中級財(cái)務(wù)會計(jì)：第9章 存貨估值的其它問題

1、Chapter 8Cost flow method:LIFOFIFOAVERAGE COSTInventories: Additional Valuation IssuesChapter 9Intermediate Accounting12th EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues可實(shí)現(xiàn)凈值相對銷售價值購貨承諾成本與市價孰低計(jì)價基礎(chǔ)毛利法零售價盤存法表述與分析上限與下限如何運(yùn)算LCW對LCW的運(yùn)用“市價”對該原則的評價毛利率對這種方法的評價概念傳統(tǒng)方法特殊項(xiàng)目對這種方法的評價表

2、述分析市價 = 重置成本成本與重置成本孰低效用損失與損失發(fā)生當(dāng)期的收入進(jìn)行配比.當(dāng)公司某項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的未來效用（產(chǎn)生收入的能力）低于其初始成本是，它就違背了歷史成本原則Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.LCM重置成本的下降= 銷售價格的下降.RC 使企業(yè)能夠保持銷售毛利率不變.若RC下降不能反映效用的下降，因?yàn)槭艿搅硗鈨蓚€價值的限制: Ceiling- 可實(shí)現(xiàn)凈值NRVFloor 扣除正常毛利的可實(shí)現(xiàn)凈值.為什么使用重置成本(RC) 來作為市價?Lower-of-Cost-o

3、r-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.上限與下限Ceiling and FloorLower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Ceiling and FloorNotIllustration 9-3Ceiling 防止企業(yè)對存貨的高估或者對當(dāng)期損失的低估.Floor 防止企業(yè)低估存貨，或高估當(dāng)期損失.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and appl

4、y the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Rationale for LimitationsNotIllustration 9-3P9-1 Grant Wood 是一家制造桌子的公司。公司希望保持20%的毛利率。在December 31, 2008, 公司存貨中有如下的產(chǎn)成品。Instructions:假設(shè)公司采用的LCW，并以單個項(xiàng)目為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行。那么，公司的存貨應(yīng)該是哪個數(shù)值?Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.NotNotNotNotLow

5、er-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.How LCM Works (Individual Items)Illustration 9-4Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Methods of Applying LCM如果不是對每一項(xiàng)存貨用LCM，而是對大類，甚至對所有存貨總額用LCM，那么一些存貨市價的上升，會掩蓋另一些的下降。Lower-of-Cost-o

6、r-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Methods of Applying LCMIllustration 9-6LO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketRecording LCM (data from Illus. 9-5 and 9-6)Ending inventory (cost) $ 415,000 Ending inventory (LCM)350,000Adjustmen

7、t to LCM $ 65,000Allowance on inventory 65,000Loss on inventory65,000Inventory 65,000Cost of goods sold65,000AllowanceMethodDirectMethodLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketBalance Sheet PresentationLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.L

8、ower-of-Cost-or-MarketIncome Statement PresentationEnding inventory-decreased,beginning inventory- no change,COGS- increased損失發(fā)生當(dāng)期而非銷售期將其費(fèi)用化。另一方面，只是在銷售時，才確認(rèn)資產(chǎn)價值的上升。處理方法不一致?！罢＠麧櫋?，主觀的計(jì)量為盈余操縱提供了空間。在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中，LCW謹(jǐn)慎地計(jì)量了存貨，但它對損益表的影響可能是謹(jǐn)慎的，也可能不是 。缺陷:Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of

9、-cost-or-market rule.對LCW原則的評價許多財(cái)物報(bào)表的使用者都高度評價了LCW原則:防止高估存貨確認(rèn)了全部的損失而沒有預(yù)計(jì)利得，將會帶來更低的收益.Lower-of-Cost-or-MarketLO 1 Describe and apply the lower-of-cost-or-market rule.對LCW原則的評價Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues可實(shí)現(xiàn)凈值相對銷售價值購貨承諾成本與市價孰低計(jì)價基礎(chǔ)毛利法零售價盤存法表述與分析上限與下限如何運(yùn)算LCW對LCW的運(yùn)用“市價”對該原則的評價毛利率對這種方法的評價概念傳統(tǒng)方法

10、特殊項(xiàng)目對這種方法的評價表述分析存在一個受管制的市場，所有存貨在其中都有報(bào)價不存在重大的處置成本某些能夠以報(bào)價立即出售的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品某些情況下，即使NRV高于成本，GAAP也允許采用NRV來記錄存貨:Valuation BasesLO 2 Explain when companies value inventories at net realizable value.可實(shí)現(xiàn)凈值計(jì)量當(dāng)企業(yè)一次性購置多種不同的部件時，就存在特殊問題Valuation BasesLO 3 Explain when companies use the relative sales value method to value

11、 inventories.以相對銷售價值計(jì)量E9-7 (Relative Sales Value Method) Phil Collins Realty Corporation purchased a tract of unimproved land for $55,000. This land was improved and subdivided into building lots at an additional cost of $34,460. These building lots were all of the same size but owing to differences

12、 in location were offered for sale at different prices as follows. Operating expenses allocated to this project total $18,200. Sort the lots into 3 groups as follow:Instructions: Calculate the net income realized on this operation to date.一攬子購置The petroleum industry 化工行業(yè)The real estate industry房地產(chǎn)Ho

13、w to allowcate the total cost?Valuation BasesE9-7 (Relative Sales Value Method - Solution)x=x=xStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6to accurately value each unit, the common and most logical practice is to allocate the total among the various units on the basis of their relative sales value.LO 4 Disc

14、uss accounting issues related to purchase commitments.通常，買方不因?yàn)槌兄Z購買賣方尚未發(fā)運(yùn)的商品而編制分錄買方不必在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中報(bào)告 買方和賣方通過普通訂單來確定發(fā)運(yùn)時的價格，但是也可能被取消，因此普通訂單比不能代表買方的資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債.如果簽署的是一份正式的、不可取消的購貨合同 買方在合同成立日也不必確認(rèn)資產(chǎn)或負(fù)債，因?yàn)檫@項(xiàng)合同實(shí)質(zhì)上是“未執(zhí)行的”。 如果是重大合同，那么買方應(yīng)在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表附注中披露有關(guān)合同細(xì)節(jié).Valuation Bases購貨承諾 如果合同價格高于市場價格，買方預(yù)計(jì)在購買生效時將會發(fā)生損失，那么買方應(yīng)該在市場價格下跌的當(dāng)期確

15、認(rèn)損失。Inventories: Additional Valuation Issues可實(shí)現(xiàn)凈值相對銷售價值購貨承諾成本與市價孰低計(jì)價基礎(chǔ)毛利法零售價盤存法表述與分析上限與下限如何運(yùn)算LCW對LCW的運(yùn)用“市價”對該原則的評價毛利率對這種方法的評價概念傳統(tǒng)方法特殊項(xiàng)目對這種方法的評價表述分析Determine ending inventory without a physical countLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.公司有時需要判斷永續(xù)盤存制是否正確使用了，有時因?yàn)榛馂?zāi)、洪水等問題，

16、存貨記錄丟失了。如何不用通過盤點(diǎn)就知道期末存貨是多少呢？How can we determine ending inventory without a physical count?毛利法零售庫存法依賴于三個假設(shè):毛利法LO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.存貨估價中的毛利法: 估計(jì)期末存貨的替代方法期初存貨加購貨等于全部要核算的商品沒有銷售的商品一定在庫存中將銷售額降至成本，然后再從期初存貨與購貨的總和中扣除掉已銷售部分，即可得到期末存貨E9-12 (Gross Profit Method) M

17、ark Price Company 在編制月報(bào)時采用毛利法來估計(jì)存貨。以下是5月份的信息.Instructions:(a) 假設(shè)毛利占銷售額的30%，計(jì)算5月31日的估計(jì)存貨.(b) 假設(shè)毛利占成本的30%，計(jì)算5月31日的估計(jì)存貨.Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.E9-12 (Gross Profit Method - Solution)(a) Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit

18、is 30% of sales.Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.E9-12 (Gross Profit Method - Solution)(b) Compute the estimated inventory assuming gross profit is 30% of cost.Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method

19、.30%100% + 30%= 23.08% of sales缺點(diǎn):Gross Profit MethodLO 5 Determine ending inventory by applying the gross profit method.評價提供的是一個估計(jì)值運(yùn)用過去的百分比采用一個總括毛利率 GAAP允許在中期（通常是季度）報(bào)告時采用毛利法來確定期末存貨.Retail Inventory MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.零售價盤存法： 根據(jù)零售價格來匯集存貨。用一個

20、公式來將零售價轉(zhuǎn)換為成本. 使用很普遍，尤其是大型的百貨公司購入商品的總成本和零售價值可供銷售商品的總成本和零售價值當(dāng)期銷售額要求零售商們記錄：Step 1 可供銷售-本期已銷售Step 2 成本/零售價比率Step 3 期末零售價*成本/零售價比率應(yīng)該選擇哪個假設(shè)？答案取決于公司選擇什么零售存貨方法假設(shè)A不考慮價格下調(diào)傳統(tǒng)零售存貨法市價與成本孰低假設(shè)B 考慮價格下調(diào)平均成本法假設(shè)A不考慮價格下調(diào)傳統(tǒng)零售存貨法市價與成本孰低P9-8 (Retail Inventory Method) Jared Jones Inc. 公司在編月報(bào)時采用零售價盤存法估計(jì)期末存貨。2008年10月其中一個部門的數(shù)

21、據(jù)如下.Retail Inventory MethodInstructions: Prepare a schedule computing estimate retail inventory using the following methods: (1) Cost(2) LCM(3) LIFO (appendix)LO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.Retail Inventory - Cost MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by appl

22、ying the retail inventory method.=/Retail Inventory - LCM MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.=/被普遍采用的原因:評價不必進(jìn)行實(shí)物盤點(diǎn)就能計(jì)算出凈收益在確定存貨短缺時可以作為一種控制手段在調(diào)節(jié)庫存商品數(shù)量時可以作為一種控制手段能夠取得有關(guān)保險(xiǎn)方面的信息Retail Inventory MethodLO 6 Determine ending inventory by applying the retail inventory method.一些公司對零售價法進(jìn)行了改良，單獨(dú)計(jì)算每個部門的存貨?；蚴菍⒚暑愃频纳唐贩譃橐唤M。會計(jì)準(zhǔn)則要求