語言對(duì)比與翻譯-物稱與人稱課件9

1、語言對(duì)比與翻譯物稱與人稱Impersonal vs Personal語言對(duì)比與翻譯物稱與人稱物體與人稱Impersonal vs PersonalGeneral introduction:一.英語較常使用物稱表達(dá)法，即不用人稱主語來敘述，而是表達(dá)客觀事物如何作用于人的感知，讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來，有些英語寫作論著稱之為：“the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language.”物體與人稱Impersonal vs PersonalGeG. Leech和J.

2、 Svartvik(1974)指出： “Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style, i.e. one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his readers, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives, sentences beginning with introductory

3、 it, and abstract nouns.”G. Leech和J. Svartvik(1974)指出：以圖書館的一則通告為例：It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other st

4、udents. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.近來已注意到本館存書驚人地減少，此事令人關(guān)切?，F(xiàn)要求學(xué)生不要忘記借書還書規(guī)則，并考慮其他學(xué)生的需要。今后凡借書逾期不還者，必將嚴(yán)格按章處罰。以圖書館的一則通告為例：過分使用非人稱表達(dá)法，會(huì)使文章顯得“abstract and official”，甚至“cold and inhuman”。上例如多用人稱表達(dá)，則可顯得不那么正式，也較有“人情味”The number of books in the library has been going do

5、wn. Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing, and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience. So from now on, were going to enforce the rules strictly. You have been warned.過分使用非人稱表達(dá)法，會(huì)使文章顯得“abstract and試比較：1）Impersonal: It was noted that this office did not reply to the lett

6、er of July 22. Please be advised that apologies are hereby tendered.Human: We sincerely apologize for not replying to your July 22 letter.2)Impersonal: Applicants for these positions must fill forms by August 1.Human: Please apply by August1.3) Impersonal: The enclosed form from the accounting depar

7、tment has been sent for your signature.Human: Please sign the enclosed form.試比較：盡管如此，非人稱表達(dá)法仍是英語常見的一種文風(fēng)，尤其常見于書面語，如公文、新聞、科技論著以及散文、小說等文學(xué)作品。英語非人稱表達(dá)法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)： 使敘述顯得客觀、冷靜，結(jié)構(gòu)趨于嚴(yán)密、緊湊，語氣較為委婉、間接。盡管如此，非人稱表達(dá)法仍是英語常見的一種文風(fēng)，尤其常見于書面二、漢語常用人稱表達(dá)法漢語較注重主體思維，該思維模式以“萬物皆備于我”作主導(dǎo)，往往從自我出發(fā)來敘述客觀事物，或傾向于描述人及其行為或狀態(tài)。當(dāng)人稱可以不言自喻時(shí)，常隱含人稱或省略人稱

8、?？傊?，漢語重人稱，英語重物稱，主要表現(xiàn)在如何使用主語和動(dòng)詞上。二、漢語常用人稱表達(dá)法英語物稱與漢語人稱：翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換1.英語常用非人稱主語，漢語常用人稱主語英語可用人稱主語，也常用非人稱主語表達(dá)。用后者表達(dá)時(shí)，常注重“什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上”。漢語則較常用人稱主語表達(dá)，較注重“什么人怎么樣了”。如：1)What has happened to you?你出了什么事啦？2）An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。英語物稱與漢語人稱：翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換1.英語常用非人稱主語，漢語常用3)A strange peace came over her when she was a

9、lone.她獨(dú)處時(shí)便感到一種特殊的安寧。4）Not a sound reached our ears. (A. S. Hornby)我們沒有聽到任何聲音。5）A great elation overcame them.他們欣喜若狂。6）Alarm began to take entire possession of him. (W. Thackeray)他開始變得驚恐萬狀。7）A must for all visitors to Detroit is a visit to an automobile factory.凡是到底特律來的客人，一定會(huì)去參觀汽車工廠。3)A strange peace

10、 came over he英語用非人稱做主語的句子大體可分為兩類：（1）用抽象名詞或無生命的事物名稱做主語，謂語則是用表示人的動(dòng)作或行為的動(dòng)詞，如see, find, bring, give, escape, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, preventfrom等（稱為有靈動(dòng)詞），這種句式常帶有隱喻或擬人的修辭色彩，語氣含蓄，反映了英美民族的幽默感。(英漢轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)一般人稱代物稱)例如：1）Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.我興

11、奮得什么話也說不出來。2）The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. (Joseph: English 3200)我走在厚厚的地毯上，一點(diǎn)腳步聲也沒有。英語用非人稱做主語的句子大體可分為兩類：3)The happiness-the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy. (W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)麗貝卡看見她周圍的小姐那么福氣，享受種種優(yōu)越的權(quán)利，卻有說不

12、出的眼紅。4)The forty years, 1840-1880, brought almost ten million migrants to America. (P. Bromhead: Life in Modern America)從1840至1880這四十年中，近一千萬移民移居美國。5)My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part. (H. Andersen: The Little Mermaid)我很幸運(yùn)，能夠得到你，讓我們永不分離吧。3)The happiness-the superior6）No city

13、on American soil had known such destruction. (H. Wouk)在美國國土上，沒有一座城市曾經(jīng)遭受過如此嚴(yán)重的破壞。7)Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22 000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later p

14、layed an exhibition match. (China US Table Tennis)星期五那天，中國乒乓球隊(duì)一早就到安阿伯附近去參觀擁有兩萬兩千名學(xué)生的密執(zhí)安大學(xué)現(xiàn)代化校園。他們和該校學(xué)生在校內(nèi)自助餐廳排隊(duì)取午餐，然后舉行了一場(chǎng)表演賽。6）No city on American soil had漢語中也存在“無靈主語”+“有靈動(dòng)詞”的搭配，通常作為修辭手段：隱喻、擬人化。無靈主語，即抽象名詞、時(shí)間地點(diǎn)或事物名稱做主語。例如:1）北京目睹過許多偉大的歷史事件。Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.2)星光很早以前就踏

15、上了旅途。The light from the stars started on its journey long long ago.漢語中也存在“無靈主語”+“有靈動(dòng)詞”的搭配，通常作為修辭手以上為英譯漢。漢譯英時(shí)，用“物稱”代替“人稱”常是一種有效的手段。例如：1）恕我孤陋寡聞，對(duì)此關(guān)系一無所知。My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology2）近來忙于其他事務(wù)，未能早些負(fù)信，深感抱歉。I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented

16、 me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.3）憑良心講，你待我禮貌有加，我卻受之有愧。My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.4)我怎么也想不起你的名字。Your name obstinately escapes me.以上為英譯漢。漢譯英時(shí)，用“物稱”代替“人稱”常是一種有效的Summery:英語用抽象名詞而不用人稱作主語的句子，運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，可獲得很好的修辭和表達(dá)效果，讀起來更有英語語感和“洋味”。英譯漢時(shí)，常要轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語為人稱主語或其他主語，

17、這幾乎是一條實(shí)用而有效的原則。此外，還要采用其他的一些技巧，例如：Summery:其他技巧：轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡單句拆成漢語的復(fù)合句。1）A very little encouragement would set that worldly woman to talk volubly, and pour out all within her. (Vanity Fair)這老于世故的女人，只要人家稍微助她的興，她便馬上滔滔不絕地把一肚子的話一股腦兒倒出來。2)The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing to shed my rags,

18、 and to clothe myself decently once more. (Mark Twain: The Million Pound Note)我一看到一家服裝店，心里就起了一陣強(qiáng)烈的愿望，很想扔掉這身襤褸的衣服，重新穿的像個(gè)樣子。其他技巧：轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡單句拆成漢語的復(fù)合句。3)Lyndon Johnsons final acts as President took the Americans to the very edge of the moon. (David Halberstan: The Best and the Brightest)林登約翰遜總統(tǒng)任期快要結(jié)

19、束的時(shí)候，美國人也快要登月了。4)The knowledge of this nuclear fission process has made it possible to use uranium as fuel to obtain nuclear energy.由于知道了這種核裂變過程，（人們）就有可能用鈾作為燃料來取得核能。5)The combination of this oriental citys geography and the absence of import taxes has long made Hong Kong the ideal storehouse for tra

20、nsit goods to and from Asia.由于香港的地理位置，加上免征各種進(jìn)口稅，這個(gè)東方城市長期以來成為進(jìn)出亞洲貨物的理想中轉(zhuǎn)儲(chǔ)運(yùn)基地。3)Lyndon Johnsons final acts 轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡單句或復(fù)合句拆成漢語的并列句或流水句。1)His winnings, a total of 4,404, put him in 160th place on the money list. (Readers Digest)他總共獲得4,404美元，在獎(jiǎng)金名單榜上居第160位。2) His weariness and the increasing heat det

21、ermined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. (Nathaniel Hawthorne: David Swan)他疲憊不堪，天氣也越來越熱。他決意一遇到個(gè)近便的陰涼處，就坐下休息。轉(zhuǎn)換非人稱主語，把英語的簡單句或復(fù)合句拆成漢語的并列句或流3）My hunger and the shadows together tell me that the sun has done much travel since I fell asleep.我感到很餓，又發(fā)現(xiàn)日影移動(dòng)，這使我明白：自從我睡著以后，太陽已走了很長的路了。4)Her doubt

22、s and terrors reached their paroxysm. (Vanity Fair)她突然又懷疑又懼怕，一時(shí)不能自持。3）My hunger and the shadows to把非人稱主語句轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的無主句或主語泛稱句。1)The mastery of a language requires painstaking effort.要掌握一門語言，必須下苦功夫。2）Dusk found the little girl crying in the street.黃昏時(shí)分，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)小女孩在街上哭泣。3）The development of an economical art

23、ificial heart is only a few transient failures away.只稍經(jīng)過幾次失敗，（我們）就能研制出廉價(jià)的人工心臟了。把非人稱主語句轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的無主句或主語泛稱句。把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的狀語或介詞短語1)March 1940 found me working in a small construction firm. (J. Austin)1940年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。2)Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.經(jīng)過調(diào)查，我們得出了上述的結(jié)論。把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的狀語或介詞短語3

24、）My first day in London started with a morning visit to the British Museum.抵達(dá)倫敦的第一天上午，我就去參觀大英博物館。4）The long negotiations produced shifting and sometimes curious alignments between nations.在漫長的談判過程中，國與國之間形成了變化不定的、有時(shí)是奇特的力量組合。5)The Western Desert was no place for men without the protection of amour and

25、 guns.在西部沙漠，士兵們沒有裝甲車和大炮的掩護(hù)是不行的（是進(jìn)不去的/寸步難行的/是沒有立足之地的）。3）My first day in London start把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的外位成分，漢語的主語用“這”來代稱這個(gè)外位成分。1)His knowledge of applied science will stand him in good stead.他懂得應(yīng)用科學(xué)，這對(duì)他很有利。2）The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a grou

26、p of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week. (Guide for Study in the U.S.)一位教授和二三十名學(xué)生每周會(huì)聚兩三次，每次授課時(shí)間45分鐘到50分鐘，這是大學(xué)程度課堂教學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)模式。把非人稱主語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的外位成分，漢語的主語用“這”來代稱（2）用非人稱代詞it作主語。使英文句子顯出物稱傾向。漢語無此用法，常用人稱、或省略人稱，或采用無主句。翻譯時(shí)可以如此轉(zhuǎn)換。用作先行詞1）It never occurred to me tha

27、t she was so dishonest.我從來也沒有想到她這么不老實(shí)。2）It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East.我們認(rèn)為，他今天上午發(fā)言的內(nèi)容和口氣都無助于在中東建立持久的和平。（2）用非人稱代詞it作主語。用作虛義詞，代替主語難以言明的現(xiàn)象或情形，如用來表示自然現(xiàn)象、時(shí)間、空間以及慣用語。1）Its only half an hours walk to the ferry.只要走半個(gè)鐘頭就可以到輪渡。2）How is it with the sic