tpo小站托福閱讀基礎(chǔ)語法全匯總

1、一. iBT 文章數(shù)量:3-5篇(和相對應(yīng):3篇閱讀,9個段子或5篇閱讀,6個iBT 托福閱讀的重 TRUE?FALSE?General statementSome details態(tài)度:根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度托福閱讀是以句子為的閱讀的本質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)主體(支撐): 段(文章的前幾段)和句(每段的前幾句細(xì)節(jié)主體(填充Intro:background(細(xì)節(jié))topic(結(jié)構(gòu)Body:sub-topic(結(jié)構(gòu)&evidence(細(xì)節(jié) 結(jié)構(gòu)主體的人名地名專有名詞:使用首字母標(biāo)新概念和概閱讀中的指導(dǎo)性邏輯閱讀和口語的關(guān)系1.精句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方前置定語后置定語adjphrase形容詞短語:abooku

2、sefulforyou prep phrase 介詞短語:n on the deskv-ing/-edphrase分詞短語rsonwalkingontheroad;adevelopedforthe不定式awaytosolvethe注不定式作后置定語其邏輯主語是第: sb use the way to solve the 定語從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句: that, which, who, whom, whose( that, which, who, whom 引導(dǎo)的是非完整句, whose 引導(dǎo)的是完整句)關(guān)系連詞whenwherewhy在句子中不作成分, 介詞+關(guān)系代詞inwhich, 同位語

3、: 同語一樣處刪5thatS+系動詞+表語+句表語從ItVithatIt+be+adj+that+句完整That句子N+that句子+ 同位語(完整句定語從句(非完整句SVithat+ 句子ThesunrisesthatisS + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定語從句ThefactistruethatTomishandsome(同位語從句). 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (完整句關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 非完整句化右括號的條件1:Howeverformanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atoman

4、dmolecules alwaysweremu orelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)2:Itappeared that Canadawas once more falling in step with the trend towardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsince the time of the Industrial Revolution).例3: T

5、he history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位語,刪除), can be divided into four distinct eras: thebeganinthenineteenthcentury andextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedfortimethat(foodcontaine

6、dconstituents(thatwereessentialforhuman function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例 4: Using techniquesdeveloped for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位語), was able to maintainasteadypositionontheoceanssur

7、faceanddrillinverydeepwater, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5:ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less 6Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenthcenturyin which (the making of a clay

8、 model was considered the creative act) and (the workwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinplasterorbronzeor carved in marble).7Anyone(whohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthatitisusuallynot exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference beingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)8The

9、impressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhich (workers made goods since 1790s), North American enterpreneurseven without thetechnological improvementhad broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (wh

10、o each performed a single step of the production process)9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workersintheeighteenthcentury(arefrequentlyconsideredartiststoday)is directlyattibutabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury)例10: A few art collectors James B

11、owI of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位語)introduced European art traditions to those colonistsprivileged to visit their galleries, especiallyaspiringartistsandestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiesthe idea of the value of art and the need for inst

12、itutions devoted to its 部分倒裝處理方法把提前的助動詞/be動詞/情態(tài)動詞去掉或還原,并按順序構(gòu)成主語的成分例1:Herein(adv)lay(賓語)thebeginningofwhatultimay(最終) turned from ignorance(無知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主語).2: Surroundingthe例5: Among the speciesof seabirds (that usethewindst cliffof the Atlanticcoasto

13、fCanadainthesummertomate,layeggs,andreartheir young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主語).句子結(jié)構(gòu)AmongAbeBBA的一部6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressivenesswithwhich(sculptorsmust bri

14、ng their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony).7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certainfidelity(狀語amanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistent withthoseofAmericas popularlandscsartist,ThomasCole,(who builtacareerpaintingtheCatskillMountainscenery bordingtheHudson

15、 句型結(jié)構(gòu): S + Vt + prep + n1 (介詞短語)+ n2, Vtn2.8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditionalsourcesofinspiration(獨(dú)立主格suchaswoodenAfrican figures and masks, there arose a new urgefor hands-on, al execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主語).例9:Accustomedthough

16、weareto(倒裝)speakingofthefi made before 1927inorderbeanismsinthefossilcopies of the Declaraton, thecopieinorderbeanismsinthefossil例3:Itwasinthecities(強(qiáng)調(diào)句)thattheelements(thatcanbeassociated with modern capitalismthe use of money and commercialrinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferencean

17、d hierarchy, with,構(gòu)建閱讀邏輯, 變翻譯為整體理順承式: 時間及時間發(fā)展線索.(線型結(jié)構(gòu)分類式: 分類方式及類別特征. (樹型結(jié)構(gòu)問題解決式現(xiàn)象解釋式: 解決方案解釋及最終結(jié)論.(傘型結(jié)構(gòu)原始人生活變遷: 游牧到(農(nóng)業(yè)流派: 產(chǎn)生思想作家: 生平類型country,心理學(xué): 三. 詞匯題簡介和提問方式: OG25不認(rèn)識推斷從詞的本指代題簡介和提問方式: OG2627d. Jupiters and other giant themselves changed, and, to some extend, othersthemselves changed, and, to some

18、 extend, otherssegmentsofAmericansocietybeganto change their attitudes toward them.事實(shí)信息題FactualInformation事實(shí)題簡介和提問方式: OG20事實(shí)題的正確選項(xiàng)特征: 原文重現(xiàn)和d. e. 推斷題簡介和提問方式: OG23推理的邏輯因果對比: 時間對比; 直接對比; 比例對比(在總量構(gòu)成不變的情況下此消彼推理錯誤: 附加條件(收斂線理修辭目的題RhetoricalPurpose修辭目的題見解和提問方式: OG24extinction.Oneofthebest-knownexamples ofma

19、ssextinctionoccurred65millionyears agowiththedemiseofdinosaursandmany otherformsoflife.Perhapsthelargestmass extinctionwasonethatoccurred225million years ago, when approximay 95 percent of all species died, mass extinctions can be caused by a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be wor

20、sened by the close interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destorymuchoftheplankonintheoceans, then the oxygen content of earth would drop,affectionevenanismsnotlivingin the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass extinction.One interesting, and co

21、ntroversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 million years have tended to be more intenseevery26millionyears.Thisperiodic extinction might be due to intersection of theearthsorbitwithacloudofcomets,but this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated that exti

22、nction may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and othersmaysurvivefornoparticularreason. A species survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially random events.thatliveonthelan

23、dofthosethatliveinthe(D)Topointoutthatcertainspeciescouldnever e extinct.suggests thatextinctionofspecieshasoccurredfromtimetimethroughoutearthsExtinctionsonearthhavegenerallybeen therehasbeenonlyonemassextinctiondinosaurs became extinct much easier than scientisr originally believed.Whichofthefollo

24、wingcanbeinferredaboutthe theory mentioned in paragraph 3?Manyscientistscouldbeexpectedtodisagreewith it.Evidencetosupportthetheoryhasrecently been found.ThetheoryisnolongerserioulyMost scientists believe the theory to be Inparagraph3,theauthormakeswhichofthe following statements about a species sur

25、vival?ItreflecstheinterrelationshipofmanyItmaydependonchanceItdoesnotvarygreatlyfromspeciestoItisassociatedwithastronomicalAccordingtothepassage,itisbelievedthatthe largest extinctionof a species occurred26millionyears65millionyears225millionyears250millionyears句子簡化題(SentenceSimplification句子簡化題簡介和提問方式: OG28句子簡化的兩個層面: 常見的邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)換-“明顯隱含” 明顯否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯no,not,none,neverneither隱含否定關(guān)系的特色詞匯failtoabsentfromlack,lackof,refusefew, little, 否定詞綴 less.明顯因果關(guān)系的特色詞匯: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.