(激勵與溝通)跨文化商務(wù)溝通筆記

Theessentialelementsofcommunication1.thereshouldbeatleasttwoparts.2.thereshouldbeamessage3.thereshouldbeacontactbetweenthetwoparts 4.thereshouldbe alanguagethatbothsidesshare.5.thereshouldaplace6.timeforthecommunicationtotakeplace.Message(信息）Sourceofmessage encode code channel/medium decoderretrieverofmessage（信息源） 編碼）（密碼）（渠媒介） （解碼） （信息接受者）Attributesofcommunication1.Itisabornneed 2.Itisinteractive 3.itcanbeeitherconstructiveordestructivetoarelationItcannotbewhitewashedincaseitisperformed.I.Whatisculture?Thedefinitioncanbeinthree-stephierarchy/thestructureofcultureSpiritual:beliefs,coreofvalue,ethnics,etc.;Custom/social:manners,organizations,techniques,etc,.Material:food,tools,clothing,etc.Ideologicalculture/socialculture/materialcultureFourAspectsofCulturelearnt,notobtainedfromgenes.Social,family,andregionalfactorsasinput.sharedbyagroupofpeople.Locallanguageandculturetobesharedbypeopleinacertaingroup.It’ssymbolic.Manycanbeofsymbolsofaculture---language(verbalornon-verbalone),architects,arts,andsoon.It’sadaptive.NocultureisfixedexcepttheWhatmayeffectcross-culturalcommunicationWayofobserving verballanguage non-verballanguageKickbacks（而不是：踢回）Honeycooler討好女人的男子（而不是：甜飲料）Dog-eared書頁的折角（而不是：狗耳朵）Sea-elephant海豹（而不是：海象walrus)Streetwalker妓女（而不是：行人）Hospitaltrust銀行（）Lover情人（而不是：愛人）Restroom廁所（而不是：休息室）Dollarsale全部商品一美圓賤賣（而不是：美圓賤賣）Greenwash塑造環(huán)保形象（而不是：刷綠色）busboy飯店里的洗碗檫桌子的雜工（而不是：公共汽車上的售票員busybody”。從跨文化角度提出了出口商標(biāo)翻譯的三種方法，即直譯法、音譯法和音意合璧法Whotowhom?Introducethehosttothevisitor/first(groups)FirstintroduceyoursidetothevisitingsideThenthevisitingsidewillmakeanintroductionofthemselvesYoungertotheseniorfirstLowranktohighrankfirstLadyfirstIfon thesameposition,thesenioragedfirst下面介紹一下西方的名片一些小知識，這個也許對我們將來會有幫助的。的時候，你不用著急，這意思是讓你去認(rèn)識一個人。你要打電話到你要認(rèn)識的那個你好我是某某公司的誰誰，是劉總讓我打電話給你的。"朋友為了敬?；虼鹬x你，送你的禮物。他在禮物上留了一張名片，并在名片左下角寫上。表示敬賀的意思。一個名片左下角寫上。當(dāng)對方收到禮物時，看看名片就知道是你的回敬了。N.B意為請注意。當(dāng)接到這樣的名片時，意為請你注意的意思。IndividualismvsCollectivismIndividualismstandsforapreferenceforalooselyknitsocialframeworkinsocietyinwhichindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamiliesonly.Collectivismstandsforapreferenceforatightlyknitsocialframeworkinwhichindividualscanexpecttheirrelatives,clan,orother-in-group tolookafterthemexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.SocialInteractionWhentwoormorethantwopersonsaredoingsomethingtogetherinordertofulfillanaim,asocialsituationexists.Elements ofasocialsituation(atleasttwoparticipants;anaim;asetting;schemaforfulfillingtheaim;verbalornon-verbalcommunication;timeandspace)Itisheardbutitisn’ttakeninthewayitisuttered.Inasocialsituation,allparticipatingsidescanmonitorthecommunicationprocess.Theutterancemeaning/thespeaker’smeaning/thehearer’sm.Howtogivegifts:Wrappedinapaper,orinaboxorcontainerWithacardontoporinsideWithareceiptincaseitwillbereturnedbyreceiverPersonalpresentingorbydeliverycompanyMoneyinanenvelopeSocialdistanceisatermreferringtothesimilarityordissimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Highcontextculturesemphasizethecontextinwhichacommunicationtakesplace;theypayagreatdealofattentiontoimplicit,nonverbalmessages;Lowcontextculturesplacelessemphasisonthecontextofcommunication(suchasimpliedmeaningornonverbalmessages);theyrelyonexplicitverbalmessages.PowerDistanceistheextenttowhichthemembersofasocietyacceptthatpowerininstitutionsandorganizationsisdistributedunequally.high-power-distance(orlarge/strong):–Peopleinhighpowerdistancesocietiesacceptahierarchicalorder.low-power-distance (orsmall/lesspowerdistance):–PeopleinlowpowerdistancesocietiesstriveforpowerequalizationanddemandjustificationforpowerinequalitiesAttitudesandbehaviors Largepowerdistance SmallpowerdistanceHierarchy Hierarchiesreflectthebasicinequalitypeople.

Hierarchiesareonlyconvenientwaysoforganizingactivities.RelationshipsPower

Comfortable with hierarchicalPreferequalrelationshipsAcceptdifferencesinpower DislikeanddistrustauthorityUseofpower WhoeverholdspowerisrightandWhoeverusestheirpowerwillbegood. judgedastowhethertheyuseintherightway.DependencyDecisionmakingAuthorityLeadershipInitiativeCommunication

ThelesspowerfularedependentInterdependence between onthepowerful. andmorepowerfulpersonsDecision-making tends to beDecision-making is dispersedcentralized;theleaderdecides. throughoutorganization.atalllevelsmakedecisions.LeadersdirecttheactivitiesofLeadersmotivatetheirsubordinatesbygivingspecificsubordinatestoworkinstructions. goals.Theydonotgiveasmuchspecificdirection.Onlytheleaderinitiates. Everyoneisexpectedtoinitiate.FromthetopoforganizationtoFromthetopdownandfromthethebottom lowerlevelstohigherlevelsStatus

High privileges.

people enjoyPeople disapprove of specialprivilegesandsymbolsofstatus.How to change theReplacepeopleattheorganizationElementsinfluencingrefusalsPowerdistance(managervsemployee)Uncertainty(leaveroomforfurtherthinking)Faceproblem(savingface)

Reformtheorganization.Personalrelationship(afraidofrefusingorbeingrefused,relationshipbreak-up)SpecialtimeandspacesituationsLanguageandculture.Closerelated,areflectionof.LanguagecommunicationisaffectedbydiffcGendercommunicationSex-->physical/biologicaldescriptivetermGender=sex+culture+roleinsocietyMainculture：ethnicculture/regionculture/religionculture/genderculture/agecultureMasculinitystandsforapreferenceinsocietyforachievement,heroism,assertiveness(過份自信的),competitivenessandtoughnessthathavetraditionallybeenassociatedwithmen.Femininitystandsforapreferenceformodesty,relationships,cooperation,caringforweak,andtendernessthathavetraditionallybeenlabeledasfeminine.DifferentstylespresentedandstrategiesappliesbymenandwomenintheircommunicationdifferStrategiesforbusinesswomentoapplyinmakingadealwiththeirmakecounterparts.Beawareofbusinesschallenge(itisessentialforabusinesswomantoestablish herrankauthorityearlyinarelationship)Preparerightattitude(betolerantandunderstanding)Alwaysdressandactprofessionally.NonverbalcommunicationCommunicationingeneralisprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesthatenableshumanstoshareknowledge,attitudes,andskillsWhilewespeakwithourvocalorgans,weconversewithourwholebodies.Therangesofnon-verbalcommunicationinbusiness:kinesicsincluding:facialexpression,posture,gesture,eye-contact.businessmanners 3.spatialandtemporalarrangements.Nonverbalcommunicationhasbeendefinedascommunicationwithoutwords.Thefunctionofnon-verbalcommunicationRepeatingContradicting(否定)Substituting(代替)Complementing(補充)Accenting(調(diào))Regulating (調(diào))MessageVerbalmessage NonverbalmessageOralmessageWrittenmessage GestureFacialexpressionBodilymovePhonespeech letter Memo E-mail Hand BlinkEyebrowSmile Forward Strategiesofdealingwithnon-verbalcommunicationinbusinessDogoodhomework.DonottakeeverythingneitherforgrantednortooseriouslyThepartners’behaviorsandresponsecouldbeobservedtoadjustownbehaviorAskforexplanationorchancetoexplain.TypesofNonverbalCommunicationKinesics(體態(tài)語) Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,posture姿態(tài))andstance立),Paralanguage/Metacommunication（副語言）ObjectLanguage（客體語）EnvironmentalLanguage（環(huán)境語）Paralanguagecanbecalled,(paralinguisticfeatures).Paralanguageisrelatedtooralcommunication;itreferstotherate,pitchandvolumequalitiesofthevoice,whichinterruptortemporarilytaketheplaceofspeechandaffectthemeaningofamessage.CultureConflictionCultureshockmeansaconditionofconfusionandanxietyaffectingapersonwhenbeingsuddenlyexposedtoanewcultureorenvironment.Cultureconflictionreferstoinharmoniousorimpactbetweentwoculturalstrengthsorsystems.ThestemofcultureconflictonCollectivist-individualistculturalpattern.Highcontext-lowcontextculturalpatternHigh-powerdistancesandlow-powerdistancesculturalpatternMonochromictime-polychronictimeculturalpattern.REVERSECULTURESHOCKFourstagesofacculturation.Euphoria-depression-adjustment-acceptanceThedimensionsofcultureincludes:Time, past/present/futureActivity doing/being/becomingRelationships individual/ranked/mutual/Powerdistance high/lowCommunicationcontext high/lowNature controlling/harmony/yieldingFormality formal/informalCompetitiveness competitive/cooperativeConcept ofspace private/publicBehaviortolerance looseculture/tightcultureUncertaintyavoidance high/lowSel