認(rèn)知神經(jīng)-英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專(zhuān)心---專(zhuān)注---專(zhuān)業(yè)專(zhuān)心---專(zhuān)注---專(zhuān)業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-----傾情為你奉上專(zhuān)心---專(zhuān)注---專(zhuān)業(yè)黑體、小初，段后距1行，單倍行距—黑體、小初，段后距1行，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯黑體、一號(hào)，單倍行距黑體、一號(hào)，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除黑體、三號(hào)，左對(duì)齊，單倍行距黑體、三號(hào)，左對(duì)齊，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除學(xué)生姓名:系別:專(zhuān)業(yè):年級(jí):學(xué)號(hào):指導(dǎo)教師:衡水學(xué)院教務(wù)處印制中文為宋體、西文為T(mén)imesNewRoman、四號(hào)，段前后距0.5行，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除中文為宋體、西文為T(mén)imesNewRoman、四號(hào)，段前后距0.5行，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除黑體、小四，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除題目：SocialCognitiveNeurosciencePerspectiveforUnificationPsychologyWhat'sSocialCognitiveNeuroscience?Socialcognitiveneuroscience(SCN)datedbacktothebeginningoftwenty-firstcentury.OschnerandLieberman(2001)gaveaconcreteinterpretingforSCN.TheypointedoutthatSCNevolvedfromtheinterdisciplinarycombinationbetweensocialpsychologyandcognitiveneuroscience.Meanwhile,theyalsoarguedthatitsgoalseemedtounderstandphenomenaintermsofinteractionsacrossthreelevels,includingsocial,cognitiveandneural.Inparticular,thenameSCNdenotestheinterdisciplinarynatureofthisfield,andemphasizesthecharacteristicofintegratingdatafrommultiplelevelsrangedfromindividualexperienceandbehaviorinthesocialcontexts(sociallevel)toinformationprocessingmechanismsgivingrisetothosephenomena(cognitivelevel)tothebrainbase(neurallevel).SCNisstillrelativelynew;however,itbuildsonalotofwellestablisheddisciplinesincludingsocialpsychology,developmentalpsychologyandcognitivepsychology,evolutionarybiology,neuropsychologicalandcomputerscience.EachprovidesasolidbasisofrelevantresearchforSCNfromdifferentaspects(Blakemore,Winston,&Erith,2004).Inparticularly,thosestudiesonsocialcognitioncontributemoretothedevelopmentofSCN,includingstereotype,attitudeformingandorattitudechange,socialjudgment,self-knowledgeandtheinteractionbetweenemotionandcognition.Then,thetechnologiessuchasbrainimagingoreventrelatedpotentials(ERPs)contributetoit.Inaword,SCNencompassesnumerousempiricalstudiesonneuralmechanismunderlyingsocialcognitiveprocess(Blakemore,Winston,&Frith,2004),andthosestudiesongeneralcognitiveprocesssuchasperception,languageandmemoryCouldSCNIntegratePsychologicalScience?WhenwearguethatSCNwillintegratedifferentfieldsofpsychologicalscience,therearemanyresearchersorstudiesmaybequestionthatwhywouldbeSCN,notothers,andhowdoesSCNintegratethosedividedapproaches.Wewilldiscusstheseproblemsinthefollowing.However,wehavetointroducetheconceptandconstructofhumanityhypothesiswhichtheintegrationdependsHumanityHypothesisIstheBeginningofUnificationIngeneral,therearetwoapproachesinpsychologicalscience.Oneishumanscienceapproach,theotherisnaturalscienceapproach.Theformerismainlyguidedbyphenomenologicalphilosophy,whereasthelatterisinstructedbyempiricalphilosophy.Justso,thosetwoguidelinesresultintheyaredifferentnotonlyintheirviewsbutalsointheirmethods.Specifically,humanscienceapproachinpsychologymainlyemploysqualitativeparadigm.Itpaysmoreattentiontouniquevalueofpersonbecauseitbelievesthatthereisimportantdifferencebetweenpersonandmachinesuchascomputer,oranimalssuchasThorndike'scatorTolman'srat.Incontrast,thenaturalscienceapproachofpsychologymainlyarguesthatthepsycheormindcanbereducedtologicorprocessingofmachineorothers,suchassomeactivitiesofanimals.Alsoforthis,manyradicaltheoreticalpsychologistsnameitreductionist.Hence,thereisagreatgapbetweenthesetwoapproachesinmethodologyandmethod.Asmanytextbooksmentioned,theformerinvestigatepsychologicalprocessandcognitivemechanismmainlydependingonnarrativeanalysisorotherphenomenologicalmethods,whereasthelatterdothisprimarilydependingonquantitivemeasuressuchaslabexperimentandpsychologicaltest.Accordingtotheaforementioned,thereisagreatdifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachesrangingfromguidelinestomethods.Peopleshouldrealizethathowdifferenttheyare,althoughtheyallbelongtopsychologicalscience.Inthissense,theyallexploreandtrytoclarifyhumanity.Namely,thereisaconsensusbetweenthem.Insum,theywanttoexploreanddiscussmindandbehaviorsofhumanbeing.UnifiedHumanityDeterminesUnificationPsychologyInpsychology,therearenumeroushumanityhypotheses,suchas"self-realizationhuman"hypothesisand"complexhuman"hypothesis.Differentapproachesofpsychologyaredevelopedbasedondifferenthumanityhypotheses.Forexample,ourhumanisticpsychologywasdevelopedbyMaslowbasedonself-realizationhumanhypothesis.Ifwewanttoinvestigatethereasonsofdivisioninpsychologicalscience,wewillfindthathumanityhypothesisplaysanimportantroleinit.Whyisit?Becausethosehumanityhypothesesaresodifferentthattheyguideddifferentapproaches.However,thosehypothesesreachlittleconsensus.Thatis,thoseapproachesofpsychologywhichbasedondifferentorcontraryhumanityhypothesessharelittlesimilarity.Hence,differenthumanityhypotheses,tosomeextent,resultinthedivisionofpsychology.Whenyoucriticallyreviewedthosehumanityhypotheses,youwillfindthateachofthemisnotappropriate,becausetheyonlyfocusesononesideofhumanity.Inotherwords,humannaturehasbeenconstructeddifferentsecond-orderhumanitiesclarifiedbydifferenthumanityhypotheses.Second-orderhumannatureisbasedonhumanityonhighground,notprimaryandlowground,suchasmoralitywhichwasnotbasedonbasicandlowground,butbasedonhighground(similartoanoblepersonratherthananusualperson).Oneprominentproblemonhumanityhypothesisisthatitonlyfocusesonsocialorpsychologicalaspectofhumannature,ratherthaneverysideofhumanity.Insuchsense,ahumanityhypothesisdetermineswhichdirectionpsychologicalsciencegoesahead.Ifhumanityisunified,peoplewillperhapshaveaunificationpsychology.Toresolvesuchsharpdifferenceintheliterature,itisnecessarytoconstructanewandunifiedhumanityhypothesis.Thus,wetrytoproposeaunifiedhumanityhypothesis(seeFigure1)Theinvestigatorsbelievethathumanityincludesdifferentelements.Humanityco-evolvedwithsociality,physicnature,biologicalbasisandexperienceorculture.Meanwhile,humanityisevolvingwiththegrowthofaperson.DoThoseRelatetoSCN?Althoughpreviouscontentshowedthathumanityhypothesisseemstoplayacriticalroleinunificationpsychology,ithasnothingwithSCN.Ifso,whydoesSCNintegratepsychologicalscience?First,weshouldargueforSCN,becauseSCNrelatetohumanityhypothesis,andeventointegrationofpsychologyscience.Themaintaskofpsychologyisexploringconsciousnessandmindofhumanbeing.However,ourbehaviorsandmindsareshapedbyourexperiencesandtheirunderlyingneurophysiologicmechanisms.Amongthese,ourexperiencesoftenoccurinthecontextofthenurture,ormainlycultureinwhichwedevelopandlive,while,neurophysiologicmechanismsofourbehaviorsandmindsmainlydeterminedbyourgenesandbrain,whichinfluencedandevendecidedbyourparents.Inaword,ourbehaviorsandmindsaremainlydeterminedbytheirgeneticbackgroundandtheirexperiences,theeformeralsonamednature,thelaternurture.Whatwehavereferred,SCNcombinesmainlycognitiveneuroscienceandsocialpsychology.However,animportantgoalofsocialneuroscienceresearchistounderstandthebasicgeneticandneurobiologicalmechanismsunderlyinghumansociality.Althoughthisinformationcanthenbeusedforthedevelopmentofnoveltreatmentstrategiesforclinicaldisordersassociatedwithdisruptedsocialbehaviors.Unfortunately,basicandclinicalhumanresearchhasbeenseverelylimitedinitsabilitytodissectthecomplexinteractionsofgenes,theenvironment,andtheneuralmechanismsunderlyingnormalsocialprocesses(Cacioppo,Amaraletal，2007).ItisnotdifficulttofindthatSCNtrytounderstandneuralbasisofourbehaviorsandtheirunderlyingphenomenameaning.Meanwhile,wealsounderstandtheserelationshipsbetweenhumanityandSCN.Asnotedabove,SCNbuildsonavarietyofwellestablisheddisciplinesincludingsocial,developmentalandcognitivepsychology,evolutionarybiology,neuropsychologyandcomputerscience,especiallysocialpsychologyandcognitiveneuroscience.Whatweshouldemphasize,socialpsychologiesmainlyfocusonsocialphenomenaanditspsychologicalmeanings,cognitiveneurosciencemainlypayattentiontoneuralorphysiologicalbasisofmindsandbehaviors.However,humanityismainlyinfluencedbysuchtwofactors.Therefore,SCNrelatetohumanityhypothesis,andeventointegrationofpsychologyscience.SCNIntegratesPsychology:AFrameworkPsy-DNAModelInthisrespective,weproposedaunificationframeworkcorrespondingtoourhumanityhypothesizes,whichnamedPsy-DNAmodelanddatedbacktoWundtandinspiredbyWasonandCrick'sDNAmodel(seeFigure2).InWundt’stime,Wundthastriedtosketchablueprintofpsychologysystem.Hisworksof"Contributiontothetheoryofsensoryperception"depictayoungscientist'sdream;heoriginallyproposedagreatideathathewantstoconstructadisciplinecomposedbybothexperimentpsychologyandsocialpsychology.Whatweshouldpointisthattheunderlyingunderstandingsofso-calledexperimentpsychologyandfolkpsychology,atleastinfollowingunderstandingofboth.Inclassicalworksofpsychology,Wundt'sexperimentpsychologymorehasbeenviewedphysiologicalpsychology,whichacquiredtheirresultsandconclusionbyexperiment,includingexperimentinthelabsorinthefield.However,therearemanydifferentviewpointsoropinionsfocusontheunderstandingofWundt'sfolkpsychology,somestudiesbelieveinthatthereisnotanydifferencebetweenculturepsychologyandfolkpsychology,someresearchersarguedthatthemeaningoffolkpsychologyisequaltosocialpsychology,althoughmorepeoplearguedforthelatter.InWundt'sfollowingworks,suchas"ThePrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",hehasgivenamorespecificanddetailedelaborationforhissciencedreaminitspreamble.Accordingtohisclarifycanonin"ThePrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",thefolkpsychologyreferstothelattersubjectwhoincludesmoredifferentfields,suchaslaw,artandmoralitywhichrelatedtosocialphenomenon.Thatis,thePsy-DNAmodelisdevelopedfromWundt'spsychologysystem.中文為宋體、西文為T(mén)imesNewRoman、四號(hào)，段前后距0.5行，單倍行距中文為宋體、西文為T(mén)imesNewRoman、四號(hào)，段前后距0.5行，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除黑體、小四，單倍行距—黑體、小四，單倍行距—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除TITLE：社會(huì)認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)的角度統(tǒng)一心理學(xué)（正文-打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除）中文為宋體、西文為T(mén)imesNewRoman、小四，首行縮進(jìn)2字符，行距固定值22磅。—中文為宋體、西文為T(mén)imesNewRoman、小四，首行縮進(jìn)2字符，行距固定值22磅。—打印時(shí)請(qǐng)刪除社會(huì)認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)(SCN)追溯到二十一世紀(jì)的開(kāi)始。Oschner和利伯曼為視交叉上核(2001)給一個(gè)具體的解釋。他們指出,視交叉上核從跨學(xué)科的結(jié)合社會(huì)心理學(xué)和認(rèn)知神經(jīng)科學(xué)。與此同時(shí),他們還認(rèn)為,它的目標(biāo)似乎理解現(xiàn)象之間的交互三個(gè)層次,包括社會(huì)、認(rèn)知和神經(jīng)。特別是名字SCN表示這一領(lǐng)域的跨學(xué)科性質(zhì),并強(qiáng)調(diào)集成數(shù)據(jù)的特點(diǎn)從多個(gè)水平范圍從個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)和行為在社會(huì)環(huán)境中(社會(huì)行為水平)信息處理機(jī)制引起這些現(xiàn)象(認(rèn)知水平)(神經(jīng)到大腦基地級(jí))。視交叉上核仍是相對(duì)較新的;然而,它建立在大量良好的學(xué)科包括社會(huì)心理學(xué)、發(fā)展心理學(xué)和認(rèn)知心理學(xué)、進(jìn)化生物學(xué)、神經(jīng)心理學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。每個(gè)視交叉上核提供了一個(gè)堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)的相關(guān)研究從不同方面(&Erith布萊克莫爾,溫斯頓,2004)。特別是,這些研究社會(huì)認(rèn)知的發(fā)展做出更多貢獻(xiàn),視交叉上核,包括原型、態(tài)度形成和或態(tài)度的變化,社會(huì)判斷、自我認(rèn)知和情感與認(rèn)知之間的交互。然后,腦成像等技術(shù)或事件相關(guān)電位(erp)的貢獻(xiàn)。總之,視交叉上核包含大量實(shí)證研究在底層社會(huì)認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制的過(guò)程(弗里斯布萊克莫爾,溫斯頓,2004年),和這些研究一般認(rèn)知過(guò)程如知覺(jué)、語(yǔ)言和記憶視交叉上核能夠集成心理科學(xué)嗎？當(dāng)我們認(rèn)為SCN將整合心理科學(xué)的不同領(lǐng)域,有許多研究者或研究也許疑問(wèn),為什么會(huì)視交叉上核,沒(méi)有其他人,SCN如何集成這些劃分方法。在下面我們將討論這些問(wèn)題。然而,我們必須引入的概念和構(gòu)造集成取決于人性假說(shuō)。人性假設(shè)是統(tǒng)一的開(kāi)始一般來(lái)說(shuō),有兩種方法在心理科學(xué)。一種是人文科學(xué)的方法,另一種是自然科學(xué)的方法。前者主要是由現(xiàn)象學(xué)哲學(xué),而后者是指示實(shí)證哲學(xué)。這樣,這兩個(gè)準(zhǔn)則導(dǎo)致他們不僅是不同的在他們的觀(guān)點(diǎn),而且在它們的方法。具體來(lái)說(shuō),人類(lèi)科學(xué)心理學(xué)的方法主要采用定性范式。它更關(guān)注獨(dú)特價(jià)值的人,因?yàn)樗嘈?人與機(jī)器之間有重要的區(qū)別,如電腦,或動(dòng)物如桑代克的貓或杜爾曼的老鼠。相反,心理學(xué)的自然科學(xué)方法主要認(rèn)為心理或思想可以減少邏輯或處理的機(jī)器或其他人,比如動(dòng)物的一些活動(dòng)。也為此,許多激進(jìn)的理論心理學(xué)家的名字它還原論者。因此,這兩種方法有很大差距在方法論和方法。像許多教科書(shū)提到,前者研究心理過(guò)程和認(rèn)知機(jī)制主要取決于敘事分析或其他現(xiàn)象學(xué)的方法,而后者這么做主要取決于數(shù)量的措施,例如實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)和心理測(cè)試。根據(jù)前面提到的,這兩種方式有很大的區(qū)別,從指導(dǎo)方法。人們應(yīng)該意識(shí)到他們是多么不同,雖然他們都屬于心理科學(xué)。從這個(gè)意義上講,他們都探索和嘗試闡明人類(lèi)。也就是說(shuō),它們之間有一個(gè)共識(shí)。總之,他們想要探索和討論人類(lèi)的思想和行為。統(tǒng)一的人類(lèi)決定統(tǒng)一心理學(xué)在心理學(xué)中,有許多人性假設(shè),如“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)人”假設(shè)、“復(fù)雜人”的假設(shè)。心理學(xué)的不同方法是基于不同的人性假設(shè)開(kāi)發(fā)的。例如,我們的人本主義心理學(xué)是由馬斯洛自我實(shí)現(xiàn)基于人類(lèi)的假設(shè)。如果我們想調(diào)查部門(mén)在《心理科學(xué)的原因,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)人性假說(shuō)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。為什么是嗎?因?yàn)檫@些人性假設(shè)是如此不同,它們引導(dǎo)不同的方法。然而,這些假設(shè)達(dá)到共識(shí)。也就是那些心理學(xué)方法基于不同或相反的人性假設(shè)共享相似。因此,不同的人性假設(shè),在某種程度上,導(dǎo)致分工的心理學(xué)。當(dāng)你批判了人性假設(shè),你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們每個(gè)人都是不合適的,因?yàn)樗麄冎魂P(guān)注人性的一面。換句話(huà)說(shuō),構(gòu)造不同的二階人文澄清了人性不同的人性假設(shè)。二階人性是基于人類(lèi)高地上,不是主要和較低的地面,如道德并不是基于基本和較低的地面,但基于高地(類(lèi)似于一個(gè)高尚的人,而不是一個(gè)平常的人)。人性假設(shè)的一個(gè)突出問(wèn)題是,它只關(guān)注人性的社會(huì)或心理方面,而不是人類(lèi)的四面八方。在這種意義上,一個(gè)人性的