2022年考研考博-考博英語-合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號95

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IntheITindustry,somethinkofBillGatesasamonsterwhileothers______himasalivinggod.

問題1選項

A.extricate

B.disparage

C.emulate

D.revere

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項extricate“使解脫，解救”，B項disparage“貶低，抨擊，詆毀”，C項emulate“仿真，模仿，盡力趕上”，D項revere“敬畏，尊敬，崇敬”。由while“然而”和asamonster“一個怪物”以及asalivinggod“活著的神”可知，前后語義是相反的，那么空格處填入“尊敬”符合句意。句意：在IT行業(yè)，一些人認為比爾?蓋茨是一個怪物，而另一些人則把他尊為活著的神。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

2.單選題

Thechild’sparentswere______intoacceptingthedemandofthekidnappers.

問題1選項

A.pleaded

B.intoxicated

C.intimidated

D.besieged

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項plead“借口，為……辯護，托稱”，B項intoxicate“（酒或毒品）（使）麻醉，（使）中毒”，C項intimidate“恐嚇，威脅，脅迫”，D項besiege“圍困，包圍，煩擾”。由kidnappers“綁匪”可知，空格處填入“恐嚇”符合語境。句意：孩子的父母受到恐嚇而接受了綁架者的要求。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

3.單選題

Joyceislovedbyallherfriendsbecausesheisverycongenial.

問題1選項

A.pleasant

B.wealthy

C.courageous

D.sensitive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。congenial表示“意氣相投的，性格相似的，適意的”；A項pleasant“令人愉快的，舒適的，討人喜歡的”，B項wealthy“富有的，充分的”，C項courageous“有膽量的，勇敢的”，D項sensitive“敏感的，感覺的”。句意：喬伊斯因為性格很相投，所以她的朋友都很喜歡她。根據(jù)句意可知，四個選項中只有A項的意思符合句子。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

4.單選題

Inthemid-nineteenth,theUnitedStateshadtremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry.Mostoftherawmaterialsthatarevaluableinthemanufactureofmachinery,transportationfacilities,andconsumergoodslayreadytobeworkedintowealth.Iron,coal,andoil—thebasicingredientsofindustrialgrowth—wereplentifulandneededonlytheapplicationoftechnicalexpertise,organizationalskill,andlabor.

Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.Therailroadscontributedtotheindustrialgrowthnotonlybyconnectingthesemajorcenters,butalsobythemselvesconsumingenormousamountsoffuel,iron,andcoal.

Manyfactorsinfluencedtheemergingmodesofproduction.Forexample,machinetools,thetoolsusedtomakegoods,weresteadilyimprovedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury—alwayswithaneyetospeedierproductionandlowerunitcosts.Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.

ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.EuropenowbegantosendtidesofimmigrantsfromeasternandsouthernEurope—mostofwhomwereoriginallypoorfarmersbutwhosettledinAmericanindustrialcities.ThemoneytofinancethistremendousexpansionoftheAmericaneconomystillcamefromEuropeanfinanciersforthemostpart,buttheAmericanswereapproachingthedaywhentheirexpansioncouldbefinancedintheirown“moneymarket”.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”inPara.2?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofUnitedStatesfarmersinthenineteenthcentury?

問題1選項

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury

問題2選項

A.Toemphasizetherailroad’sconsumptionofoilandcoal.

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.

問題3選項

A.Railwayworkers

B.Farmers

C.Europeans

D.Citydwellers

問題4選項

A.Theylostsomejobsbecauseofmechanization.

B.Theyraisedtheirproductivitybyusingnewmachinery.

C.TheysoldfoodtoEuropeancountries.

D.Theywereunabletoproducesufficientfoodforurbanareas.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。定位在第二段中Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.（在美國工業(yè)化的過程中一個關(guān)鍵的發(fā)展是鐵路的發(fā)展。）以及全文都在介紹影響美國工業(yè)化的因素（如鐵、煤和石油等原材料、勞動力等）綜合而知，C選項“影響美國工業(yè)化的因素”正確，符合題意。A選項“美國的鐵路發(fā)展史”，B選項“美國主要的工業(yè)中心”及D選項“農(nóng)業(yè)在19世紀(jì)的角色”在文中均未提及，可排除。故選C。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。定位在第二段中TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.（鐵路網(wǎng)迅速擴張，直到美國的鐵路地圖看起來像一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)，這些鋼鐵絲狀物將原材料產(chǎn)地，原材料的生產(chǎn)和配送中心連在一起。）由此可知，美國的鐵路路線多，且像蜘蛛網(wǎng)一樣結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。因此B選項“去描述鐵路系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”正確，符合題意。A選項“去強調(diào)鐵路對石油和煤炭的消耗”，C選項“去解釋鐵路擴張帶來的問題”，D選項“去描述原材料配送中涉及的困難”均不符合題意，可排除。故選B。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。定位到文章的第三段Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.（工廠的這些產(chǎn)品很快被居住了工人和批發(fā)商的城市所消耗。）工廠產(chǎn)品的最大消費者是居住在那里的人。因此D選項“城市居住者”正確，符合題意。A選項“鐵路工人”，B選項“農(nóng)民”，C選項“歐洲人”，均不符合題意，可排除。故選D。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段中AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.（美國的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)趕得上美國城市的需求，且仍然有剩余以銷售到歐洲的工業(yè)中心。）可知D選項“他們不能為城市生產(chǎn)足夠的食物”錯誤，與原文不符。也能夠知道C選項“他們將食物銷售到歐洲國家”正確，與原文相符。由第三段中的倒數(shù)第二句Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthat,inturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.（城市人口的增加得益于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的增加，反過來，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)因新的農(nóng)業(yè)機械的使用而變得更多產(chǎn)）可知B選項“他們通過使用新機械而提高了生產(chǎn)力”正確，與原文相符。由最后一段中ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.（工廠運行和鐵路建設(shè)的勞動力部分來自美國的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，那里的人正被農(nóng)業(yè)機械所取代，一部分來自于亞洲，一部分來自歐洲。）可知A選項“他們由于機械化而失去了一些工作”，正確，與原文相符。故選D。

5.單選題

Thoselivingincountrieswithlongdarkwintersareapttobelesstalkativeandlesssociablethaninhabitantsofcountrieswheretheclimateismore______.

問題1選項

A.excessive

B.equivalent

C.equable

D.exquisite

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項excessive“過多的，極度的，過分的”，B項equivalent“（在價值、數(shù)量等方面）相等的，等價的，等效的”，C項equable“平靜的，變動小的”，D項exquisite“精致的，細膩的，優(yōu)美的，劇烈的”。由longdarkwinters“漫長黑暗的冬天”和than“比”可知前后是對比，故wheretheclimateismore______中填入exquisite符合語境。句意：那些生活在有漫長而黑暗的冬天的國家的人往往比那些氣候更優(yōu)美的國家的居民更不愛說話，更不愛交際。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

6.單選題

Thewaypeopleholdtothebeliefthatafun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappinessactuallyreducestheirchancesofever______realhappiness.

問題1選項

A.retarding

B.perusing

C.detaining

D.attaining

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項retard“延遲，阻止，妨礙”，B項peruse“詳細考察，精讀”，C項detain“拘留，留住，耽擱”，D項attain“達到，實現(xiàn)，獲得”。由afun-filled,pain-freelifeequalshappiness“充滿樂趣、沒有痛苦的生活等于幸福”，結(jié)合actually“實際上”可知，reducestheirchancesofever______realhappiness表示“減少獲得真正幸福的機會”符合語境。句意：人們相信充滿樂趣、沒有痛苦的生活就等于幸福，這實際上減少了他們獲得真正幸福的機會。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

7.單選題

Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines;theBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeveryfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsive.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefuture,andwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistime,theaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudying—fornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.

Thequestionis:whatissciencefiction?Andtheanswermustbe,unfortunately,thattherehavebeenfewattemptstoconsiderthisquestionatanylengthorwithmuchseriousness;itmaywellbethatsciencefictionwillresistanycomprehensivedefinitionofitscharacteristics.Tosaythis,however,doesnotmeanthattherearenowaysofdefiningitnorthatvariousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified.Tobeginwith,thefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachange(forhumanbeings)fromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowtheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwithnecessarilybemodifiedandexpanded,andprobablychanged,inthecourseofthisexploration,itcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointsofdeparture.

Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone,butonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specifically,sciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Rossum’sUniversalRobots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown;thebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarge.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionthatistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.

Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefiction,whethershortstoryornovel,musthaveanarrator,astory,aplot,asettingcharacters,language,andtheme.Andlikeanyprose,thethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstory,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.

1.Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysubgenrebecause______.

2.Theviewofsciencefictionencouragedbypulpmagazines,whilewrong,isnevertheless______.

3.Anappropriatetitleforthepassagewouldbe______.

4.Theauthor’sdefinitionsuggeststhatallsciencefictiondealswith______.

5.Oneimplicationofthefinalsentenceinthepassageisthat______.

問題1選項

A.itisnotimportantenoughtobealiterarygenre

B.itcannotbemadeintoadramaticpresentation

C.tocallita“genre”wouldsubjectittoliteraryjargon

D.itsharescharacteristicswithothertypesofprosefiction

問題2選項

A.popular

B.deranged

C.elegant

D.accurate

問題3選項

A.OntheInaccuraciesofPulpMagazines

B.ManandtheUniverse

C.TowardaDefinitionofScienceFiction

D.ATypeofProseFiction

問題4選項

A.thesametopicsaddressedbynovelsandshortstories

B.theunfamiliarorunusual

C.KarelCapek’swell-knownpostulate

D.theconflictbetweenscienceandfiction

問題5選項

A.therearereasonsforenjoyingsciencefiction

B.thereadershouldturnnexttocommentariesongeneralfiction

C.thereisnoreasonforanyreadernottolikesciencefiction

D.thosewhocanreadandanalyzefictioncanalsodosowithsciencefiction

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“科幻小說之所以被稱為文學(xué)流派分支是因為……”。根據(jù)第三段最后一句Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionthatistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.（科幻小說是散文小說的一個分支，也就是說，它具有一般散文小說的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它與其他所有的小說和短篇故事有很多共同之處）可知，D項“它與其他類型的散文小說有共同的特點”正確；根據(jù)第一段Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines…Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.（許多人似乎認為科幻小說以一些老式低俗雜志的封面為代表……這是不幸的，因為它貶低了一個值得的，甚至是重要的文學(xué)努力）可知，科幻小說是重要的文學(xué)努力，A項“它還不夠重要去成為一種文學(xué)體裁”錯誤；根據(jù)第三段中的Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction（只有少數(shù)戲劇可以被稱為科幻小說）可知，科幻小說可以以戲劇形式出現(xiàn)，B項“不能以戲劇的形式表演”錯誤；根據(jù)第三段第一句Thefirstpoint—thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre—isaveryimportantone（科幻小說是文學(xué)的一個分支，這一點非常重要）可知，科幻小說就是屬于文學(xué)流派分支，C項“稱其為體裁會使它從屬于文學(xué)流派”也不符合原文。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“被低俗雜志推崇的科幻小說這一的觀點盡管是錯誤的，然而它卻是……”。根據(jù)第一段Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines.（許多人似乎認為科幻小說以一些老式低俗雜志的封面為代表）可知，這種觀點是非常普遍的，A項“流行的，普遍的”正確；B項“瘋狂的”、C項“優(yōu)雅的”和D項“準(zhǔn)確的”表述都不夠準(zhǔn)確。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“這篇文章恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題應(yīng)該是……”。通讀全文可知，文章主要是闡述科幻小說的定義，即它和散文小說有共同的特點，屬于文學(xué)流派的分支，故C項“科幻小說的定義”最能概括全文；A項“關(guān)于低俗雜志的不準(zhǔn)確性”和D項“散文小說的一種類型”都只是部分提及；B項“人與宇宙”沒有提到。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

4.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“作者的定義表明，所有科幻小說都涉及……”。根據(jù)第三段最后一句ithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral—thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.（它具有一般散文小說的所有基本特征和基本功能，即它與其他所有的小說和短篇故事有很多共同之處）以及最后一段中的Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.（科幻小說中的主題的構(gòu)建和呈現(xiàn)方式與其他任何類型的小說的主題處理方式完全相同）可以推斷，A項“與小說和短篇故事一樣的主題”是正確的；B項“不常見的或者是不尋常的事物”和D項“科學(xué)和小說間的沖突”在文中沒有根據(jù)；C項“KarelCapek著名的假設(shè)”，文中第三段只提到了Thereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek’sRUR(Rossum’sUniversalRobots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown（只有少數(shù)戲劇可以被稱為科幻小說，其中KarelCapek的《Rossum’sUniversalRobots》是唯一著名的），可知C項無中生有。因此，該題選擇A項正確。

5.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“文章最后一個句子的含義是……”。文章最后一句話是Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.（簡而言之，閱讀和欣賞科幻小說的原因，以及研究和分析科幻小說的方式，基本上與閱讀其他故事或小說的方式相同）可知，閱讀和欣賞科幻小說的原因以及分析它的方式基本和其他故事或小說的方式基本相同，因此可以反推，能夠閱讀和分析小說的人也能讀科幻小說，故D項“那些能讀和分析小說的人也能讀科幻小說”符合題意；A項“喜歡科幻小說是有原因的”只是句子的一段信息，并不是該句的含義；B項“讀者應(yīng)該求助于一般小說的評論”和C項“讀者沒有理由不喜歡科幻小說”在本句沒有提到。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

8.單選題

Immediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithitmeanalsothatmuchofwhatappearsinanewspaperhasnomorethan______value.

問題1選項

A.transitional

B.sentimental

C.transient

D.inscrutable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項transitional“變遷的，過渡期的”，B項sentimental“傷感的，多愁善感的，感情用事的”，C項transient“短暫的，路過的”，D項inscrutable“神秘的，不可理解的，不能預(yù)測的”。根據(jù)Immediacyandthespeedofproductionthatgoeswithit“即時性以及隨之而來的生產(chǎn)速度”可知，“短暫的”符合語境。句意：即時性和與之相伴隨的生產(chǎn)速度也意味著，報紙上出現(xiàn)的很多東西只不過是短暫的價值。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

9.單選題

Inducedabortion,thefocusofthisarticle,hasbecomeoneofthemostintenseandpolarizingethicalandphilosophicalissuesofthelate20thcentury.

問題1選項

A.conflicting

B.penetrating

C.enlightening

D.irritating

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。polarizing表示“兩極分化的”；A項conflicting“沖突的，相矛盾的”，B項penetrating“滲透的，尖銳的，有洞察力的”，C項enlightening“使人領(lǐng)悟的，有啟發(fā)作用的”，D項irritating“刺激的，氣人的，使憤怒的”。句意：人工流產(chǎn)，這篇文章的焦點，已經(jīng)成為20世紀(jì)后期最激烈和最兩極分化的倫理和哲學(xué)問題。根據(jù)句意可知只有A選項意思與polarizing相似。因此，該題選A選項正確。

10.單選題

Thefirstmistakeistothinkofmankindasathinginitself.Itisn’t.Itispartofanintricateweboflife.Andwecan’tthinkevenoflifeasathinginitself.Itisn’t.ItispartoftheintricatestructureofaplanetbathedbyenergyfromtheSun.

TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.Whenitfirstcameintobeing,itverylikelylackedwhatwewouldtodaycallanoceanandanatmosphere.Thesewereformedbythegradualoutwardmovementofmaterialasthesolidinteriorsettledtogether.

Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.Farwithinthesolidcrustthereareslow,continuingchanges,too,ofwhichhotsprings,volcanoes,andearth-quakesarethemorenoticeablemanifestationshereonthesurface.

Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.Lifeformshavebecomemorecomplexandmorevariouseversince.

ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.Ifanyanimalisisolatedtotallyfromotherformsoflife,thendeathbystarvationwillsurelyfollow.Ifisolatedfromwater,deathbyasphyxiationwillfollowstillfaster.IfisolatedfromtheSun,animalswillsurviveforatime,butplantswoulddie,andifallplantsdied,allanimalwouldstarve.

Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.Thenatureoftheatmospherehasbeenchangedbyplantactivity(whichaddstotheairthefreeoxygenitcouldnototherwiseretain).Thesoilisturnedbyearthworms,whileenormousoceanreefsareformedbycoral.

Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).

Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.

Inthesameway,onplanetaryscale,thechoppingdownofanentireforestmaynotthreatenEarth’slifeingeneral,butitwillproduceseriouschangesinthelifeformsoftheregionandeveninthenatureofthewaterrunoffand,therefore,inthedetailsofgeologicalstructure.Aseriousdeclineinthebeepopulationwillaffectthenumbersofthoseplantsthatdependonbeesforfertilization,thenthenumbersofthoseanimalsthatdependonthoseparticularbee-fertilizedplants,andsoon.

Orconsidercellgrowth.Cellsinthoseorgansthatsufferconstantwearandtear—asintheskinorintheintestinallining—growandmultiplyalllifelong.Othercells,notsoexposed,asinnerveandmuscle,donotmultiplyatallintheadult,underanycircumstances.Stillotherorgans,ordinarilyquiescent,asliverandbone,standreadytogrowifthatisnecessarytoreplacedamage.Whentheproperrepairsaremade,growthstops.

Inamuchlooserandmoreflexibleway,thesameistrueofdie“planetorganism”(whichwestudyinthesciencecalledecology).Ifcougarsgrowtoonumerous,thedeertheyliveonaredecimated,andsomeofthecougarsdieofstarvation,sothattheir“propernumber”isrestored.Iftoomanycougarsdie,thendeermultiplywithparticularrapidity,andcougarsmultiplyquicklyinturn,tilltheadditionalpredatorsbringdownthenumberofdeeragain.Barringinterferencefromoutside,theeatersandtheeatenretaintheirpropernumbers,andbotharethebetterforit.

Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinanorganismsuchasahumanbeingissometimes—forwhatreason,weknownot—disrupted,andagroupofcellsbeginsgrowingwithoutlimit.Thisisthedreaddiseaseofcancer,andunlessthatgrowinggroupofcellsissomehowstopped,thewildgrowthwillthrowallthebodystructureoutoftrueandendbykillingtheorganismitself.

Inecology,thesamewouldhappeningif,forsomereason,oneparticulartypeoforganismbegantomultiplywithoutlimit,killingitscompetitorsandincreasingitsownfoodsupplyattheexpenseofthatofothers.That,too,couldendinthedestructionofthelargersystem—mostoralloflifeandevenofcertainaspectsoftheinanimateenvironment.

Andthisisexactlywhatishappeningatthismoment.Forthousandsofyears,thesinglespeciesHomosapiens,towhichyouandIhavethedubioushonorofbelonging,hasbeenincreasinginnumbers.Inthepastcoupleofcenturies,therateofincreasehasitselfincreasedexplosively.

AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodoublein35years.

ThepresentrateofincreaseofEarth’sswarminghumanpopulationqualifiesasanecologicalcancer,whichwilldestroytheecologyjustassurelyasanyordinarycancerwoulddestroyanorganism.

Thecure?Justwhatitisforanycancer.Thecancerousgrowthmustsomehowbestopped.

Ofcourse,itwillbe.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthwillstop,asacancerousgrowthinamanwillstopifnothingisdone.Themandiesandthecancerdieswithit.

Howcanthehumanpopulationexplosionbestopped?Byraisingthedeathrateorbyloweringthebirthrate.Therearenootheralternatives.Thedeathratewillrisespontaneouslyandfinallycatastrophically,ifwedonothing—andthatwithinafewdecades.Tomakethebirthratefall,somehow,issurelypreferable,andthatisthereforethefirstorderofmankind’sbusinesstoday.

Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjusticeasthemassmurdereroflifegenerally,hisownincluded,andmassdisrupteroftheintricateplanetarydevelopmentthatmadelifeinitspresentglorypossibleinthefirstplace.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theanalogybetweentheentireplanetandthehumanbodyisbasedonallofthefollowingEXCEPT______.

3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisNOTtrueaboutthepopulationintheworld?

4.In“Failingthis,mankindwouldstandatthebarofabstractjustice”(lastparagraph),whichofthefollowingdoes“this”referto?

5.“Theneateconomyofgrowthwithinorganism”(12thparagraph)means______.

問題1選項

A.Ittooktheuniverse5billionyearstoformtheearth.

B.Evaporation,condensation,solution,weatheringarefourmajorfactorsthatcontributedtotheformationoftheearth.

C.Lifeformswerefirstdevelopedindeepwaterbetween2billionand3billionyearsago.

D.Lifeisasmuch,partofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionisandinreverse,theinanimateportionoftheEarthisshapedandmodifiedbylife.

問題2選項

A.Theyarebothcomposedofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions.

B.Theyarebothenormouslyintricateandinterrelatedsystems.

C.Theyarebothmadeupof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.

D.Theiroverallgrowthmaybedisruptedifagroupofcellsoraparticulartypeoforganismbeginstogrowwithoutlimit.

問題3選項

A.Forthousandsofyears,humanpopulationhasbeenincreasinginnumber.

B.AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,humanpopulationwasincreasingslowly.

C.Today,theEarth’spopulationisestimatedtodoublein35years.

D.Ifwedonothingatall,thegrowthoftheEarth’spopulationwillneverstop.

問題4選項

A.Thehumanpopulationexplosionbeingstopped.

B.Raisingthedeathrateorloweringthebirthrate.

C.Thedeathraterisingspontaneouslyandcatastrophically.

D.Reductionofthebirthrate.

問題5選項

A.Thebalancedandinterrelateddevelopmentofanorgan.

B.Thepurecostofdevelopmentwithinorganism.

C.Theveryslowdevelopmentwithinorganism.

D.Therapiddevelopmentoforganism.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，下列哪個陳述是正確的？”根據(jù)第二段第一句TheEarth,inthenearly5billionyearssinceitassumedapproximatelyitspresentform,hasundergoneavastevolution.（地球自從呈現(xiàn)目前的形狀近50億年以來，已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了一次巨大的演化）可知，50億年前地球初步形成，并非地球花了50億年才形成，A項“宇宙花了50億年才形成了地球”錯誤；由第三段前兩句Norwereocean,atmosphere,andsolidcrustindependentofeachotherafterformation.Thereisinteractionalways:evaporation,condensation,solution,weathering.（海洋、大氣和固體地殼在形成后也不是相互獨立的?？偸怯邢嗷プ饔茫赫舭l(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化。）可知，蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化只是地球形成后海洋、大氣層以及地殼之間作用的形式，而不是地球形成的因素，B項“蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶解，風(fēng)化是促成地球形成的四個主要因素”錯誤；根據(jù)第四段第一句Between2billionand3billionyearsago,portionsofthesurfacewater,bathedbytheenergeticradiationfromtheSun,developedcomplicatedcompoundsinorganizationsufficientlyversatiletoqualifyaswhatwecall“l(fā)ife”.（在20億到30億年前，部分地表水沐浴在太陽的高能輻射下，發(fā)展出結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、功能豐富的化合物，可以稱得上是我們所說的“生命”。）可知，生命的形式是在地球表面發(fā)展來的，C項“生命形式最初是在20億到30億年前的深水中發(fā)展起來的”錯誤；根據(jù)第五段第一句ButthelifeformsareasmuchpartofthestructureoftheEarthasanyinanimateportionis.Itisallaninseparablepartofawhole.（但是生命形式是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，就像任何無生命的部分一樣）和第六段首句Itworksinreverse,too,fortheinanimateportionofEarthisshapedandmoldedbylife.（反之亦然，地球上無生命的部分是由生命塑造的）可知，D項“生命和任何無生命的部分一樣，都是地球結(jié)構(gòu)的一部分，反過來說，地球的無生命部分是由生命塑造和修改的”正確。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

2.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)作者的說法，整個地球和人體之間的類比是基于以下幾個，除了……？”。根據(jù)文章的第七段Theentireplanet,plussolarenergy,isoneenormousintricatelyinterrelatedsystem.Theentireplanetisalifeformmadeupofnonlivingportionsandalargevarietyoflivingportions(asourownbodyismadeupofnonlivingcrystalsinbonesandnonlivingwaterinblood,aswellasofalargevarietyoflivingportions).（整個地球，加上太陽能，是一個龐大而錯綜復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)。整個地球是一種由無生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成的生命形式，就像我們自己的身體是由骨頭中的無生命晶體和血液中的無生命水，以及各種各樣的生命部分組成。）和第八段Infact,wecanpursuetheanalogy.Amanisof50trillioncellsofavarietyoftypes,allinterrelatedandinterdependent.Lossofsomeofthosecells,suchasthosemakingupanentire,willseriouslyhandicapalltherestoftheorganism:seriousdamagetoarelativelyfewcellsinanorgan,suchastheheartorkidneys,mayendbykillingall50trillion.（事實上，我們可以進行類比。一個人由50萬億個不同類型的細胞組成，它們都是相互關(guān)聯(lián)、相互依賴的。失去其中一些細胞，比如構(gòu)成一個整體的細胞，將嚴(yán)重阻礙整個有機體的其他部分：一個器官中相對少數(shù)的細胞受到嚴(yán)重損害，如心臟或腎臟，可能會導(dǎo)致50萬億個細胞全部死亡。）可知，A項“它們都是由無生命部分和各種各樣的生命部分組成”、B項“它們都是非常復(fù)雜和相互關(guān)聯(lián)的系統(tǒng)”和D項“如果一組細胞或某種生物體開始無限制地生長，它們的整體生長可能會受到干擾”是符合文意的；C項“它們都是由50萬億個不同類型的細胞組成的，都是相互聯(lián)系和相互依賴的”是人體的一個特點，并不是地球的。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，關(guān)于世界人口，哪些是不正確的？”。根據(jù)第十五段的內(nèi)容：AtthetimeofJuliusCaesar,whenEarth’shumanpopulationisestimatedtohavebeen150million,thatpopulationwasincreasingatratethatitwoulddoublein1000yearsifthatrateremainedsteady.Today,withEarth’spopulationestimatedatabout4000million,itisincreasingataratewhich,ifsteady,willcauseittodouble