托福強化閱讀事實信息題

5.1題型識別According

to

paragraph

,which

of

the

followingis

true

of

X?According

to

paragraph,

why

did

X

do

Y?According

to

paragraph

7,

until

the

eighteenthcentury,

it

was

the

principal

function

of

which

ofthe

following

to?According

to

paragraph

6,

merchants

were

ableto

avoid

the

risk

of

carrying

large

amounts

ofgold

and

silver

by?題目數(shù)量：3-6

perset5.2正確選項和錯誤選項特點正確選項特點錯誤選項特點5.2.1正確選項特點正確選項為：所考段落內(nèi)闡明的信息該信息的同義改寫5.2.1正確選項特點Heyerdahl

gave

other

evidence

for

South

Americanorigin

of

the

Hanau

Eepe.

The

stonework

of

thestone

platforms

called

ahu

was

incredibly

intricate,unlike

any

made

by

other

Pacific

Islands.

However,the

Inc ople

of

South

America

were

famous

forintricate

stonework

.

Another

piece

of

evidenceHeyerdahl

presented

was

the

fact

that

staple

foodof

the

Easter

Islanders,

the

sweet

potato,

is

notfound

in

Polynesia.

He

believed

that

it

came

withthe

Hanau

Eepe

from

South

America.According

to

the

passage,

how

did

sweet

potatoseeds

come to

Easter

Island?They

were

washed

up

by

the

waves.They

were

brought

by

westerners

in

1722.They

were

carried

across

the

seaby

birds.They

were

brought

here

from

South

America.5.2.2錯誤選項特點無：所考段落沒有提及反：與原文混：從考點區(qū)間上下文找一些詞與考點區(qū)間的詞混到一起組成新的意思詞：never,

all,

always

none,

comple y

,most例外： 詞之前出現(xiàn)否定或原文考點區(qū)間出現(xiàn)

詞虛 較:比較的選項（less/more/betterthan)常被設為錯誤選項例外：原文考點區(qū)間的確出現(xiàn)與選項元素對應的比較對比5.3

解題步驟之大定位大定位（定位到某個自

）：段號箭頭行文的順序和出題的順序基本一致（看上一題的定位區(qū)間）5.3

解題步驟之大定位Another

majordiscovery

wasskeletons

of

another

early

whale,Basilosaurus,

were

found

insediments

left

bytheTethys

Seaand

now

exposedin

theSaharadesert.

This

whale

lived

around40

million

yearsago,

12

millionyears

after

Pakicetus.

Manyplete

skeletons

were

foundbutthey

included,

for

thetime

in

an

archaeocyte,

acomplete

hind

leg

that

features

afoot

withthree

tiny

toes.

Suchsmall

to

have

supported

the

50-foot-long

Basilosaurus

on

land.Basilosaurus

was

undoubtedly

afully

marine

whale

withpossiblynonfunctional,

or

vestigial,hindlegs.According

the

paragraph

4,the

hind

leg

of

Basilosaurus

made

in

Egypt

in

1989.

Severalwasasignificant

findbecause

it

showed

thatBasilosaurusLived

later

thanAmbulocetus

natansLived

at

the

sametime

asPakicetusWas

able

to

swimwellCould

not

have

walked

on

legs

would

have

been

fartoolandThe

paragraph4

is

markedwith

anarrow

[

]5.4

解題步驟之小定位5.4.1扎眼詞定位扎眼詞：人名，地名，大寫字母，數(shù)字等5.4.2定位： 名詞或名詞詞組,

動詞等 詞匯注意：若定位詞在大區(qū)間內(nèi)出現(xiàn)不只一次，則先定位在其首次出現(xiàn)之處5.4.1扎眼詞定位例1Heyerdahl

gave

other

evidence

for

South

Americanorigin

of

the

Hanau

Eepe.

The

stonework

of

the

stoneplatforms

called

ahu

was

incredibly

intricate,

unlikeany

made

by

other

Pacific

Islands.

However,

the

Incapeople

of

South

America

were

famous

for

intricatestonework

.

Another

piece

of

evidence

Heyerdahlpresented

was

the

fact

that

staple

food

of

the

EasterIslanders,

the

sweet

potato,

is

not

found

in

Polynesia.He

believed

that

it

came

with

the

Hanau

Eepe

fromSouth

America.According

to

the

passage,

how

did

sweet

potatoseeds

come to

Easter

Island?They

were

washed

up

by

the

waves.They

were

brought

by

westerners

in

1722.They

were

carried

across

the

sea

by

birds.They

were

brought

here

from

South

America.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例2Paragraph2:

Most

investigators

concur

that

certainfacial

expressions

suggest

the

same

emotions

in

allpeople.

Moreover,people

in

diverse

culturesrecognize

the

emotions

manifested

by

the

facialexpressions.

In

classic

research

Paul

Ekman

tookphotographs

of

people

exhibiting

the

emotions

ofanger,

disgust,

fear,

happiness,

and

sadness.

He

thenasked

people

around

the

world

to

indicate

whatemotions

were

being

depicted

in

them.

Thosequeried

ranged

from

European

college

students

tomembers

of

the

Fore,

a

tribe

that

dwells

in

the

NewGuinea

highlands.

All

groups,

including

the

Fore,

whohad

almost

no

contact

with

Western

culture,

agreedon

theportrayed

emotions.The

Fore

also

displayed

familiar

facialexpressions

when

asked

how

they

wouldrespond

if

they

were

the

characters

in

storiesthat

called

for

basic

emotional

responses.Ekman

and

his

colleagues

more

recentlyobtained

similar

results

in

a

study

of

tencultures

in

which

participants

were

permittedto

report

that

multiple

emotions

wereshownby

facial

expressions.

The

participantsgenerally

agreed

on

which

two

emotionswere

being

shown

and

which

emotion

wasmore

intense.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例2According

to

paragraph

2,

which

of

thefollowing

was

true

of

the

Fore

people

of

NewGuinea?They

did

not

want

to

be

shown

photographs.They

were

famous

for

their

story- ling

skills.They

knew

very

little

about

Western

culture.They

did

not

encourage

the

expression

ofemotions.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例3Paragraph

3:

Psychological

researchers

generallyrecognize

that

facial

expressions

reflect

emotionalstates.

In

fact,

various

emotional

states

give

rise

tocertain

patterns

of

electrical

activity

in

the

facialmuscles

and

in

the

brain.

The

facial-feedbackhypothesis

argues,

however,

that

the

causalrelationship

between

emotions

and

facial

expressionsc so

work

in

the

opposite

direction.

According

tothis

hypothesis,

signals

from

the

facial

muscles("feedback)

are

sent

back

to

emotion

centers

of

thebrain,

and

so

rson's

facial

expression

can

influencethat 's

emotional

state.

Consider

Darwin'swords:

"The

free

expression

by

outward

signs

of

anemotion

intensifies

it.

On

the

other

hand,

therepression,

as

far

as

possible,

of

all

outward

signssoftens

our

emotions."

Can

smiling

give

rise

tofeelings

of

good

will,

for

example,

and

frowning

toanger?5.4.1扎眼詞定位例3According

to

the

paragraph3

,

what

didDarwin

believe

would

happen

to

humanemotions

that

were

not

expressed?They

would e

less

intense.They

would

last

longer

than

usual.They

would

cause

problems

later.They

would e

more

negative5.4.1扎眼詞例4Paragraph

5：Upper

Paleolithic

art

was

not

confinedto

cave

paintings.

Many

shafts

of

spears

and

similarobjects

were

decorated

with

figures

of

animals.

Theanthropologist

Alexander

Marshack

has

aninteresting

interpretation

of

some

of

the

engravingsmadeduring

the

Upper

Paleolithic.

He

believes

thatas

far

back

as

30.000

B.C.,

hunters

may

have

used

asystemof

notation,

engraved

on

bone

and

stone,

tomark

phases

of

the

Moon.

If

this

is

true,

it

wouldmean

that

Upper

Paleolithic

people

were

capableofcomplexthought

and

were

consciously

aware

oftheir

environment.

In

addition

to

other

artworks,figurines

representing

the

human

female

inexaggerated

form

have

also

been

found

at

UpperPaleolithic

sites.

It

has

been

suggested

thatthesefigurineswere

an

ideal

type

or

an

expression

of

adesire

for

fertility.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例4According

to

paragraph

5,

which

of

thefollowing

has

been

used

as

evidence

to

suggestthat

Upper

Paleolithic

people

were

capable

ofcomplex

thought

and

conscious

awareness

oftheir

environment?They

engraved

animal

figures

on

the

shafts

ofspears

and

other

objects.They

may

have

used

engraved

signs

to

recordthe

phases

of

the

Moon.Their

figurines

represented

the

human

female

inexaggerated

form.They

may

have

used

figurines

to

portray

anideal

type

or

to

express

a

desire

for

fertility.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例5paragraph

3：The

numbers

of

deer

have

fluctuatedmarkedly

since

the

entry

of

Europeans

into

PugetSound

country.

The

early

explorers

and

settlers

toldof

abundant

deer

in

the

early

1800s

and

yet

almost

inthe

same

breath

bemoaned

the

lack

of

this

succulentgame

animal.

Famous

explorers

of

the

NorthAmerican

frontier,

Lewis

and

Clark

had

experiencedgreat

difficulty

finding

game

west

of

the

Rockies

andnot

until

the

second

of

December

did

they

kill

theirelk.

To

keep

40

people

alive

that

winter,

theyconsumed

approxima y

150

elk

and

20

deer.

Andwhen

game

moved

out

of

the

lowlands

in

earlyspring,

the

expedition

decided

to

return

east

ratherthan

face

possible

starvation.Later

on

in

the

earlyyears

of

the

nineteenthcentury,

when

Fort

Vancouver

became

theheadquarters

of

the

Hudson’s

BayCompany,

deer

populations

continued

tofluctuate.

David

Douglas,

Scottish

botanicalexplorer

of

the

1830s.

Found

a

disturbingchange

in

the

animal

life

around

the

fortduring

the

period

between

his visitin1825

and

his

final

contact

withthe

fort

in1832.

A

recent

Douglas

biographer

states:”The

deer

which

once

picturesquely

dottedthe

meadows

around

the

fort

weregone

[in1832],

hunted

to

extermination

in

order

toprotect

the

crops.”5.4.1扎眼詞定位例5According

to

paragraph

3,

how

had

FortVancouver

changed

by

the

time

DavidDouglas

returned

in

1832?The

fort

had e

the

headquarters

forthe

Hudson’s

Bay

Company.Deer

had

begun

populating

the

meadowsaround

the

fort.Deer

populations

near

the

fort

had

beendestroyed.Crop

yields

in

the

area

around

the

fort

haddecreased.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例6Paragraph

1:

The

earliest

discovered

traces

of

art

arebeads

and

carvings,

and

then

paintings,

from

sitesdating

back

to

the

Upper

Paleolithic

period.

We

mightexpect

that

early

artistic

efforts

would

be

crude,

butthe

cave

paintings

of

Spain

and

southern

France

showa

marked

degree

of

skill.

So

do

the

naturalisticpaintings

on

slabs，of

stone

excavated

in

southernAfrica.

Some

of

those

slabs

appear

to

have

beenpainted

as

much

as

28,000

years

ago,

which

suggeststhat

painting

in

Africa

is

as

old

as

painting

inEurope.But

painting

may

be

even

order

than

that.

Theearly

Australians

may

have

painted

on

the

walls

ofrock

shelters

and

cliff

faces

at

least

30,000

years

ago,and

maybe

as

much

as

60,000

years

ago.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例6Paragraph

1

supports

which

of

the

followingstatements

about

painting

in

Europe?It

is

much

older

than

painting

in

Australia.It

is

as

much

as

28,000

yearsold.It

is

not

as

old

as

painting

in

southern

Africa.It

is

mu ore

than

30,000

years

old.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例7Paragraph

1:

Two

species

of

deer

have

beenprevalent

in

the

Puget

Sound

area

ofWashington

State

in

the

Pacific

Northwest

ofthe

United

States.

The

black-tailed

deer,

alowland,

west-side

cousin

of

the

mule

deer

ofeastern

Washington,

is

now

the

most

common.The

other

species,

the

Columbian

white-taileddeer,

in

earlier

times

was

common

in

the

openprairie

country,

it

is

now

restricted

to

the

low,marshy

islands

and

flood

plains

along

the

lowerColumbia

River.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例7According

to

paragraph

1,

which

of

thefollowing

is

true

of

the

white-tailed

deerof

Puget

Sound?It

is

native

to

lowlands

and

marshes.It

is

more

closely

related

to

the

mule

deer

ofeastern

Washington

than

to

other

types

ofdeer.It

has

replaced

the

black-tailed

deer

in

theopen

prairie.It

no

longer

lives

in

a

particular

type

ofhabitat

that

it

once

occupied.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例8Paragraph

1：

Paleontologists

have

argued

for

along

time

that

the

demise

of

the

dinosaurs

wascaused

by

climatic

alterations

associated

with

slowchanges

in

the

positions

of

continents

and

seasresulting

from

platetectonics

Off

and

on

throughoutthe

Cretaceous

(the

last

period

of

the

Mesozoic

era,during

which

dinosaurs

flourished),

large

shallowseas

covered

extensive

areas

of

the

continents.

Datafrom

diverse

sources,

including

geochemicalevidence

p in

seafloor

sediments,

indicatethat

the Late

Cretaceous

climate

was

milder

thantoday’s.

Thedays

were

not

too

hot,

nor

thenightstoo

cold.

The

summerswere

not

too

warm,

nor

thewinters

too

frigid

The

shallow

seas

on

the

continentsprobably

buffered

the

temperature

of

the

nearby

air,kee

it

relatively

constant.5.4.1扎眼詞定位例8According

to

paragraph

1,

which

of

thefollowing

is

true

of

the

Late

Cretaceousclimate?Summers

were

verywarm

and

winters

werevery

cold.Shallow

seas

on

the

continents

causedfrequent

temperature

changes.The

climate

was

very

similar

to

today’sclimate.The

climate

did

not

change

dramaticallyfrom

season

to

season.5.4.2

定位例1Heyerdahl

gave

other

evidence

for

South

Americanorigin

of

the

Hanau

Eepe.

The

stonework

of

the

stoneplatforms

called

ahu

was

incredibly

intricate,

unlikeany

made

by

other

Pacific

Islands.

However,

the

Incapeople

of

South

America

were

famous

for

intricatestonework

.

Another

piece

of

evidence

Heyerdahlpresented

was

the

fact

that

staple

food

of

the

EasterIslanders,

the

sweet

potato,

is

not

found

in

PolynesiaHe

believed

that

it

came

with

the

Hanau

Eepe

fromSouth

America.5.4.2

定位例1According

to

the

passage,

how

did

sweetpotato

seeds

come

to

Easter

Island?○

They

were

washed

up

by

the

waves.○

They

were

brought

by

westerners

in

1722.○

They

were

carried

across

the

sea

by

birds.

○

They

were

brought

here

from

SouthAmerica.5.4.2

定位例2Paragraph

2

:

Making

an

efficient

icebox

was

not

aseasy

as

we

might

now

suppose.

In

the

earlynineteenth

century,

the

knowledge

of

the

physics

ofheat,

which

wasessential

to

a

science

ofrefrigeration,

was

rudimentary.

The

commonsensenotion

that

the

best

ice-box

was

one

that

preventedthe

ice

from

melting

was

of

course

mistaken,

foritwas

the

melting

of

the

ice

that

performed

thecooling.

Nevertheless,

early

efforts

to

economize

iceincluded

wrap the

ice

in

blankets,

which

keptthe

icefrom ng

its

job.

Not

until

near

ofthe

nineteenth

century

did

inventors

achieve

thedelicate

balance

of

insulation

and

circulationneeded

for

an

efficient

icebox.5.4.2

定位例2According

to

the

information

in

the

secondparagraph,

an

ideal

icebox

wouldcomple y

prevent

ice

from

meltingstop

air

from

circulatingallow

ice

to

melt

slowlyuse

blankets

to

conserve

ice5.4.2

定位例3paragraph

1:

In

seeking

to

describe

the

originsoftheater,

one

must

rely

primarily

on

speculation,

since

there

is

little

concrete

evidence

on

which

todraw.

The

most

widely

accepted

theory,

championedby

anthropologists

in

the

late

nineteenth

and

earlytwentieth

centuries,

envisions

theater

as

emergingout

of

myth

and

ritual.

The

process

perceived

bythese

anthropologists

may

be

summarized

briefly.During

the

early

stages

of

its

development,

a

societyes

aware

of

forces

that

appear

to

influence

orcontrol

its

food

supply

and

well–being.Having

little

understanding

of

natural

causes,it

attributes

both

desirable

and

undesirableoccurrences

to

supernatural

or

magicalforces,

and

it

searches

for

means

to

win

thefavor

of

these

forces.

Perceiving

an

apparentconnection

between

certain

actionsperformed

by

the

group

and

the

result

itdesires,

the

group

repeats,

refines,

andformalizes

those

actions

into

fixedceremonies,

or

rituals.5.4.2

定位例3According

to

paragraph

1,

theories

of

theorigins

of

theaterare

mainly

hypotheticalare

well

supported

by

factual

evidencehave

rarely

been

agreed

upon

byanthropologistswere

expressed

in

the

early

stages

oftheater’

s

development5.4.2

定位例4paragraph

4:

Even

development

in

architecture

hasbeen

the

result

of

major

technological

changes.Materials

and

methods

of

construction

are

integralparts

of

the

design

of

architecture

structures.

Inearlier

times

it

was

necessary

to

design

structuralsystems

suitable

for

the

materials

that

wereavailable,

such

as

wood,

stone,

brick.

Todaytechnology

has

progressed

to

the

point

where

it

ispossible

to

invent

new

building

materials

to

suit

thetype

of

structure

desired.

Enormous

changes

inmaterials

and

techniques

of

construction

within

thelast

few

generations

have

made

it

possible

toenclose

space

with

much

greater

ease

and

speedandwith

a

minimum

of

material.

Progress

in

thisarea

can

be

measured

by

the

difference

in

weightbetween

buildings

built

now

and

those

ofcomparable

size

built

one

hundred

ago.5.4.2

定位例4According

to

paragraph

4,

which

of

the

followingis

true

about

materials

used

in

the

construction

ofbuildings?Because

new

building

materials

are

hard

to

find,constructiontechniques

have

changed

very

littlefrom

past

generations.The

availability

of

suitable

building

materials

nolonger

limits

the

types

of

structures

that

may

bebuilt.The

primary

building

materials

that

are

availabletodayare

wood,

stone,

and

brick.Architects

in

earlier

times

did

not

have

enoughbuilding

materials

to

enclose

large

spaces.5.4.2

定位例5Paragraph

5:

The

reaction

of

farmers

to

theinevitable

depletion

of

the

Ogallala

varies.

Manyhave

been

attempting

to

conserve

water

byirrigating

less

frequently

or

by

switching

to

cropsthat

require

less

water.

Other,

however,

haveadopted

the

philosophy

that

it

is

best

to

use

thewater

while

it

is

still

economically

profitable

to

doso

and

to

concentrate

on

high-value

crops

suchas

cotton.

The

incentive

of

the

farmers

whowishto

conserve

water

is

reduced

by

their

knowledgethat

many

of

their

neighbors

are

profiting

byusing

great

amounts

of

water,

and

in

the

processare

drawing

down

the

entire

region’s

waters.5.4.2

定位例5Paragraph

5

mentions

which

of

the

followingas

a

source

of

difficulty

for

some

farmerswho

try

to

conserve

water?Crops

that

do

not

need

much

water

aredifficult

to

grow

in

the

High

Plains.Farmers

who

grow

crops

that

need

a

lot

ofwater

make

higher

profits.Irrigating

less

frequently

often

leads

to

cropfailure.Few

farmers

are

convinced

that

the

aquiferwill

eventually

run

dry.5.4.2

定位例6Paragraph2:

Mineral

deficiencies

can

often

bedetected

by

specific

symptoms

such

as

chlorosisn.(loss

of

chlorophylln.

resulting

in

yellow

or

whi

eafissue),

necrosis

(isolated

de

atches),anthocyaninformation

(development

of

deep

redpigmentation

of

leaves

or

stem),

stunted

growth,and

development

of

woody

tissue

in

an

herbaceousplant.

Soils

are

most

commonly

deficient

in

nitrogenand

phosphorus.

Nitrogen-deficient

plants

exhibitmany

of

the

symptoms

just

described.

Leavesdevelop

chlorosis;

stems

are

short

and

slender

andanthocyanin

discoloration

occurs

on

stems,

petiolesand

lower

leaf

surfaces.Phosphorus-deficient

plants

are

oftenstunted,

with

leavesturning

a

characteristicdark

green,

often

with

the

accumulation

ofanthocyanin.

Typically,

older

leaves

areaffected as

the

phosphorus

is

mobilizedto

young

growing

tissue.

Iron

deficiency

ischaracterized

by

chlorosis

between

veins

inyoung

leaves.5.4.2

定位例6According

to

Paragraph2,

which

of

thefollowing

symptoms

occurs

in

phosphorus-deficient

plants

but

not

in

plants

deficient

innitrogen

or

iron?Chlorosis

on

leavesChange

in

leaf

pigmentation

to

a

dark

shadeof

greenShort,

stunted

appearance

of

stemsReddish

pigmentation

on

the

leaves

or

stem5.4.2

定位例7paragraph

6：

Four

specific

activities

have

beenidentified

as

major

contributors

to

thedesertification

processes:

overcultivation,overgrazing,

firewood

gathering,

andoverirrigation.

The

cultivation

of

crops

hasexpanded

into

progressively

drier

regions

aspopulation

densities

have

grown.

These

regionsare

especially

likely

to

have

periods

of

severedryness,

so

that

crop

failuresare

common.

Sincethe

raising

of

most

crops

necessitates

the

priorremoval

of

the

natural

vegetation,

crop

failuresleave

extensive

tracts

of

land

devoid

of

a

plantcover

and

susceptible

to

wind

and

water

erosion.5.4.2

定位例7According

to

paragraph

6，which

of

thefollowing

is

often

associated

with

raisingcrops?Lack

of

proper

irrigation

techniquesFailure

to

plant

crops

suited

to

theparticular

areaRemoval

of

the

original

vegetationExcessive

use

of

dried

animal

waste5.4.2

定位例8paragraph

4

：With

the

advent

of

projectionin

1895-1896,

motion

pictures

became

theultimate

form

of

mass

consumption.Previously,

large

audiences

had

viewedspectacles

at

the

theater,

where

vaudeville,popular

dramas,

musical

and

minstrel

shows,classical

plays,

lectures,

and

slide-and-lanternshows

had

been

presented

to

several

hundredspectators

at

a

time.

But

the

movies

differedsignificantly

from

these

other

forms

ofentertainment,

which

depended

on

either

liveperformance

or(in

the

case

of

the

slide-and-lantern

shows)

the

active

involvement

of

amaster

of

ceremonies

who

assembled

the

finalprogram.5.4.2

定位例8According

to

paragraph

4,

how

did

the

earlymovies

differ

from

previous

spectacles

thatwere

presented

to

large

audiences?They

were

a

more

expensive

form

ofentertainment.They

were

viewed

by

larger

audiences.They

were

more

educational.They

did

not

require

live

entertainers.5.4.2

定位例9paragraph

5:

In

this

newly

emerging

economic

order,workers

sometimes anized

to

protect

their

rightsand

traditional

ways

of

life.

Craft

workers

suchascarpenters,

printers,

and

tailors

formed

unions,

andin

1834

individual

unions

came

together

in

theNational

Trades'

Union.

The

labor

movementgathered

some

momentum

in

the

decade

before

thePanic

of

1837,

but

in

the

depression

that

followed,labor's

strength

collapsed.

During

hard

times,

fewworkers

were

willing

to

strike

or

engage

in

collectiveaction.

And

skilled

craft

workers,

who

spearheadedthe

union

movement,

did

not

feel

a

particularlystrong

bond

with

semiskilled

factory

workers

andunskilled

laborers.(next

page)More

than

a

decade

of

agitation

did

finallybring

a

workday

shortened

to

10

hourstomost

industries

by

the

1850’s,

andthecourts

also

recognized

workers'

right

tostrike,

but

these

gains

had

little

immediateimpact5.4.2

定位例9Which

of

the

following

statements

about

thelabor

movement

of

the

1800's

is

supported

byparagraph

5?It

wasmost

successful

during

timesofeconomic

crisis.Its

primary

purpose

was

to

benefit

unskilledlaborers.It

was

slow

to

improve

conditions

for

workers.It

helped

workers

of

all

skill

levels