《醫(yī)學(xué)英文摘要寫作》詳解

1、醫(yī)學(xué)英文摘要寫作How to write a medicalEnglish abstract第一章概述一、摘要的定義、用途、和長度二、摘要的內(nèi)容三、摘要的類型四、摘要的寫作格式五、摘要寫作的注意事項(xiàng)What is an abstract?An abstract is a brief summary of the most important points in a scientific paper.摘要是作者研究過程、研究目的、 研究方法和研究結(jié)果的簡要陳述和概括。Purposes for AbstractsAbstracts typically serve five main goals:H

2、elp readers decide if they should read an entire article Help readers and researchers remember key findings on a topicHelp readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key pointsIndex articles for quick recovery and cross-referencing Allow supervisors to review technical work with

3、out becoming bogged down in details二、摘要的內(nèi)容ContentsTitleName of the authorUnit of the author/addressText of the abstractKeywords1）目的 2）方法 3）結(jié)果4）結(jié)果的分析、比較、評價(jià)以及應(yīng)用，提出的問題以及建議 5）其他三、摘要的類型descriptive abstract 描述性摘要informative abstract 資料性摘要descriptive-informative abstract 描述 -資料性摘要Non-structured abstract （非

4、結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要）Structured abstract （結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要）full-structuredsemi-structured1.描述性摘要Descriptive Abstract/ Indicative AbstractThe descriptive abstracts tell what topics are taken up in the paper. They contain indicative information on purpose, scope, ormethodology in the original documents, but mention little or n

5、othing about details of results, conclusions or recommendations. The advantages of a descriptive abstract are that it is easy to write and is usually short; a serious disadvantage is that it contains little information.一般只用兩三句話概括論文或報(bào)道的主題，而不涉及具體的數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論，通常用于綜述、會議報(bào)告等。Samples of descriptive abstracts:例一：

6、心得寧引起的胸膜纖維化我們報(bào)道兩例患者服用心得寧后繼發(fā)胸膜纖維化Pleural Fibrosis After Practolol TherapyWe describe two patients who developed pleural fibrosisafter treatment with practolol.例二：論原發(fā)性胃腸道淋巴瘤本文綜述了治療原發(fā)性胃腸道淋巴瘤的主要經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并就該病的臨床、病理及治療等問題進(jìn)行了討論。Primary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal TractAn institutional experience with prima

7、ry gastrointestinal lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. The clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.- 1 -2.資料性（報(bào)道性）摘要Informative AbstractsThe informative abstracts give the gist, or essence, of a piece of writing: they include the most significant material in the original writing.

8、 It is the original document in miniature. Important information on purpose, scope and method of the research are included in this type of abstracts. They also contain key results, conclusions, or recommendations. The advantage of an informative abstracts is that it provides much more information th

9、an does a descriptive abstract. But it is usually longer than the descriptive type.概括論文的主要信息， 一般闡明研究的問題和關(guān)鍵的研究成果，其特點(diǎn)是全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論。通常，閱讀這種摘要可以部分取代閱讀全文。Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette SmokingThe smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compared with that of 92 conse

10、cutive patients with non- malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed, the difference were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease relate

11、d to cigarette smoking.Informative-Indicative Abstracts以報(bào)道性文摘的形式表述一次文獻(xiàn)中信息價(jià)值較高的Discussion討論全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要（Full-structured Abstract ）1974 年 4 月，加拿大 McMaster 大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的Dr RBrianHaynes 首先提出建立臨床研究論文的結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth 創(chuàng)導(dǎo)下，美國內(nèi)科學(xué)記事（ Annuals of Internal Medicine ）在國際上率先采用了全結(jié)構(gòu)式（ full-structured ）摘要。1目的（ Objective

12、 ）：說明論文要解決的問題2設(shè)計(jì)（ Design ）：說明研究的基本設(shè)計(jì)，包括的研究性質(zhì)3地點(diǎn) （ Setting ）：說明進(jìn)行研究的地點(diǎn)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)的等級4對象 （Patients, participants or subjects ）：說明參加并完成研究的病人或受試者的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量及挑選方法5處理（ Interventions ）：說明確切的治療或處理方法6主要測定項(xiàng)目（Main outcome measures）：說明為評定研究結(jié)果而進(jìn)行的主要測定項(xiàng)目7結(jié)果（ Results）：說明主要客觀結(jié)果結(jié)論（ Conclusion ）：說明主要結(jié)論，包括直接臨床應(yīng)用意義與非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要相比， 。全結(jié)構(gòu)

13、式摘要觀點(diǎn)更明確（more explicitness ），信息量更大（ more information ），差錯(cuò)更少（ fewer errors ）.但其缺點(diǎn)也是顯而易見的，即繁瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長 , 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8 個(gè)要素分類的。 于是更多部分，而以指示性文摘的形式表述其余部分的文摘。字的雜志揚(yáng)長避短， 采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 （ semi-structured ）數(shù) 200 詞左右為宜半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要 (Semi-structured Abstract)Traditional Abstract傳統(tǒng)式摘要半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括：IMRAD目的（ objective/purp

14、ose/aim ）、Introduction 引言方法（ methods）、Materials and Methods材料與方法結(jié)果（ results）Results結(jié)果結(jié)論（ conclusion ）- 2 -目前國內(nèi)許多雜志正從非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要向半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要過度。Does smoking predispose to peptic ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori?Department of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital,.3、要符合邏輯、重點(diǎn)突出4、要結(jié)構(gòu)合理，用完整句表述5、要

15、行文流暢第二章標(biāo)題（title）一、標(biāo)題二、副標(biāo)題三、英、漢標(biāo)題特點(diǎn)的比較四、冠詞的省略五、標(biāo)題中常用名詞的搭配Objective: To investigate whether smoking would increaseulcer recurrence afterMethods: A total of 287 patients with gastric ulcersResults: Of the 83 smokers,3 had ulcer recurrence, Conclusions: Cigarette smoking did not increase the recurrence

16、of peptic ulcers after eradication of H. Pylori. About the tense1）目的部分：背景介紹：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)目的說明：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)/現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，或一般過去時(shí)2）材料、方法和結(jié)果部分：除指示性說明外，一律用一般過去時(shí)。過去完成時(shí)只用于說明研究前的情況或研究中某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間之前發(fā)生的情況.3）結(jié)論部分：凡陳述研究的材料、方法和結(jié)果時(shí)，一律用過去時(shí)； 分析結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因時(shí)，或者提出結(jié)論性意見時(shí)，如果作者認(rèn)為具有普遍意義，可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果作者認(rèn)為自己的分析或結(jié)論只限于本研究范圍或者僅是一種可能性，則用一般過去時(shí)為好。Length of Ab

17、stractsKeep abstracts of most papers and portions of monographs to fewer than 250 words, abstracts of shorter papers to fewer than 100 words, and those of reports and longer theses to fewer than 500 words. Rarely does an abstract exceed one page. Write most abstracts in a single paragraph, except th

18、ose for long documents.五、摘要寫作的注意事項(xiàng)1、要概括研究的要點(diǎn)2、要盡可能簡潔六、標(biāo)題中常用介詞的搭配七、幾種常用的標(biāo)題句式一、標(biāo)題Title（一）名詞性標(biāo)題（二）完整句標(biāo)題（三）疑問句（一）名詞性標(biāo)題標(biāo)題一般由一個(gè)名詞或若干并列的名詞，加上必要的修飾語構(gòu)成，一般沒有謂語成分Laboratory diagnosis of SARSSARS 的實(shí)驗(yàn)室診斷Haemorrhagic cholecystitis出血性膽囊炎Alcohol use, myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and hypertension飲酒、心

19、肌梗塞、心源性猝死及高血壓病Surgery for Infective Endocarditis感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的外科治療Left Ventricular Function Before and Following Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease二尖瓣病變手術(shù)前后左心室的功能變化感染性心內(nèi)膜炎的外科治療1）只在標(biāo)題開頭的第一個(gè)單詞的首字母大學(xué)，收尾句不用句號2）標(biāo)題中每個(gè)詞的首字母都大寫，只有某些虛詞才小寫，句尾不用句號。 某些需要小寫的虛詞， 指的是冠詞、 3 個(gè)字母以內(nèi)的連詞和介詞，4 個(gè)字母以上的，如with, from, during

20、 , after, against, during ,between 仍需要大寫。- 3 -詞組型標(biāo)題詞組型標(biāo)題是由一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)單詞或詞組單獨(dú)地、并列地或按偏正關(guān)系排列組成. 按其組成關(guān)系又可分為以下三類單一概念標(biāo)題多概念并列標(biāo)題多概念偏正標(biāo)題單一概念標(biāo)題,是由一個(gè)不可再細(xì)分的、具有完整概念的單詞或詞組構(gòu)成. 由于這些單詞或詞組是文章所討論的唯一對象,即文章標(biāo)題的中心詞.因此 ,英譯標(biāo)題時(shí)可以直接對譯.創(chuàng)傷性血膽癥Traumatic hemobilia中華肝膽外科雜志,2004, 10(7) ；顱底軟骨肉瘤Chondrosarcoma of the skull base中華神經(jīng)外科雜志,2003

21、, 19(6) .多概念并列標(biāo)題,由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上具有獨(dú)立完整概念的詞組并列組成. 由于詞或詞組之間沒有說明或被說明、修飾或被修飾的關(guān)系,而是無主次的并列關(guān)系. 因此 ,英譯標(biāo)題時(shí)可按表達(dá)各個(gè)概念的詞或詞組的先后順序譯出 .例如 :催乳素和免疫系統(tǒng)Prolactinand immune system中華內(nèi)分泌代謝雜志, 2004, 20(6) ；嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤病人的臨床特點(diǎn)及圍術(shù)期麻醉管理Clinicalfeaturesofpheochromocytomaandanestheticmanagement during perioperative period 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2002, 82(8) .

22、多概念偏正標(biāo)題,由多個(gè)具有獨(dú)立、完整概念的詞或詞組構(gòu)成 . 而其中有一個(gè)受其它詞或詞組所修飾、 限制或說明 . 這個(gè)被修飾、 限制或說明的詞或詞組就是文章標(biāo)題的中心詞 ,它位于標(biāo)題末 ,與修飾、限制或說明它的詞構(gòu)成偏正關(guān)系 .多概念偏正標(biāo)題是科技論文標(biāo)題中最常見的一種,它又可分為并列偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題和遞進(jìn)偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題.并列偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題是以聯(lián)合詞組充當(dāng)標(biāo)題中心詞的定語 . 英譯標(biāo)題時(shí) ,可按順序譯出各并列成分,并置于中心詞之后 .例如 :泮托拉唑三聯(lián)與奧美拉唑三聯(lián)療法根除幽門螺桿菌的對比研究Comparison of pantoprazole and omeprazole- based triple

23、therapy regimens in the treatment of Helicobacter pyloriinfection 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2002, 82(18) 遞進(jìn)偏正結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題以偏正詞組充當(dāng)標(biāo)題的中心詞. 定語中的各組成部分總是前一個(gè)修飾后一個(gè),層層相疊 ,最后作為一個(gè)整體來限定代表標(biāo)題重心概念的中心詞.英譯標(biāo)題時(shí) ,代表標(biāo)題重心的中心詞置于題首,定語中的各組成部分,在多數(shù)情況下,按由小到大,由近到遠(yuǎn)的次序排列 .例如 :抑郁癥患者紅細(xì)胞兒茶酚氧位甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶活性的研究The erythrocytes catechol O methyl transferase activity i

24、npatients with depression中華精神科雜志, 2005, 38(3) ；（二）完整句標(biāo)題醫(yī)學(xué)論文標(biāo)題一般都是名詞性標(biāo)題。 有的醫(yī)學(xué)雜志， 如美國的 Journal of the National Cancer Institute 甚至規(guī)定標(biāo)題不得寫成完整的句子。 但是，在其他英美醫(yī)學(xué)雜志中，仍可以看到標(biāo)題為完整句，只是句尾沒有句號。如：Dietarycholesterolis co-carcinogenicforhumancolon cancer膽固醇飲食 人類結(jié)腸癌的協(xié)同致癌因素 Cytochrome b is present in neutrophils from p

25、atients with chronic granulomatous disease存在于慢性肉芽雜紅患者嗜中性白細(xì)胞里的細(xì)胞色素把 b（三）疑問句標(biāo)題也可以是疑問句。疑問句標(biāo)題尾一般有疑問號，如有疑問副詞或疑問代詞，也可不用疑問句。如： Home- 4 -or hospital births?在家分娩還是住院分娩？Genetic damage form diagnostic radiation ?診斷性放射檢查能否導(dǎo)致遺傳性損害？What to look for rib fractures and how肋骨骨折時(shí)應(yīng)檢查什么及如何檢查？Is treatment of borderline h

26、ypertension good or bad?治療臨界型高血壓是利是弊？Are potassium supplements for the elderly necessary?中年以上的患者是否比須補(bǔ)鉀？What does exercise mean for the menstrual cycle?鍛煉對月經(jīng)周期有什么影響？二、副標(biāo)題副標(biāo)題往往用于突出論文某一方面的內(nèi)容，如病例數(shù)、研究方法等。正、副標(biāo)題可用不同字體字號加以區(qū)別，也可用冒號隔開（一）突出病例數(shù)Abdominal pain in the emergency room: A study of 176consecutive case

27、s腹痛急診 176 連續(xù)收治的病例研究Surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts: Analysis of119 cases假性胰腺囊腫手術(shù)治療 119 例分析（二）突出研究方法Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in immunosuppressed patients: Prospective study of 80 casesHeparin therapy: A randomized prospective studyDiabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up stu

28、dy免疫抑制患者彌漫性肺浸潤 前瞻性研究80 例肝素療法前瞻性隨機(jī)研究傳染性肝炎繼發(fā)糖尿病患者隨訪調(diào)查（三）突出重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容Diabetes mellitus: New diagnostic criteriaDigitalis therapy in practice : Correlation between clinical evaluation and plasma digoxin concentration Aorto-arteritis: Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance糖尿病診斷的新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)洋地黃療法的實(shí)際應(yīng)用 地高辛血

29、漿濃度與臨床療效的關(guān)系大動脈炎胸部X 線表現(xiàn)及其臨床意義（四）表示同位關(guān)系哌唑嗪 一種新的治療高血壓的血管擴(kuò)張劑乳腺癌組織中的癌胚抗原 一種有用的預(yù)后指標(biāo)Prazodine: A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertensionCarcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissue: A useful prognostic indicator（五）提出疑問句Drug regulation: Evolution or revolution？Chronic abdominal pain: A surgic

30、al or psychiatric symptom?藥物調(diào)節(jié)：進(jìn)化還是革命？慢性腹痛是手術(shù)癥狀還是精神癥狀？（六）表示長篇連載論文各分篇的主題Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum:A study of normal subjectsPhysical and chemical studies of human blood serum:II . A study of 29cases of nephritis人類血清的理化研究：I正常人的研究人類血清的理化研究：II. 29 例腎炎患者的研究（七）說明研究時(shí)間A collaborativ

31、e study of burn nursing in China: 20022006 A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 20022006Endoscopicvaricosesclerosis:Oneyearclinical- 5 -experience中國燒傷護(hù)理綜合研究：20022006曲張靜脈內(nèi)鏡硬化療法：一年臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)研究Exercises將下列標(biāo)題改為帶有副標(biāo)題的格式A light and electron microscopic study of two cases of primary sarcoma of the hea

32、rtExperimental study of laser surgery of the liverA report of60 cases of primary vaginal carcinomaClinical analysis of 55 cases of subacute thyroiditisA study of 127 cases of deafness due to noise traumaA review of 37 cases of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleuraClinical, angiographic, and m

33、yocardial scintigraphic observations on unstable angina pectorisFifteen years experience with carcinoma of the pancreasExperiences in the treatment of 50 cases of vascular injuriesPhysiopathologic mechanisms for jaundice and cirrhosis將下列完整句標(biāo)題改為名詞性標(biāo)題Angiodysplasia is a cause of colonic bleeding in th

34、e elderlyThyroid cancer is a late consequence of head-neck irridation.Coronary heart disease: Overweight and obesity are risk factorsProstaglandins serve as mediators of inflammation.Ferritin serves as an index of bone marrow stores.High uric acid serves as an indicator of cardiovascular diseasePern

35、icious anemia is a risk factor for cancer of the stomachInferior vena cava obstruction is a complication ofprostate cancer三、英、漢標(biāo)題特點(diǎn)的比較（一） Study of, Report of等詞的使用（二）帶as 的句式（三）帶and 的句式（四）病例數(shù)的處理 （五） 漢語標(biāo)題中幾個(gè)常用詞的翻譯（一） Study of, Report of等詞的使用18 世紀(jì)，科技論文中可以some thoughts ona fewobservations on現(xiàn)代科技論文Study o

36、f 、investigation of、a reportof 也不多見標(biāo)題越來越趨向簡短扼要。如： Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice超生診斷膽汁郁積性黃疸Cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients血液透析患者的心血管病變Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes苯對白細(xì)胞毒性作用的研究Clinical efficacy of disopyramide in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias雙異丙吡胺治療

37、心律失常的療效觀察Studies on the diuretic effects of Etozolin in heart failure乙氧唑啉對心力衰竭患者利尿效應(yīng)的研究An angiographic and clinical study of coronary collateral circulation冠狀動脈側(cè)枝循環(huán)的血管造影與臨床研究（二）帶as 的句式在需要用表語（或同位語）的概念時(shí)，常用帶as 的句式Pernicious anemia as a risk factor for cancer of the stomachGastrocolic fistula as complic

38、ation of benign gastric ulcer（三）帶and 的句式- 6 -表相互關(guān)系的意義時(shí)，可用and 來表示Viral hepatitis and medical professionsMalignant hypertension and cigarette smoking（四）病例數(shù)的處理在我國醫(yī)學(xué)論文標(biāo)題，為吸引讀者注意， 往往將病例數(shù)置于正標(biāo)題中779 例氣道異物的治療系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡 80 例分析在國外，病例數(shù)大多置于副標(biāo)題中。軟骨肉瘤 附 26 例報(bào)告4.輸血后肝炎60 例報(bào)告55 例亞急性甲狀腺炎臨床分析The treatment of 779 cases of

39、foreign bodies in the air passageAnalysis of 80 cases of SLE Chondrosarcoma : Report of 26 casesPosttransfusion hepatitis : A report of 60 casesSubacute thyroiditis: Clinical analysis of 55 cases有時(shí)根據(jù)英文標(biāo)題不列出病例數(shù)這一特點(diǎn)，在英譯時(shí)可將病例數(shù)不譯。慢性胃炎分類探討（附71 例分析）Evaluation of classification of chronic gastritis腎下腹主動脈瘤3

40、9 例治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)Experience in the treatment of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm（五）漢語標(biāo)題中幾個(gè)常用詞的翻譯探討 Discussion , evaluation , approach, study, investigation如 1）實(shí)驗(yàn)性肺功能不全的探討2）中西醫(yī)治療肝炎的探討3）亞臨床肝癌診斷問題的探討4）心源性猝死51 例臨床病理探討5）原發(fā)性肝癌臨床診斷的探討6）腦血管病1000 例臨床分析及若干問題探討Discussion on experimental pulmonary insufficiencyAn ev

41、aluation of treatment for hepatitis by combined traditional Chinese and western medicineAn approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancerSudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 casesOn clinical diagnosis of primary carcinoma of liverCerebral vascular disorders: Clinical analys

42、is of 1000 cases體會 experience1） 818 例糖尿病患者治療體會2）治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌菌血癥的新體會3）全胃切除治療賁門癌的體會Experience in treating 818 patients with diabetes mellitus Recent experience with bacillemia due to gramnegative organismsThe treatment of cancer of the esophago-gastric junction by total gastrectomy3 總結(jié) experience如：先天性心臟病

43、20 年臨床資料總結(jié)Congenitalheartdisease:Atwentyyearclinicalexperience4.問題 problem ,aspect完全腸道外營養(yǎng)臨床實(shí)踐中的幾個(gè)問題Certain problems of total parental nutrition in clinical practice2）關(guān)于門脈高壓癥手術(shù)治療的幾個(gè)問題Some aspects on surgical treatment of portal hypertension初步體會 1）肝移植術(shù)麻醉的初步報(bào)告Apreliminaryreportonanesthesiaforlivertrans

44、plantation例二尖瓣膜置換術(shù)臨床初步小節(jié)- 7 -Clinicalexperience of mitralvalve replacement in tenpatients四、冠詞的省略（一）一般名詞前的冠詞在報(bào)紙、雜志和書本中的標(biāo)題，往往省略冠詞(the)Treatment of gram-negative shockShockcausedbygram-negativemicroorganisms:(an)Analysis of 169（二）疾病名稱Carcinoma of the anal canalDiabetes after infectious hepatitis: A fol

45、low-up study五、標(biāo)題中常用名詞的搭配（一） studyStudy on/ of/ inStudies / study如果Study 之前有表示研究對象的定語，后接疾病名稱時(shí)，往往不用of, 而用 ine.g.Platelet function studies in heart disease （二） reportReport of /onE.g. Thyroid carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkin s disease: Report of / on a case放射治療何杰金氏病引起甲狀腺癌1 例報(bào)告（三） surveySurv

46、ey of/ on（四） observationObservation on/of/ in（六）各種治療與檢查名稱的搭配用法治療方法與疾病名稱連用時(shí)，一般用介詞forShunting operations for obesitySurgery for portal hypertensionBlindness after treatment for malignant hypertension Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism治療方法、檢查方法還可后接介詞in同 forSurgery in active infective endocarditisPar

47、athyroidectomy in chronic renal failure六、標(biāo)題中常用介詞的搭配in1 各種生理病理現(xiàn)象 +in+ 生物名詞 Epidemic mealses in young adultsThyroid function in patients with breast cancer 2 in+ 動源性名詞Steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock Ultrasound in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice治療方法、檢查方法、藥物名稱各種病理現(xiàn)象名稱+in+ 疾病Parat

48、hyroidectomy in chronic renal failureAn analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease（二） due to標(biāo)題中表示原因，應(yīng)用due to , 不可用because of ,owing to , 可以用 caused by 代替 Bacteremia due to gram-negative bacillli Infections due to group C streptococci in man （三） after, followingPostoperative sy

49、ndromes after / following liver surgery Exercises1.檢查標(biāo)題中介詞的用法Gram-negative infections of cancerCirculatory failure of metastatic carcinoma of the lung 3)Hypercalcemia on malignant lymphoma4)Acute renal infections of adults5)Tiberculosis in the liverSonography in the common bile ductThe use of radioa

50、ctive iodine at the evaluation of thyroid noduels2. 填空- 8 -Jaundice _ a rare cause: Tuberculous lymphadenitis結(jié)核性淋巴結(jié)炎 引起黃疸的罕見原因Restrictive antibiotherapy_ renal transplantation腎移植后有節(jié)制的使用抗生素Hyperparathyroidism _ head and neck irradiation頭頸部放療后的甲狀旁腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)Tumor emboli _ pulmonary hypertension表現(xiàn)為肺動脈高壓的瘤拴Po

51、rtal vein thrombosis_ cirrhosis肝硬化合并門靜脈血栓形成七、幾種常用的標(biāo)題句式（一）表示藥物治療的標(biāo)題句式藥物名稱 +in /for +病名藥物名稱 +in the treatment (management) of+病名藥物名稱 +treatment (therapy)of+ 病名treatment of+病名 + with+ 藥物名稱Use of+ 藥物名稱 +in the treatment of +病名vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease 2.Prednisone for chronic acti

52、ve liver diseasePenicillin in the treatment of severe respiratory infections.Revised: Treatment of severe respiratory infections with penicillinVancomycin therapy of bacterial meningitisUse of diuretics in the treatment of hypertension secondary to renal disease（二）表示非藥物治療的標(biāo)題句式治療方法 +for /in + 病名治療方法

53、+ in the treatment (management) of + 病名Treatment (management) of + 病名 +by + 治療方法血液透析治療牛皮癬Hemodialysis for psoriasisHemodialysis in the treatment of psoriasisTreatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis（三）表示診斷方法的標(biāo)題句式診斷方法 +in+病名診斷方法 + in the diagnosis of + 病名Assay (detection) of + 某種成分 +in + 病名Diagnosis of病

54、名 +by /with + 診斷方法Detection of病名 +by + 診斷方法Application of + 診斷方法 + to the diagnosis of + 病名Exercises1.將下列詞次組編寫標(biāo)題splenectomy, myeloid metaplasiasplenic irradiation myelofibrosisleukemia, marrow transplantationcomputer tomography, acute pancreatitis 5)ultrasound, cholestatic jaundice2. 英譯下列標(biāo)題1)結(jié)核病患者的黃

55、疸2）嬰兒及兒童的血管創(chuàng)傷3）一例慢性腎功能衰竭患者的胃腸道綜合征和休克4）劑量是腫瘤化療的關(guān)鍵因素5）青霉胺（ penicillamine) 治療類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎6) 高選擇性迷走神經(jīng)切斷術(shù)(hyperselective vogotomy)治療十二指腸潰瘍的經(jīng)驗(yàn)放射免疫測定 （ radioimmunoassay）診斷腸道及胰臟的內(nèi)分泌（ endocrine) 腫瘤SLE 患者的胰腺炎 : 一例報(bào)道及文獻(xiàn)綜述第三章 作者姓名、學(xué)位和工作單位一、作者姓名歐美人的name 既指名也指姓。如諾貝爾的全名是Alfred Bernhard Nobel Alfred是 first name 。 Bernha

56、rd是 second nameNobel 是 last name.First name 與 second name 相當(dāng)于我國的名 。 last- 9 -name 相當(dāng)于 姓 。也有只有first name 而無 second Renal Divisionand Cardiovascular-pulmonary Researchname。Laboratory, Department of Medicine在論文署名時(shí)， 一般將 first name, last name 用全文寫出，常用醫(yī)療、醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)和科研單位名稱而將 second name 縮寫 如： Afred B. Nobel, Wil

57、helm C.附屬醫(yī)院省人民醫(yī)院Roentgen李時(shí)珍 雷鋒 司馬光 司徒漢城二、學(xué)位三、工作單位（一） 教研室 與 科 DepartmentDepartment of Physiology, university of California, San Francisco, California 94143Department of Anatomy, Ningxia Medical College重慶醫(yī)學(xué)院傳染病教研室（二） “組 ”division , section, unitDivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Divi

58、sion section 除后接 of 介詞短語外還可前接名詞或形容詞定語Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Huston, TexasUnit前 往往有名詞限定語Oncology Unit of the Department of Medicine 在科研機(jī)構(gòu)， 組 還可用 branch 表示PulmonaryBranch,NationalHeart,Lung,and BloodInstituteLaboratory實(shí)驗(yàn)室，研究室可以后接of 介詞短語，也

59、可前接名詞或形容詞定語藥學(xué)院縣醫(yī)院中醫(yī)醫(yī)院胸科醫(yī)院教學(xué)醫(yī)院綜合醫(yī)院針灸研究所關(guān)鍵詞、縮略語和致謝1 關(guān)鍵詞Key words, Key Words, Keywords中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊檢索與評價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范Key wordsKey words:Key words .首字母的大小寫不統(tǒng)一關(guān)鍵詞之間的標(biāo)點(diǎn)分號 /逗號選詞應(yīng)參考 MeSH( medical subjects headings)詞表，以使用規(guī)范的詞語2 縮略語HIV摘要標(biāo)題中不宜使用縮略語，（ CT 、 MRI 、 LASER 、DNA ）正文中第一次出現(xiàn)縮略語，前面應(yīng)有術(shù)語全稱縮略語各個(gè)字母一般均大寫，如CNS，COPD ， SARS致謝從作

60、者本身出發(fā)表示感謝1） The author deeply thank of Prof B for his valuable suggestions and comments on this work.We wish to express our thanks for the valuable suggestions made by Prof. BThe author is particularly grateful to Prof. B for his guidance and encouragement in this work.I wish to express my deep grat