUTSWe will examine three different factor market structures:1. Perfectly competitive factor markets;2. Mark

2、ets in which buyers of factors have monopsony power;3. Markets in which sellers of factors have monopoly power.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Demand for a Factor Input When Only One Input Is Variablemarginal revenue product Additional revenue resulting from the sale of output created by the use of on

3、e additional unit of an input.How do we measure the MRPL? Its the additional output obtained from the additional unit of this labor, multiplied by the additional revenue from an extra unit of output.derived demand Demand for an input that depends on, and is derived from, both the firms level of outp

4、ut and the cost of inputs.(14.1)This important result holds for any competitive factor market, whether or not the output market is competitive.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Demand for a Factor Input When Only One Input Is VariableIn a competitive output market, a firm will sell all its output at the

5、 market price P.In this case, the marginal revenue product of labor is equal to the marginal product of labor times the price of the product:(14.2)Marginal Revenue ProductFigure 14.1In a competitive factor market in which the producer is a price taker, the buyers demand for an input is given by the

6、marginal revenue product curve. The MRP curve falls because the marginal product of labor falls as hours of work increase. When the producer of the product has monopoly power, the demand for the input is also given by the MRP curve. In this case, however, the MRP curve falls because both the margina

7、l product of labor and marginal revenue fall.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Demand for a Factor Input When Only One Input Is VariableA Shift in the Supply of LaborFigure 14.3When the supply of labor facing the firms is S1, the firm hires L1 units of labor at wage w1. But when the market wage rate dec

8、reases and the supply of labor shifts to S2, the firm maximizes its profit by moving along the demand for labor curve until the new wage rate w2 is equal to the marginal revenue product of labor. As a result, L2 units of labor are hired.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Demand for a Factor Input When On

9、ly One Input Is Variable(14.4)Recall that MRPL = (MPL)(MR) and divide both sides of equation by the marginal product of labor. Then,Equation (14.4) shows that both the hiring and output choices of the firm follow the same rule: Inputs or outputs are chosen so that marginal revenue (from the sale of

10、output) is equal to marginal cost (from the purchase of inputs). This principle holds in both competitive and noncompetitive markets.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Demand for a Factor Input When Several Inputs Are VariableFirms Demand Curve for Labor (with Variable Capital)Figure 14.4When two or more

11、 inputs are variable, a firms demand for one input depends on the marginal revenue product of both inputs. When the wage rate is $20, A represents one point on the firms demand for labor curve. When the wage rate falls to $15, the marginal product of capital rises, encouraging the firm to rent more

12、machinery and hire more labor. As a result, the MRP curve shifts from MRPL1 to MRPL2, generating a new point C on the firms demand for labor curve.Thus A and C are on the demand for labor curve, but B is not.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Demand for a Factor Input When Several Inputs Are VariableThe

13、Industry Demand for LaborFigure 14.5The demand curve for labor of a competitive firm, MRPL1 in (a), takes the product price as given. But as the wage rate falls from $15 to $10 per hour, the product price also falls. Thus the firms demand curve shifts downward to MRPL2. As a result, the industry dem

14、and curve, shown in (b), is more inelastic than the demand curve that would be obtained if the product price were assumed to be unchanged.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1Understanding the demand for jet fuel is important to managers of oil refineries, who must decide how much jet fuel to produce. It i

15、s also crucial to managers of airlines, who must project fuel purchases and costs when fuel prices rise.The price elasticity of demand for jet fuel depends both on the ability to conserve fuel and on the elasticities of demand and supply of travel.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1The Short- and Long-Ru

16、n Demand for Jet FuelFigure 14.6The short-run demand for jet fuel MRPSR is more inelastic than the long-run demand MRPLR. In the short run, airlines cannot reduce fuel consumption much when fuel prices increase. In the long run, however, they can switch to longer, more fuel-efficient routes and put

17、more fuel-efficient planes into service.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1The Supply of Inputs to a FirmAdditional Profit from Perfect First-Degree Price DiscriminationFigure 14.7In a competitive factor market, a firm can buy any amount of the input it wants without affecting the price.Therefore, the fi

18、rm faces a perfectly elastic supply curve for that input. As a result, the quantity of the input purchased by the producer of the product is determined by the intersection of the input demand and supply curves. In (a), the industry quantity demanded and quantity supplied of fabric are equated at a p

19、rice of $10 per yard. In (b), the firm faces a horizontal marginal expenditure curve at a price of $10 per yard of fabric and chooses to buy 50 yards.14.1The Supply of Inputs to a Firmaverage expenditure curve Supply curve representing the price per unit that a firm pays for a good.Profit maximizati

20、on requires that marginal revenue product be equal to marginal expenditure:marginal expenditure curve Curve describing the additional cost of purchasing one additional unit of a good.(14.5)In the competitive case, the condition for profit maximization is that the price of the input be equal to margi

21、nal expenditure:(14.6)COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1The Market Supply of InputsBackward-Bending Supply of LaborFigure 14.8When the wage rate increases, the hours of work supplied increase initially but can eventually decrease as individuals choose to enjoy more leisure and to work less. The backward

22、-bending portion of the labor supply curve arises when the income effect of the higher wage (which encourages more leisure) is greater than the substitution effect (which encourages more work).COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1The Market Supply of InputsSubstitution and Income Effects of a Wage Increase

23、Figure 14.9When the wage rate increases from $10 to $30 per hour, the workers budget line shifts from PQ to RQ. In response, the worker moves from A to B while decreasing work hours from 8 to 5. The reduction in hours worked arises because the income effect outweighs the substitution effect. In this

24、 case, the supply of labor curve is backward bending.COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETSCOMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKETS14.1The complex nature of the work choice was analyzed in a study that compared the work decisions of 94 unmarried females with the work decisions of heads of households and spouses in 397 famili

25、es.EQUILIBRIUM IN A COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKET14.2Labor Market EquilibriumFigure 14.10In a competitive labor market in which the output market is competitive, the equilibrium wage wc is given by the intersection of the demand for labor and the supply of labor curve (point A).When the producer has mon

26、opoly power, the marginal value of a worker vM is greater than the wage wM. Thus too few workers are employed. (Point B determines the quantity of labor that the firm hires and the wage rate paid.)EQUILIBRIUM IN A COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKET14.2Economic RentFigure 14.11The economic rent associated wit

27、h the employment of labor is the excess of wages paid above the minimum amount needed to hire workers. The equilibrium wage is given by A, at the intersection of the labor supply and labor demand curves.Because the supply curve is upward sloping, some workers would have accepted jobs for a wage less

28、 than w*. The green-shaded area ABw* is the economic rent received by all workers.For a factor market, economic rent is the difference between the payments made to a factor of production and the minimum amount that must be spent to obtain the use of that factor.Economic RentEQUILIBRIUM IN A COMPETIT

29、IVE FACTOR MARKET14.2Land RentFigure 14.12When the supply of land is perfectly inelastic, the market price of land is determined at the point of intersection with the demand curve. The entire value of the land is then an economic rent. When demand is given by D1, the economic rent per acre is given

30、by s1, and when demand increases to D2, rent per acre increases to s2.Economic RentEQUILIBRIUM IN A COMPETITIVE FACTOR MARKET14.2During the Civil War, roughly 90 percent of the armed forces were unskilled workers involved in ground combat. Since then, however, the nature of warfare has evolved. Grou

31、nd combat forces now make up only 16 percent of the armed forces. Meanwhile, changes in technology have led to a severe shortage in skilled technicians, trained pilots, computer analysts, mechanics, and others needed to operate sophisticated military equipment.EQUILIBRIUM IN A COMPETITIVE FACTOR MAR

32、KET14.2The Shortage of Skilled Military PersonnelFigure 14.13When the wage w* is paid to military personnel, the labor market is in equilibrium.When the wage is kept below w*, at w0, there is a shortage of personnel because the quantity of labor demanded is greater than the quantity supplied.FACTOR

33、MARKETS WITH MONOPSONY POWER14.3Monopsony Power: Marginal and Average ExpenditureMarginal and Average ExpenditureFigure 14.14When the buyer of an input has monopsony power, the marginal expenditure curve lies above the average expenditure curve because the decision to buy an extra unit raises the pr

34、ice that must be paid for all units, not just for the last one. The number of units of input purchased is given by L*, at the intersection of the marginal revenue product and marginal expenditure curves. The corresponding wage rate w* is lower than the competitive wage wc.FACTOR MARKETS WITH MONOPSO

35、NY POWER14.3Purchasing Decisions with Monopsony PowerBargaining PowerA buyer with monopsony power maximizes net benefit (utility less expenditure) from a purchase by buying up to the point where marginal value (MV) is equal to marginal expenditure:For a firm buying a factor input, MV is just the mar

36、ginal revenue product of the factor MRP.(14.6)The amount of bargaining power that a buyer or seller has is determined in part by the number of competing buyers and competing sellers. But it is also determined by the nature of the purchase itself.FACTOR MARKETS WITH MONOPSONY POWER14.3In the United S

37、tates, major league baseball is exempt from the antitrust laws.This exemption allowed baseball team owners (before 1975) to operate a monopsonistic cartel.Fortunately for the players, and unfortunately for the owners, there was a strike in 1972 followed by a lawsuit by one player and an arbitrated l

38、abor-management agreement. This process eventually led in 1975 to an agreement by which players could become free agents after playing for a team for six years. FACTOR MARKETS WITH MONOPSONY POWER14.3In 1992 the New Jersey minimum wage was increased from $4.25 to $5.05 per hour. Using a survey of 41

39、0 fast-food restaurants, David Card and Alan Krueger found that employment had actually increased by 13 percent.One possibility is that restaurants responded to the higher minimum wage by reducing fringe benefits.An alternative explanation for the increased New Jersey employment holds that the labor

40、 market for teenage (and other) unskilled workers is not highly competitive.FACTOR MARKETS WITH MONOPOLY POWER14.4Monopoly Power over the Wage RateMonopoly Power of Sellers of LaborFigure 14.15When a labor union is a monopolist, it chooses among points on the buyers demand for labor curve DL. The seller can maximize the number of workers hired, at L*, by agreeing that workers will work at wage w*. The quantity of labor L1 that maximizes the rent earned by employees is determined by the intersection of the marginal revenue and supply of labor curves;