考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南經(jīng)貿(mào)外事職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-云南經(jīng)貿(mào)外事職業(yè)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Withoutyourhelp,____wesomuch.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.didn’tachieve

B.wouldnothaveachieved

C.willnotachieve

D.don’tachieve

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣。without引出虛擬語(yǔ)氣，并且是對(duì)過(guò)去的事情進(jìn)行虛擬，所以要用“wouldhavedone”。本句的意思是：“如果沒(méi)有你的幫助，我們不可能取得這么大的成就?！?/p>

2.單選題

Ateverystageofearlydevelopment,humanbabieslagbehindinfantsfromotherspecies.Akittencanambleacrossaroomwithinmomentsofbirthandcatchitsfirstmousewithinweeks,whileitswide-eyedhumancounterparttakesmonthstomakeherfirststep,andyearstolearnevensimpletasks,suchashowtotieashoelaceorskiparope,letaloneprepareathree-coursemeal.Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.Asadults,wedrivefancysportscars,leapnimblyacrossfootballfieldsandballetstages,writelengthydissertationsoneveryconceivablesubject,andlaunchrocketsintospace.Wehaveamasteryoverourselvesandourenvironmentsthatispeculiartoourspecies.

Yet,thisvictoryseemspuzzling.Inthefable,thetortoisewinstheracebecausetheharetakesanap.But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.Howdohumanbabiesmangetoturnthingsaroundintheend?

InarecentarticleinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience,SharonThompson-Schill,MichaelRamscarandEvangeliaChrysikoumakethecasethatthisveryhelplessnessiswhatallowshumanbabiestoadvancefarbeyondotheranimals.Theyproposethatourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage,thatmakeupthefoundationsofhumanachievement.Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.

Thisclaimhingesonapeculiaranduniquefeatureofourcognitivearchitecture:thestunninglyslowdevelopmentoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC).Whileotheranimals’brainregionsdevelopmentinsynchrony,inhumans,thedevelopmentofthePFClagsfarbehindthatofotherareas.ThePFCistheswathofgraymatterthatmakesuptheanteriorfrontallobes,andfunctionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.Forthisreason,“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity,andtheyareteststhatyoungchildrenreliably,andignominiously,fail.

TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.Thetask(saying“red”inresponsetoseeingthewordred)withanewresponsespecifictothetask(namingtheconflictinginkcolor).Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.

Children,withtheirimmaturePFC’s,areadifferentstory.Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.Whileyoungchildrenaresensitive,aptlearners,andoftenappeartofullyunderstandwhatisbeingaskedofthem,theyareunabletomediatetheconflictingdemandspresentinthesesortsoftasks,andthusfailthem,timeandtimeagain.Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.

31.WhydoestheauthorcomparehumanbabiestothetortoiseinAesop’sfable?

32.Whyarehumanbabies“helpless”accordingtothetext?

33.WhatisthepurposeofmentioninghumanlarynxinParagraph3?

34.Whatisthefunctionoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC)?

35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthe“Strooptask”？

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveamasteryoverthemselves.

B.Theylagbehindatbeginningandthenslowlycatchup.

C.Theyaresuperiortoinfantsfromotherspecies.

D.Theyarequiteslowincognitivedevelopment.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theydon’thavethebasicskillsnecessaryforsurvival.

B.Theynapmoreoftenthaninfantsofotherspecies.

C.Theyarenotsopersistentasthetortoise.

D.Theyarenotquicklearnersasinfantsofotherspecies.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Toshowthepeculiarfunctionofhumanlarynx.

B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofhumanlanguage.

C.Toexplainthereasonsforourearlycognitiveimmaturity.

D.Toindicatehowhumandevelopspeeches.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Tocollectinformationfromthesenses.

B.Tohelpperformsophisticatedplanningandattention-drivenbehaviors.

C.Tocontrolthedevelopmentofotherareasofthebrain.

D.Toenablehumanbeingstocarryoutadvancetasks.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Childrenwouldfailsuchtaskduetotheirinabilitytounderstandthetaskrequirements.

B.ThetaskisoftenusedtoassessthematurityofPF

C.C.Thetaskrequiresthesubjectstomakeresponsescontradictorytothewell-learnedones.

D.Adultscouldcompletethetasksuccessfullywithonlylittlehesitation.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第三句Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.（然而，在認(rèn)知方面，人類嬰兒很像伊索寓言中的烏龜：緩慢而穩(wěn)定地爬到終點(diǎn)后，勝利出現(xiàn)。），可知人類嬰兒和烏龜?shù)南嗨圃谟诼?，最終卻能勝利，所以B選項(xiàng)“他們一開(kāi)始落后，然后慢慢地趕上來(lái)了”正確，D選項(xiàng)“他們的認(rèn)知發(fā)展相當(dāng)緩慢”不是表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，故錯(cuò)誤。A選項(xiàng)“他們能掌控自己”和C選項(xiàng)“他們優(yōu)于其他物種的嬰兒”：文章沒(méi)有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

32.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第四、五句Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.（和高貴的烏龜不同，嬰兒是無(wú)助的，更確切地說(shuō)，是絕望的。即使他們嘗試，他們也學(xué)不到獨(dú)立生存所必需的基本技能。），可知人類嬰兒無(wú)助是因?yàn)锳選項(xiàng)“他們沒(méi)有生存所需的基本技能”。B選項(xiàng)“他們比其他物種的嬰兒更經(jīng)常打盹”：根據(jù)第二段第三句But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!（但是，如果說(shuō)有什么不同的話，那就是人類的嬰兒比小貓更喜歡打盹?。?，這里是說(shuō)人和貓的不同，而不是解釋為什么人類嬰兒無(wú)助，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“他們不像烏龜那樣固執(zhí)”和D選項(xiàng)“他們不像其他物種的嬰兒一樣快速學(xué)習(xí)”：文章沒(méi)有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

33.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段ourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage…Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.（我們大腦皮層發(fā)育遲緩恰恰是我們獲得文化基礎(chǔ)的原因，比如語(yǔ)言……的確，這三人清楚地表明，我們?cè)缙诘拇嗳跏且环N進(jìn)化上的“工程權(quán)衡”，就像人類的喉頭一樣——雖然喉頭有助于人類復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)，但對(duì)于任何想要安全吞下食物的人來(lái)說(shuō)，它實(shí)際上是一種相當(dāng)不穩(wěn)定的適應(yīng)。同樣，他們認(rèn)為，我們學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言的能力是以長(zhǎng)期認(rèn)知不成熟為代價(jià)的。），這里舉喉頭的例子表明長(zhǎng)期認(rèn)知不成熟是為了獲得文化，所以C選項(xiàng)“解釋我們?cè)缙谡J(rèn)知不成熟的原因”正確。A選項(xiàng)“為了顯示人類喉部的特殊功能”，B選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)人類語(yǔ)言的重要性”和D選項(xiàng)“表明人類如何發(fā)展語(yǔ)言”：不是表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

34.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段ThePFC…functionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.（PFC……在功能上似乎與一系列復(fù)雜的計(jì)劃和注意力驅(qū)動(dòng)的行為密切相關(guān)。事實(shí)上，它經(jīng)常被稱為大腦的“控制”中心。它的主要功能之一似乎是有選擇地過(guò)濾來(lái)自感官的信息，讓我們專注于特定的行動(dòng)、目標(biāo)或任務(wù)。），可知PFC的功能是B選項(xiàng)“幫助執(zhí)行復(fù)雜的計(jì)劃和注意力驅(qū)動(dòng)的行為”，同時(shí)PFC過(guò)濾來(lái)自感官的信息，故A選項(xiàng)“從感官收集信息”錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“控制大腦其他區(qū)域的發(fā)展”和D選項(xiàng)“使人類能夠執(zhí)行高級(jí)任務(wù)”：文章沒(méi)有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

35.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.（不管棘手與否，健康的成年人只要稍有猶豫就能成功完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。），可知成年人完成任務(wù)時(shí)有猶豫的情況，所以D選項(xiàng)“成年人可以毫不猶豫地完成任務(wù)”正確。根據(jù)第六段第二句Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.（通常情況下，年齡越小的孩子，在完成Stroop任務(wù)方面表現(xiàn)得越差，而不到四歲的孩子，就會(huì)徹底失敗。）和最后一句Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.（根本無(wú)法指導(dǎo)三歲的孩子如何注意或回應(yīng)這個(gè)世界。），所以孩子會(huì)因?yàn)椴荒芾斫忸}目而不能完成測(cè)試，A選項(xiàng)“孩子會(huì)因?yàn)闊o(wú)法理解任務(wù)要求而失敗”符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity（“認(rèn)知控制”任務(wù)被認(rèn)為是評(píng)估PFC功能和成熟度的最佳指標(biāo)之一）和第五段第一句TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.（Stroop任務(wù)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的評(píng)估成年人的PFC功能的任務(wù)。），可知Stroop任務(wù)用來(lái)評(píng)估PFC的成熟度，B選項(xiàng)“這個(gè)任務(wù)經(jīng)常被用來(lái)評(píng)估PFC的成熟度”符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)第五段第二句Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.（這項(xiàng)任務(wù)包括說(shuō)出一個(gè)對(duì)比色單詞的墨水顏色：例如，你可能會(huì)看到單詞“紅”是用綠色墨水寫的，在這種情況下，你必須說(shuō)“綠”），可知在這個(gè)測(cè)試中，受試者必須說(shuō)顏色而不是單詞，C選項(xiàng)“這個(gè)任務(wù)要求受試者做出與有知識(shí)的人相反的反應(yīng)”符合文章意思，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

The

Chairmanwasevidently__________by

Jim’swordsandglaredathimforafewseconds.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.putdown

B.putacross

C.putaway

D.putout

【答案】D

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞組題。A選項(xiàng)putdown鎮(zhèn)壓，記下；B選項(xiàng)putacross圓滿完成，解釋清楚，使被人理解；C選項(xiàng)putaway放好，拋棄；D選項(xiàng)putout撲滅；惱怒。根據(jù)句意可知，董事長(zhǎng)明顯被吉姆的話激怒了，瞪了他好一會(huì)。因此，D項(xiàng)是正確答案。

4.單選題

Wewerefourscoresleftbehindwithfiveminutestogo,sothegamelookedcompletely（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.irresistible

B.irretrievable

C.irremissible

D.irreplaceable

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意‘比賽只剩下五分鐘了但我們落后四分，所以這場(chǎng)比賽看上去已完全無(wú)法挽救了?！芍?yàn)楸确謶沂猓赃@場(chǎng)比賽的勝利己經(jīng)無(wú)法改變了。A選項(xiàng)irresistible“不可抵抗的”;irretrievable“不能彌補(bǔ)的”；C選項(xiàng)irremissible“無(wú)法逃避的”；D選項(xiàng)irreplaceable“不可替代的”。B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Theforemanreadthe（

）ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.prejudice

B.verification

C.verdict

D.punishment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)prejudice“偏見(jiàn)，成見(jiàn)”；B選項(xiàng)verification“檢驗(yàn)，檢查，審核”；C選項(xiàng)verdict“（陪審團(tuán)的）裁定，裁決，（經(jīng)過(guò)檢驗(yàn)或認(rèn)真考慮后的）決定，結(jié)論”；D選項(xiàng)punishment“刑罰，懲罰”。由句中的guilty（有罪的）和defendant（被告）可知選C。句意：陪審團(tuán)主席宣讀了14遍有罪判決書，每個(gè)被告一份。

6.單選題

Thereisnodoubtthatdishonestor（）acquisitionofinformationisusuallyoverwhelmingevidencethatinformationwasconfidentialandnotpartofthedefendant’sskillandknowledge.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.blatant

B.surreptitious

C.suspicious

D.conspicuous

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。blatant“喧囂的，炫耀的”；surreptitious“秘密的”；suspicious“可疑的”；conspicuous“顯而易見(jiàn)的”。句意：毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，不誠(chéng)實(shí)或秘密獲取的信息通常是壓倒性的證據(jù)，表明這種信息是機(jī)密的，不屬于辯護(hù)人員技能和知識(shí)的一部分。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

7.單選題

TheGovernmenthasthereforeagreedtopayauthoritiesextrasumsto（）fortheirfinanciallosses.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.makeup

B.turnup

C.fillin

D.leanon

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)makeup“組成，編造，彌補(bǔ)”；B選項(xiàng)turnup“出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生”；C選項(xiàng)fillin“填寫”；D選項(xiàng)leanon“依賴，靠在……上”。句意：政府因此同意向當(dāng)局支付額外的金額，以彌補(bǔ)他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。makeupfor意為“補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)”，選項(xiàng)A正確。

8.單選題

Alltypesofstressstudy,whetherunderlaboratoryorreal-lifesituations,studymechanismsforincreasingthearousallevelofthebrain.

Thebrainbloodflowstudiesshowthatrecitingthedaysoftheweekandmonthsoftheyearincreasesbloodflowinappreciateareas,whereasproblemsolvingwhichdemandsintenseconcentrationofareasoningtypeproducesmuchlargerchangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain.

Betweenthesebasicstudiesofbrainfunctionandreallifesituationsthereisstillaconsiderablegap,butreasonabledeductionseemspossibletotryandunderstandwhathappenstothebrain.Lifeconsistsofaseriesofeventswhichmayberelatedtoworkortoourso-calledleisuretime.Workmayberelativelyautomatic—aswithtyping,forinstance.Itrequiresintenseconcentrationandrepetitionduringthelearningphasetoestablishapatterninthebrain.Thenthetypist’'sfingersautomaticallymovetohittheappropriatekeysasshereadsthewordsonthecopy.

However,whenshegetstiredshemakesmistakesmuchmorefrequently.Toovercomethisshehastoraiseherlevelofarousalandconcentrationbutbeyondacertainpointtheautomaticautomaticityislostandthinkingabouthittingthekeysleadstomoremistakes.

Otherjobsinvolveintenseconcentrationsuchasholdingbottlesofwineuptoastronglightandturningthemupsidedowntolookforparticlesofdirtfallingdown.Thissoundsquiteeasybutexperienceteachesthatworkerscandothisforonlyaboutthirtyminutesbeforetheystartmakingamistake.Thisispartlybecausethenumberofoccasionswithdirtinthebottleislowandthearousallevel,therefore,fallsfails.Scientistshaveshownthatdevicestoraisearousallevelwillincreasetheaccuracyoflookingforrelativelyrareevents.Arecentstudyoftheeffectoflossofsleepinyoungdoctorsshowedthatintestsinvolvingachallengetotheirmedicaljudgmentwhenshortofsleeptheyraisedtheirarousallevelandbecamebetterattestsofgrammaticalreasoningaswell.

1.Accordingtothebrainbloodfollowstudiesproblemsolving________.

2.Theauthorbelievesthat________.

3.Whenatypistgetstired________.

4.Examiningbottlesofwineishardworkbecause________.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,akeyfactorintheabilitytoreasonis________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.increasesbloodflowinsomeareasofthebrain

B.causeschangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain

C.demandsintenseconcentrationofbloodincertainareas

D.isbasedontheabilitytorecitethetime

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theresultsobtainedinthelaboratoryexactlyreflectsthereal-lifesituations

B.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationsistoolargetofillup

C.thegapbetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationscanbeclosedbyproperreasoning

D.thedifferencebetweenthelaboratorystudiesandreal-lifesituationswillbereduced

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.shehastotryhardtoraiseherautomatic

B.shecantypeonlyautomatically

C.shecannotthinkaboutwhatsheisdoing

D.shecanseldomtypeautomatically

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thebottlesmustbeheldupsidedown

B.itisdifficulttoseetheparticlesofdirt

C.itrequireshighlevelofautomatic

D.mostbottlesareallright

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thesubject’sknowledgeofgrammar

B.theamountofsleepthesubjecthashad

C.thelevelofarousalofthesubject

D.theextenttowhichthesubjecthasbeentaughttoreason

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第二段Thebrainbloodflowstudiesshowthat...whereasproblemsolvingwhichdemandsintenseconcentrationofareasoningtypeproducesmuchlargerchangesinthedistributionofbloodinthebrain.（大腦血液流動(dòng)的研究表明，在解決像推理這樣的高度集中精力的問(wèn)題時(shí)，大腦的血液分布會(huì)發(fā)生更大的變化。），所以B選項(xiàng)“引起大腦血液分布的變化”正確。A選項(xiàng)“增加大腦某些區(qū)域的血流量”對(duì)應(yīng)第二段“背誦一周中的幾天和一年中的幾個(gè)月會(huì)增加相應(yīng)區(qū)域的血流，而在解決像推理這樣的高度集中精力的問(wèn)題時(shí)，大腦的血液分布會(huì)發(fā)生更大的變化”，此處提到增加大腦某些區(qū)域的血流量是背誦一些簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題，而解決問(wèn)題需要高度集中精力，便會(huì)影響大腦的血液分布情況，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；C選項(xiàng)“在某些區(qū)域需要高度集中的血液”，文中提到的是高度集中精力的問(wèn)題，而不是血液，屬于曲解原文；D選項(xiàng)“是基于背誦時(shí)間的能力”文章沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段開(kāi)頭Betweenthesebasicstudiesofbrainfunctionandreallifesituationsthereisstillaconsiderablegap,butreasonabledeductionseemspossibletotryandunderstandwhathappenstothebrain.（在這些關(guān)于大腦功能的基礎(chǔ)研究和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活情況之間仍然有相當(dāng)大的差距，但合理的推斷似乎有可能嘗試和理解大腦發(fā)生了什么。），由此可推斷出作者認(rèn)為雖然實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究和現(xiàn)實(shí)之間仍有差距，但是通過(guò)合理的推斷，這種差距可以縮小，所以C選項(xiàng)“實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活之間的差距可以通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)耐评韥?lái)彌補(bǔ)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“實(shí)驗(yàn)室得到的結(jié)果完全反映了現(xiàn)實(shí)情況”對(duì)應(yīng)第三段開(kāi)頭，這里提到了實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活有很大差距，說(shuō)明其并不能完全反映現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況，所以A選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾；B選項(xiàng)“實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活之間的差距太大了，無(wú)法填補(bǔ)”對(duì)應(yīng)第三段開(kāi)頭，文章提到了這種差距可以通過(guò)合理的推斷縮小，所以B選項(xiàng)也屬于反向干擾；D選項(xiàng)“實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究和實(shí)際情況之間的差異將減少”對(duì)應(yīng)第三段開(kāi)頭，文章講的是通過(guò)合理的推斷這種差異才會(huì)縮小，該選項(xiàng)并沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)原文的條件，屬于曲解原文。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段結(jié)尾Workmayberelativelyautomatic—aswithtyping,forinstance,itrequiresintenseconcentrationandrepetitionduringthelearningphasetoestablishapatterninthebrain.Thenthetypist’sfingersautomaticallymovetohittheappropriatekeysasshereadsthewordsonthecopy.（工作可能是相對(duì)自動(dòng)化的，比如打字，在學(xué)習(xí)階段需要高度集中和重復(fù)，在大腦中建立模式。打字員的手指會(huì)自然移動(dòng)，在她閱讀副本上的單詞時(shí)按下相應(yīng)的鍵。）和第四段開(kāi)頭However,whenshegetstiredshemakesmistakesmuchmorefrequently.Toovercomethisshehastoraiseherlevelofarousalandconcentrationbutbeyondacertainpointtheautomaticislostandthinkingabouthittingthekeysleadstomoremistakes.（然而，她在累的時(shí)候會(huì)更頻繁地犯錯(cuò)。為了克服這個(gè)問(wèn)題，她必須提高自己的興奮和專注水平，但超過(guò)一定程度，自動(dòng)的感覺(jué)就會(huì)消失，一想到要敲擊鍵盤就會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的錯(cuò)誤。），由此可推斷出當(dāng)打字的人累了的時(shí)候，她的興奮和專注水平下降，從而導(dǎo)致她的手指不能自動(dòng)移動(dòng)，所以D選項(xiàng)“她很少能自動(dòng)打字”正確。A選項(xiàng)“她必須努力提高她的自動(dòng)化水平”以及C選項(xiàng)“她無(wú)法思考自己在做什么”文章都沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；B選項(xiàng)“她只能自動(dòng)打字”對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段，此處說(shuō)到她不能自動(dòng)打字，所以B選項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第五段開(kāi)頭Otherjobsinvolveintenseconcentrationsuchasholdingbottlesofwineuptoastronglightandturningthemupsidedowntolookforparticlesofdirtfallingdown.Thissoundsquiteeasybutexperienceteachesthatworkerscandothisforonlyaboutthirtyminutesbeforetheystartmakingamistake.Thisispartlybecausethenumberofoccasionswithdirtinthebottleislowandthearousallevel,therefore,fails.（還有一些工作需要高度集中注意力，比如把酒瓶舉到強(qiáng)光下，然后把酒瓶倒過(guò)來(lái)看有沒(méi)有落下的灰塵顆粒。這聽(tīng)起來(lái)很容易，但經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們，工人們只需要30分鐘就會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。這部分是因?yàn)槠孔永镉谢覊m的次數(shù)很低，因此喚醒水平也不高。），由此可推斷出檢查酒瓶這項(xiàng)工作困難的原因是大多數(shù)瓶子都沒(méi)問(wèn)題，所以喚醒水平降低，從而導(dǎo)致人們?nèi)菀壮鲥e(cuò)，D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)瓶子都沒(méi)問(wèn)題”正確。A選項(xiàng)“瓶子必須倒置”對(duì)應(yīng)第五段，雖然文章有提到，但是與題干無(wú)關(guān)，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；B選項(xiàng)“泥垢很難被看清”和C選項(xiàng)“它需要高水平的自動(dòng)化”文章沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段結(jié)尾Arecentstudyoftheeffectoflossofsleepinyoungdoctorsshowedthatintestsinvolvingachallengetotheirmedicaljudgmentwhenshortofsleeptheyraisedtheirarousallevelandbecamebetterattestsofgrammaticalreasoningaswell.（最近一項(xiàng)關(guān)于年輕醫(yī)生睡眠不足影響的研究表明，當(dāng)睡眠不足時(shí)，在涉及挑戰(zhàn)他們醫(yī)學(xué)判斷的測(cè)試中，他們提高了覺(jué)醒水平，在語(yǔ)法推理測(cè)試中也表現(xiàn)得更好。），由此可推斷出推理能力的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素是主體的覺(jué)醒水平，所以C選項(xiàng)“主體的覺(jué)醒水平”說(shuō)法正確。A選項(xiàng)“主體的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)”文章沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有；B選項(xiàng)“受試者的睡眠量”對(duì)應(yīng)文章結(jié)尾，雖然有提到，但與題干無(wú)關(guān)，屬于出處錯(cuò)位；D選項(xiàng)“主體被教導(dǎo)去推理的程度”文章沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Ofthegreatvarietyofopinionsconcerning“marriageformoney”，thefollowingthreeareimportantwithreferencetothedevelopmentoftheimportanceofmoney.Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.Thedisparagementofpersonaldignitythatnowadaysarisesineverymarriagethatisnotbasedonpersonalaffection―sothatasenseofdecencyrequirestheconcealmentofeconomicmotives—doesnotexistinsimplercultures.Thereasonforthisdevelopmentisthatincreasingindividualizationmakesitincreasinglycontradictoryanddiscreditabletoenterintopurelyindividualrelationshipsforotherthanpurelyindividualreasons.

Fornowadaysthechoiceofapartnerinmarriageisnolongerdeterminedbysocialmotives(thoughregardfortheoffspringmaybeconsideredtobesuchamotive),insofarassocietydoesnotinsistuponthecouple’sequalsocialstatus―acondition,however,thatprovidesagreatdealoflatitudeandonlyrarelyleadstoconflictsbetweenindividualandsocialinterests.Inaquiteundifferentiatedsocietyitmayberelativelyirrelevantwhomarrieswhom,irrelevantnotonlyforthemutualrelationshipofthecouplebutalsofortheoffspring.Thisisbecausewheretheconstitutions,stateofhealth,temperament,internalandexternalformsoflifeandorientationsarelargelythesamewithinthegroup,thechancethatthechildrenwillturnoutwelldependslessuponwhethertheparentsagreeandcomplementeachotherthanitdoesinhighlydifferentiatedsociety.Itthereforeseemsquitenaturalandexpedientthatthechoiceofthepartnershouldbedeterminedbyreasonsotherthanpurelyindividualaffection.Yetpersonalattractionshouldbedecisiveinahighlyindividualizedsocietywhereaharmoniousrelationshipbetweentwoindividualsbecomesincreasinglyrare.

Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.Yetwedonotpossessanyothercriterionandindicationfortheadvisabilityofmarriageexceptmutualinstinctiveattraction.But,happinessisapurelypersonalmatter,decideduponentirelybythecouplethemselves,andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts—nomatterhowmuchotherconditionsmayaffectthefinalresults,itremainstruethat,withreferencetoprocreation,loveisdecidedlysuperiortomoneyasafactorselection.Infact,inthisrespect,itistheonlyrightandproperthing.

Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether—anditshouldbeconsideredasafactorindegenerationtothesameextenttowhichtheundoubteddifferentiationofindividualsmakesselectionbypersonalattractionmoreandmoreimportant.Thiscasetooillustratesoncemorethattheincreasingindividualizationwithinsocietyrendersmoneyincreasinglyunsuitableasamediatorofpurelyindividualrelationships.

1.Accordingtothetext,whatissaidtoinfluencematrimonialcompatibilityandstabilityinsimplercultures?

2.Marriagesmotivatedbymonetaryaspirationsaremorelikelynottobecamouflagedinwhatstrataofsociety?

3.Themarriagerateissaidtobedecreasingbecause（

）.

4.Howisthequestionofraceinrelationtomarriagesimilartothequestionofmoney?

5.Panmixiaissaidto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Personaldignity

B.Economicdecline

C.Monetaryconsiderations

D.Financialgrowth

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Upper

B.Middle

C.Lower

D.Lowest

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.wedemandtoomuchofourpartners

B.partnersdon’tgivecompliments

C.peoplearetoodifferentiatedsocially

D.theeconomicdisparityinmanyregionsisgrowing

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyfuelmutualinstinctualattraction.

B.Theyinspireindividualresponsibilities.

C.Theydeflectsuperficialrelationships.

D.Theyprohibitsuitablemarriages.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.aidtheselectionprocess

B.complementindividualization

C.inspirepositiveresults

D.setupbiologicaldecline

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Marriagesbasedexclusivelyuponeconomicmotiveshavenotonlyexistedinallperiodsandatallstagesofdevelopment,butareparticularlycommonamongprimitivegroupsandconditionswheretheydonotcauseanyoffenceatall.（完全基于經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)的婚姻不僅存在于所有時(shí)期和發(fā)展的所有階段，而且在原始群體和根本不構(gòu)成犯罪的條件下尤其普遍）可知經(jīng)濟(jì)因素影響婚姻的兼容性和穩(wěn)定性，因此C選項(xiàng)“貨幣因素”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的andtherewouldbenocompellingreasonfortheofficialinsistenceonatleastpretendinglovemaybemisleading—particularlyinthehigherstrata,whosecomplicatedcircumstancesoftenretardthegrowthofthepurestinstincts（官方堅(jiān)持至少假裝愛(ài)可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)人，這是沒(méi)有說(shuō)服力的理由的——尤其是在高層，他們復(fù)雜的環(huán)境常常阻礙最純粹本能的發(fā)展）可推測(cè)以金錢愿望為動(dòng)機(jī)的婚姻在社會(huì)的高層，更可能偽裝，相反，在社會(huì)的最低層，最不可能偽裝，因此選D。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第三段中的Thedecliningfrequencyofmarriagewhichistobefoundeverywhereinhighlycivilizedculturalcircumstancesisundoubtedlydue,inpart,tothefactthathighlydifferentiatedpeopleingeneralhavedifficultyinfindingacompletelysympatheticcomplementtothemselves.（在高度文明的文化環(huán)境中隨處可見(jiàn)的結(jié)婚率下降的部分原因是，高度分化的人很難找到一個(gè)完全與符合自己的互補(bǔ)）可知結(jié)婚率下降的部分原因是很難找到與自己互補(bǔ)的人，說(shuō)明人們之間的差異大，因此C選項(xiàng)“人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)上的差異太大”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的Inthecaseofmarriageformoney,theunionofacoupleisdeterminedbyafactorthathasabsolutelynothingtodowithracialappropriateness—justastheregardformoneyoftenenoughkeepsapartacouplewhoreallybelongtogether（在為錢而結(jié)婚的情況下，一對(duì)夫婦的結(jié)合是由一個(gè)與種族適當(dāng)性完全無(wú)關(guān)的因素決定的，就像對(duì)金錢的重視常常會(huì)使真正屬于一對(duì)夫婦的人分開(kāi)一樣）可知D選項(xiàng)“他們阻止合適的婚姻”符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段中的Marriageformoneydirectlycreatesasituationofpanmixia—theindiscriminatepairingregardlessofindividualqualities―aconditionthatbiologyhasdemonstratedtobethecauseofthemostdirectanddetrimentaldegenerationofthehumanspecies.（為錢而結(jié)婚直接造成了一種無(wú)差別的情況——不分個(gè)人素質(zhì)的不分青紅皂白的配對(duì)——生物學(xué)已經(jīng)證明，這種情況是導(dǎo)致人類物種最直接和最有害的退化的原因）可知D選項(xiàng)“引發(fā)生物衰退”符合題意。

10.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishtoChinese

Naturecontainstheelements,incolorandform,ofallpictures,asthekeyboardcontainsthenotesofallm