2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)37

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-華東政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina___waywheninafuriousstate.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.stable

B.rational

C.legal

D.credible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)stable“穩(wěn)定的，牢固的；穩(wěn)重的，沉穩(wěn)的；持久的”；B選項(xiàng)rational“合理的；理性的”；C選項(xiàng)legal“法律的；合法的；法定的；依照法律的”；D選項(xiàng)credible“可靠的，可信的”。句意：通常情況下，人們?cè)诒┡瓲顟B(tài)下很少會(huì)做出___行為。本句表達(dá)“很少有人在暴怒時(shí)能做出理性的行為”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen___thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pursuing

B.chasing

C.reaching

D.winning

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)pursuing“繼續(xù)；從事；追趕（在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)做某事或試圖達(dá)到某事）；糾纏”；B選項(xiàng)chasing“追逐（為了抓住某人或者某物而追趕某人或者某物）；追捕；試圖贏得；雕鏤”；C選項(xiàng)reaching“到達(dá)；伸出”；D選項(xiàng)winning“獲勝；贏得；（通過(guò)努力）獲得”。句意：世界各地的幾十個(gè)科學(xué)小組一直在___一種實(shí)用而經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法來(lái)利用陽(yáng)光來(lái)分解水分子。本句表達(dá)“科學(xué)小組一直從事于一種實(shí)用而經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法”，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Themoneyspentonmedicalinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___tenyearsago.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.muchmore

B.asmuchas

C.thatasmuchofthat

D.asmuchasthatof

【答案】B

【解析】考查平行結(jié)構(gòu)。平行結(jié)構(gòu)指and,but,aswellas,or,orelse,both...and,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…but(also),asmuchas等并列連詞連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的詞或者對(duì)等的結(jié)構(gòu)：1.所連接的謂語(yǔ)形式必須一致，2.所連接的詞或短語(yǔ)形式必須一致，3.連接的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式必須一致；整個(gè)題干有省略的部分，把句子展開(kāi)Themoneyspentonsocialinsurancelastyearwasfourtimes___thatspentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago.句意：去年花在社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)上的錢(qián)是十年前花在社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)上的四倍，即可以看出句子中的平行結(jié)構(gòu)themoney與省略的that平行，spentonsocialinsurancelastyear與省略的spentonsocialinsurancetenyearsago平行。A選項(xiàng)：muchmore后邊接多音節(jié)形容詞或者副詞，也能接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞，more是much或者many的比較級(jí)，代入后不符合題干；C，D選項(xiàng)代入后可以看到that重復(fù)，破壞平行結(jié)構(gòu)；B選項(xiàng)代入后符合平行結(jié)構(gòu)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Thelittlemanwas___onemeterfiftyhigh.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.almostmorethan

B.hardlymorethan

C.nearlymorethan

D.asmuchas

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)almostmorethan“幾乎超過(guò)”；B選項(xiàng)hardlymorethan“不足；僅僅”；C選項(xiàng)nearlymorethan“差不多超過(guò)”；D選項(xiàng)asmuchas“幾乎；多達(dá)；至多”。句意：這個(gè)矮小的男人身高_(dá)__一米五十。本句表達(dá)“矮小的男人身高不足一米五”因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Onlywhenchildrenmake___effortscantheybecomesuccessful.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.arduous

B.adequate

C.affluent

D.abundant

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)arduous“努力的；費(fèi)力的；險(xiǎn)峻的”；B選項(xiàng)adequate“充足的（能滿足需要的，不強(qiáng)調(diào)富余）；適當(dāng)?shù)?；勝任的”；C選項(xiàng)affluent“富裕的；豐富的（有很多錢(qián)和良好的生活水平）；流暢的”；D選項(xiàng)abundant“豐富的；充裕的；盛產(chǎn)的（著重某物極為豐富有或大量的供應(yīng)）”。句意：只有當(dāng)孩子們做出足夠的努力，他們才能成功。本句表達(dá)“足夠的努力”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

AftertheArabstateswonindependence,greatemphasiswaslaidonexpandingeducation,withgirlsaswellasboys___togotoschool.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tobeencouraged

B.beenencouraged

C.beingencouraged

D.beencourage

【答案】C

【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。介詞with可引出分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，表示一種陪襯性動(dòng)作或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。A選項(xiàng)：動(dòng)詞不定式常作目的狀語(yǔ)或表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，不能引出陪襯性動(dòng)作；B選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)這兩種形式不屬于非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，排除；C選項(xiàng)現(xiàn)在分詞表示陪襯性動(dòng)作，符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Ⅷ.Internationallaw

Legalconceptsofdomesticlawprofoundlyinfluencethewayhowoneapproachesandconceptualizesinternationallaw.JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.Thatissurelyright(althoughthetrendtowardsspecializationthaterodestheauthorityofgeneralistsmightalsoeventuallyexpungethememoryofthedomesticoriginsoftheinvisiblecollege).

Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.AconvenientpointofdepartureisthepropositionmadebyArnoldMcNairaslongagoasin1930,contrastingthevarietylegalformsemployedbythedomesticlegalorderwiththesparsenessofformbywhichinternationallawaddressedsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationships:Theinternallawsofthemodernstateprovideitsmemberswithavarietyoflegalinstrumentsfortheregulationoflifewithinthatcommunity:thecontract;theconveyanceorassignmentofimmovableormovableproperty,whichmaybemadeforvaluableconsiderationormaybeagiftoranexchange;thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform;thecharterorprivateActofParliamentcreatingacorporation;legislation,whichmaybeconstituent,suchasawrittenconstitution,fragmentaryorcomplete,ormaybedeclaratoryofexistinglaw,orcreatenewlaw,orcodifyexistinglawwithcomparativelyunimportantchanges.Further,thoughrarely,wemayfindaconstitutionaldocumentwhichcloselyresemblestheinternationaltreatyitself.

Ifthedebateisputinahistoricalperspective,itmaybesaidthattheappropriatenessofdomesticanalogieshasbeendebatedinslightlydifferingtermsbyeachsucceedinggenerationofinternationallawyers.Inthelate19thcentury,HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.

Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.

1.JamesCrawfordthinksthat___.

2.ArnoldMcNaircomparedlegalformsindomesticlawwiththoseofinternationallawin1930andfoundthat___.

3.HeinrichTriepelmadethedistinctionbetween___.

4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanseethatHerschLauterpachtandMcNair___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thecharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsinnationallegalsystemdecidestheinternationallegalsystem

B.influenceofnationallegalsystemsgetintoone’sthinkingaboutlaw

C.nationallawyerscandothingsbetter

D.internationallawismarinatedbynationallaw

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.forsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationshipsthereweremuchlessformsofinternationallaw

B.internationaltreatiesresemblethestructureemployedinthedomesticlaw

C.thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreaties

D.thegratuitouspromiseisclothedinaparticularform

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.treatiesandcontracts

B.internationallawyersanddomesticlawyers

C.contractualparties

D.differenttypesoftreaties

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.disagreedonthenatureofinternationallaw

B.bothmadeanalogiesofinternationallawtodomesticlaw

C.applieddifferentmethodologyinanalyzingtherelationbetweeninternationallawanddomesticlaw

D.haddifferentviewinpossibleanalogies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“JamesCrawford”定位到原文第一段JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.（詹姆斯?克勞福德曾指出，“我們對(duì)法律的思考被國(guó)家法律體系的影響所滲透、浸泡、浸透，以及它們執(zhí)行義務(wù)和維護(hù)權(quán)利的獨(dú)特方式，這種情況不能說(shuō)太多。我們首先都是國(guó)家律師”）可知選B選項(xiàng)“國(guó)家法律制度的影響進(jìn)入人們對(duì)法律的思考”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“在本國(guó)法律體系中履行義務(wù)的獨(dú)特方式?jīng)Q定了國(guó)際法律體系”錯(cuò)誤，我們對(duì)法律的思考被它們執(zhí)行義務(wù)和維護(hù)權(quán)利的獨(dú)特方式所影響，但是并沒(méi)有說(shuō)在本國(guó)法律體系中履行義務(wù)的獨(dú)特方式能決定國(guó)際法律體系；C選項(xiàng)“國(guó)家律師可以做得更好”，D選項(xiàng)“國(guó)際法受?chē)?guó)內(nèi)法的制約”未提及。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段開(kāi)頭Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.（國(guó)內(nèi)法的觀點(diǎn)特別適用于國(guó)際條約，這些條約結(jié)合了協(xié)商一致的形式，表面上使人想起國(guó)內(nèi)合同法所采用的結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)質(zhì)上具有廣泛性，表面上超越了國(guó)內(nèi)法中合同法所處理的法律關(guān)系）可知B選項(xiàng)“國(guó)際條約類(lèi)似于國(guó)內(nèi)法所采用的結(jié)構(gòu)”，C選項(xiàng)“國(guó)內(nèi)法的觀點(diǎn)特別適用于國(guó)際條約”和原文相符；第一段thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform（無(wú)償?shù)某兄Z是以一種特殊的形式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的）可知D選項(xiàng)“無(wú)償?shù)某兄Z是以一種特殊的形式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的”符合原文；A選項(xiàng)“就實(shí)質(zhì)性可比的法律關(guān)系而言，國(guó)際法的形式要少得多”原文未提及。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“HeinrichTriepel”定位到原文第三段HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.（海因里希?特里佩爾區(qū)分了類(lèi)似于合同的條約，即所謂的合同當(dāng)事人追求對(duì)立利益的條約，以及類(lèi)似于協(xié)議的立法條約，即合同當(dāng)事人追求共同利益的條約）可知選D選項(xiàng)“不同類(lèi)型的條約”；A選項(xiàng)“條約和合同”，B選項(xiàng)“國(guó)際律師和國(guó)內(nèi)律師”以及C選項(xiàng)“合同方”和原文不符合。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.定位到原文最后一段Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.（在兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，HerschLauterpacht駁斥了這種區(qū)別的任何實(shí)際價(jià)值，并對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)合同法與條約和特定條約制度的法律之間的類(lèi)比進(jìn)行了強(qiáng)有力的論證。相反，麥克奈爾提出了一個(gè)同樣有力的論點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為可以從國(guó)內(nèi)法中進(jìn)行更廣泛的類(lèi)比，并將注意力轉(zhuǎn)移到公法上，特別是那些對(duì)依靠私法的價(jià)值表示懷疑的案例）可知選D選項(xiàng)“在可能的類(lèi)比中有不同的觀點(diǎn)”；最后一段未提到他倆在國(guó)際法上有分歧，A選項(xiàng)“在國(guó)際法的性質(zhì)上有分歧”錯(cuò)誤；B選項(xiàng)“兩者都將國(guó)際法與國(guó)內(nèi)法進(jìn)行了類(lèi)比”和原文不符合；C選項(xiàng)“在分析國(guó)際法和國(guó)內(nèi)法之間的關(guān)系時(shí)采用了不同的方法”在最后一段未提及。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Hedoesnot___asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.equal

B.match

C.qualify

D.fit

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)equal“等于；比得上”；B選項(xiàng)match“相配，相稱(chēng)；相似；與……成對(duì)；配對(duì)；”；C選項(xiàng)qualify“限定，修飾；使具有資格；證明……合格”；D選項(xiàng)fit“安裝；使……適應(yīng)；使……合身；與……相符”。句意：他不能___英語(yǔ)教師的工作，因?yàn)樗陌l(fā)音很糟糕。本句表達(dá)“他沒(méi)有資格作為英語(yǔ)老師”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)

Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.

71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.

72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.

73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.

74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.cynically

B.byfightingback

C.withdisagreement

D.withagreement

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication

B.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject

C.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritique

D.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackie

B.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesis

C.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackie

D.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.

B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.

C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.

D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】71.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文開(kāi)頭Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語(yǔ)“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個(gè)限定詞來(lái)回敬：“審判理論”根本沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫(xiě)作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知作者是通過(guò)提出自己的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)反駁格林伯格的觀點(diǎn)，選B選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)反擊”；A選項(xiàng)“冷笑”，C選項(xiàng)“與之有分歧”以及D選項(xiàng)“與之協(xié)議”都不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

72.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“theright-answer”定位到原文Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.（正確答案命題——即每個(gè)案例在法律問(wèn)題上都有正確答案的想法——將是一個(gè)關(guān)于裁決的基礎(chǔ)主義故事的例子，因此現(xiàn)實(shí)主義批判就有了一個(gè)有力的、活生生的目標(biāo)）可知選D選項(xiàng)“作為一項(xiàng)法律問(wèn)題，每個(gè)案例都有正確答案”，同時(shí)可知A選項(xiàng)“沒(méi)有人致力于一個(gè)關(guān)于裁決理論的基礎(chǔ)主義故事”，C選項(xiàng)“它是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義批判的一個(gè)有力的、活生生的目標(biāo)”錯(cuò)誤，并不是正確答案命題的本質(zhì)；B選項(xiàng)“這不是德沃金項(xiàng)目的中心”也不能回答正確答案命題的本質(zhì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到劃線句子部分GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.（格林伯格可能是正確的，人們可以有一個(gè)不同于德沃金的關(guān)于道德本質(zhì)的觀點(diǎn)，并放棄正確答案的論點(diǎn)：約翰?麥凱將是一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦樱M管不是格林伯格心目中的那個(gè)，也不是德沃金會(huì)滿意的）可以判斷出德沃金對(duì)約翰?麥凱不太滿意，選C選項(xiàng)“德沃金對(duì)約翰?麥基不滿意”；A選項(xiàng)“格林伯格沒(méi)有想到約翰?麥基”和原文相悖；B選項(xiàng)“約翰?麥基放棄了正確答案的論點(diǎn)”劃線句子未涉及，排除；D選項(xiàng)“約翰?麥基決定了一個(gè)案件，這反映了格林伯格的理論”和原文相悖。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

74.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。閱讀原文可知作者只是在客觀的評(píng)價(jià)各個(gè)學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)，而不是基礎(chǔ)主義方法論者，選A選項(xiàng)“作者基本上是一位基礎(chǔ)主義學(xué)者”；根據(jù)原文Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短語(yǔ)“審判理論”是“不尋常的”，恐怕我只能用一個(gè)限定詞來(lái)回敬：“審判理論”根本沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)用法，因此，似乎有通常意義的寫(xiě)作本身就是“不尋常的”）可知B選項(xiàng)“作者正在和格林伯格先生爭(zhēng)論”符合原文；由原文IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.（我相當(dāng)同意格林伯格的觀點(diǎn)，即德沃金“最關(guān)心的是確定……法律以一種特定的方式依賴(lài)于道德”，“正確答案理論……是他整體法律理論和他關(guān)于道德的觀點(diǎn)的下游結(jié)果”）可知C選項(xiàng)“作者不同意德沃金理論”，作者認(rèn)為德沃金的理論是下游結(jié)果，以及D選項(xiàng)“在某一方面，格林伯格可能是正確的”符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

ManycriminalprocedurescholarswhovaguelyfollowedtheKingcasehadahardtimeunderstandingwhatthefusswasabout.Theirpositionmightbesummedupbythemajority’sassertionthat“DNAidentificationisanadvancedtechniquesuperiortofingerprintinginmanyways,somuchsothattoinsistonfingerprintsasthenormwouldmakelittlesensetoeithertheforensicexpertoralayperson.”ConsideringthattheFBIdatabasecontainsover100millionsetsoffingerprints,andthatitprocessedmorethan61millionten-printsubmissionsin2010alone,thisequationofDNAidentificationwithfingerprinttechnologysuggestsabrightfutureforlawenforcement’sDNAcollectionpractices.Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?

ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.Inshort,thepriorPartarguesthattheKingopinioncanbereadasanembraceofexpansiveforensicDNAtesting.

KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy,butsimplyanexpressionoftheCourt’slackofsolicitudeforthoseentangledinthecriminaljusticesystem.ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatfingerprintis___andDNAis___.

2.WhichoneisNOTamisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtyping?

3.TheauthorthinksthattheKingcase___.

4.FromwhichofthefollowingcanyouseethattheauthorthinksthattheissuefortheCourtwasnotthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen”?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.genetic,biometric

B.biometric,genetic

C.genetic,genetictoo

D.biometric,biometrictoo

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.DNAtypingwillnotbeofconcerntoordinarypeople.

B.ThemoreDNAsamplesfromindividualsarecollected,morecrimeswillbesolved.

C.Policewillnotlookintosensitiveorprivategeneticinformation.

D.AlotofcrimeswillbesolvedifmoreDNAsamplesarecollectedfromknownindividuals.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.isastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsampling

B.astatementaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees

C.acasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrant

D.isadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.

B.ConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee.

C.TheConstitutionpermitsthestatetoimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacy.

D.TheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Sowhatdifferencewoulditmakeifpolicehadmillionpeople’sgenetic,ratherthanbiometric,material?（那么，如果警方擁有的是數(shù)百萬(wàn)人的基因資料，而不是生物特征資料，會(huì)有什么不同呢?）可以推測(cè)出DNA信息為基因資料，指紋信息為生物特征資料，選B選項(xiàng)“生物特征識(shí)別的；基因的”；A選項(xiàng)“基因的；生物特征識(shí)別的”，C選項(xiàng)“基因的；基因的”，D選項(xiàng)“生物特征識(shí)別的；生物特征識(shí)別的”都不符合原文。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文第二段ThisPartaddressesthreemisconceptionsaboutforensicDNAtypingthatpermeatetheKingopinion:first,thatDNAtypingwillonlybeofconcerntocriminals;second,thatthepolicewillnotprobesensitiveorprivategeneticinformation,andthatlawsprotectagainstmisuse;andthird,thatcollectingmoreDNAsamplesfromknownindividualswillsolvealotofcrime.（本部分論述了貫穿金觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)于法醫(yī)DNA分型的三個(gè)誤解：首先，DNA分型只會(huì)引起罪犯的關(guān)注；第二，警方不會(huì)調(diào)查敏感或私人的基因信息，法律保護(hù)不被濫用；第三，從已知個(gè)體中收集更多的DNA樣本將破獲很多犯罪）可知A選項(xiàng)“普通人不會(huì)關(guān)心DNA分型”，C選項(xiàng)“警方不會(huì)調(diào)查敏感或私人的基因信息”以及D選項(xiàng)“如果從已知的個(gè)體中收集更多的DNA樣本，很多犯罪將會(huì)被解決”和原文對(duì)應(yīng)；B選項(xiàng)“從個(gè)人身上收集的DNA樣本越多，偵破的案件就越多”原文未提及。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句KingmightbeviewedlessasastatementaboutthelegalstatusofDNAsamplingthanaboutthelegalstatusofarrestees.（King可能被看作是一個(gè)關(guān)于DNA取樣的法律地位的聲明，而不是關(guān)于被捕者的法律地位）可知選A選項(xiàng)“是關(guān)于DNA取樣的法律地位的聲明”，同時(shí)可知B選項(xiàng)“關(guān)于被逮捕者的法律地位的聲明”和原文相悖；第三段ItcouldbeseenassimplyanaturaloutgrowthofSamsonv.California,thecasethatjustifiedrandomsearchesofparoleeswithoutawarrantorsuspicionbasedontheirdiminishedstatusassubjectswithconditionalliberty.（它可以被簡(jiǎn)單地看作是薩姆森訴加州案的自然結(jié)果，在這個(gè)案件中，基于假釋者作為有條件自由的主體地位的下降，在沒(méi)有搜查令或懷疑的情況下對(duì)他們進(jìn)行隨機(jī)搜查是合理的）可知C選項(xiàng)“一個(gè)沒(méi)有搜查令就對(duì)假釋犯進(jìn)行隨機(jī)搜查的案件”錯(cuò)誤，薩姆森訴加州案才是一個(gè)沒(méi)有搜查令就對(duì)假釋犯進(jìn)行隨機(jī)搜查的案件；第三段Inthistelling,Kingisnotadeclarationofgeneraldisinterestingeneticprivacy（在這段講述中，金并不是一個(gè)對(duì)基因隱私普遍不感興趣的宣言）可知D選項(xiàng)“是對(duì)基因隱私普遍不感興趣的聲明”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。定位到最后一段末ButifwhatdecidedtheissuefortheCourtwasthatarresteesdeservelessprotectionthan“theaveragecitizen,”thenitseemsthattheCourtcouldhaveresteditsopiniononthosegroundsalone.Inotherwords,theCourtcouldhavesaid,“DNAtestingisaseriousandsignificantintrusiononbodilyintegrity.ButtheConstitutionpermitsthestate,withacompellingenoughinterest,toimpingeonthemostfundamentalaspectsofbodilyprivacywhenitcomestoarrestees.Thus,theConstitutionpermitstheDNAsamplingofanarrestee,despitetheseriousnessoftheintrusioninvolved.”Itcouldhavewalledofftheopinionasacategoricalexceptionthatappliesonlytoconvictedoffendersandarrestees,anddeclaredthelaw-abidingpublic’sDNAoutofbounds.（但是，如果決定最高法院的問(wèn)題是被逮捕者應(yīng)得到比“一般公民”更少的保護(hù)，那么似乎最高法院可以?xún)H以這些理由作為其意見(jiàn)的依據(jù)。換句話說(shuō)，最高法院可以說(shuō)，“DNA檢測(cè)是對(duì)身體完整性的嚴(yán)重而重大的侵犯。但是，當(dāng)涉及到被捕者時(shí)，憲法允許國(guó)家以足夠令人信服的利益侵犯身體隱私的最基本方面。因此，《憲法》允許對(duì)被逮捕者進(jìn)行DNA取樣，盡管所涉入侵的情況很?chē)?yán)重。”它本可以將這一觀點(diǎn)作為只適用于已定罪的罪犯和被逮捕者的絕對(duì)例外加以隔離，并宣布守法公眾的DNA是不可侵犯的。）可知選B選項(xiàng)“憲法允許對(duì)被捕者進(jìn)行DNA取樣”，原文所說(shuō)是憲法允許國(guó)家以足夠令人信服的利益侵犯身體隱私的最基本方面，C選項(xiàng)“憲法允許國(guó)家侵犯身體隱私的最基本方面”和原文有偏差；A選項(xiàng)“DNA測(cè)試是對(duì)身體完整性的嚴(yán)重而重要的侵犯”和D選項(xiàng)“法院本可以?xún)H以這些理由作為其意見(jiàn)的依據(jù)”是在最高法院的問(wèn)題是被逮捕者應(yīng)得到比“一般公民”更少的保護(hù)的情況下成立，和題目相悖。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

11.單選題

Ireallywantedtosaysomethingatthemeeting,buteventually___fromit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.refrained

D.restricted

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)prevented“預(yù)防，防止；阻止”；B選項(xiàng)restrained“抑制，控制；約束；制止（多用于refrainfromdoingsth.指克制自己以避免做某事）”；C選項(xiàng)refrained“節(jié)制，克制（以防變得過(guò)于激烈、強(qiáng)硬或直白）；避免；制止（通過(guò)拘留、上手銬等方式阻止囚犯等的暴力行為）（多用于restrainsb.fromdoingsth.）”；D選項(xiàng)restricted“限制，約束（使之不超過(guò)需要的范圍，如大小、規(guī)模等）；限定（活動(dòng)或行為）”。句意：我真想在會(huì)上說(shuō)點(diǎn)什么，但最后還是___了。根據(jù)固定搭配restrainsb.fromdoingsth.可知本句表達(dá)“最后忍住了”，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三聯(lián)征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(視網(wǎng)膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血腫),andcerebraledema(腦水腫)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionfo