考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)民航大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)民航大學(xué)押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Thereweretwowidelydivergentinfluencesontheearlydevelopmentofstatisticalmethods.Statisticshadamotherwhowasdedicatedtokeepingorderlyrecordsofgovernmentunits(stateandstatisticscomefromthesameLatinroot,status)andagentlemanlygamblingfatherwhoreliedonmathematicstoincreasehisskillatplayingtheoddsingamesofchance.Theinfluenceofthemotherontheoffspring,statistics,isrepresentedbycounting,measuring,describing,tabulating,orderingandthetakingofcensusesallofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics.Fromtheinfluenceofthefathercamemodeminferentialstatistics,whichisbasedsquarelyontheoriesofprobability.

Descriptivestatisticsinvolvestabulating,depicting,anddescribingcollectionsofdata.Thesedatamaybeeitherquantitative,suchasmeasuresofheight,intelligence,orgradelevelvariablesthatarecharacterizedbyanunderlyingcontinuum---orthedatamayrepresentqualitativevariables,suchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytype.Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.

Inferentialstatisticsinformalizedbodyofmethodsforsolvinganotherclassofproblemsthatpresentgreatdifficultiesfortheunaidedhumanmind.Thisgeneralclassofproblemscharacteristicallyinvolvesattemptstomakepredictionsusingasampleofobservations.Forexample,aschoolsuperintendentwishestodeterminetheproportionofchildreninalargeschoolsystemwhocometoschoolwithoutbreakfasthavebeenvaccinatedforflu,orwhatever.Havingalittleknowledgeofstatistics,thesuperintendentwouldknowthatitisunnecessaryandinefficienttoquestioneachchild,theproportionfortheentiredistrictcouldbeestimatedfairlyaccuratelyfromasampleofasfewas100children.Thus,thepurseofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,countinganddescribingareassociatedwith（

）.

2.Whydoestheauthormentionthe“mother”and“father”inthefirstparagraph?

3.Whichofthefollowingisnotgivenasanexampleofaqualitativevariable?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdescriptivestatisticsisbestsupportedbythepassage?

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthepurposeofexaminingasampleofapopulation?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.inferentialstatistics

B.descriptivestatistics

C.unknownvariables

D.qualitativechanges

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Topointoutthatparentscanteachtheirchildrenstatistics

B.Tointroduceinferentialstatistics

C.Toexplainthattherearedifferentkindsofvariables

D.Topresentthebackgroundofstatisticsinhumorousandunderstandableway.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Gender

B.Height

C.Collegemajor

D.Typeofpersonality

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsimplifiesunwieldymassesofdata.

B.Itleadstoincreasedvariability.

C.Itsolvesallnumericalproblems,

D.Itchangesqualitativevariablestoquantitativevariables

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tocomparedifferentgroups.

B.Topredictcharacteristicsoftheentirepopulation.

C.Toconsiderallthequantitativevariables

D.Totabulatecollectionsofdata.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段...counting,measuring,describing.,allofwhichledtomodemdescriptivestatistics,計(jì)算、測(cè)量、描述都屬于現(xiàn)化描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。確定B選項(xiàng)‘描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)’正確。A選項(xiàng)‘推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)‘、C選項(xiàng)‘未知的變量’和D選項(xiàng)‘質(zhì)的變化’不符合題意。

2.第一段中的mother和father說(shuō)明了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的起源，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)出作者的幽默，所以正確答案為D選項(xiàng)‘以幽默易通的方式介紹統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的背景’。A選項(xiàng)‘指出父母可以教孩子統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)’，完全不合文意。B選項(xiàng)‘介紹推理統(tǒng)計(jì)’，表達(dá)不完全。C選項(xiàng)‘說(shuō)明有兩種不同變量’表達(dá)不確切。

3.第二段提及了qualitativevariablessuchassex,collegemajor,orpersonalitytypes：性質(zhì)變量，如性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類型。可見(jiàn)性質(zhì)變量不包括height高度，所以B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.根據(jù)第二段最后一句話：Largemassesofdatamustgenerallyundergoaprocessofsummarizationorreductionbeforetheyarecomprehensible.Descriptivestatisticsisatoolfordescribingorsummarizingorreducingtocomprehensibleformthepropertiesofanotherwiseunwieldymassofdata.大量的數(shù)據(jù)在被理解之前通常必須經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)概括或縮減的過(guò)程。描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)是一種工具，用于描述、概括或簡(jiǎn)化成可理解的形式，以形成大量數(shù)據(jù)的特性。確定描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)可以將宏大的數(shù)據(jù)簡(jiǎn)化成一種可以數(shù)據(jù)量的形式，所以A選項(xiàng)‘簡(jiǎn)化大量數(shù)據(jù)’正確。B選項(xiàng)‘導(dǎo)致變量的增加‘、C選項(xiàng)’解決所有數(shù)字的問(wèn)題‘太絕對(duì)。D選項(xiàng)’將性質(zhì)變量變?yōu)閿?shù)量變量‘文中未提到。

5.根據(jù)文章最后一句Thus,thepurseofinferentialstatisticsistopredictorestimatecharacteristicsofapopulationfromaknowledgeofthecharacteristicsofonlyasampleofthepopulation.因此，推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的是通過(guò)對(duì)一個(gè)群體中某一樣本的特征的了解來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)或估計(jì)該群體的特征。確定B選項(xiàng)‘估計(jì)人的總體特點(diǎn)‘正確。

2.單選題

（）oforganicfoods--atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatly--frequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Captives

B.Addicts

C.Contestants

D.Advocates

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。captive“俘虜”；addict“吸毒成癮的人；入迷的人”；contestant“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者”；advocate“擁護(hù)者”。句意：有機(jī)食品這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的意義至今多樣，它的______宣稱這類食品比其他食品更加安全，更加有營(yíng)養(yǎng)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

3.單選題

Healwayshasalotof（）ideasinhismind,andsometimeswedonotevenknowwhatheisthinkingabout.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.novel

B.minute

C.explicit

D.solemn

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。novel“新奇的，異常的”；minute“微小的，詳細(xì)的”；explicit“明確的，清楚的”；solemn“莊嚴(yán)的，嚴(yán)肅的”。句意：他總是有許多（）的想法，有時(shí)候我們甚至不知道他在想什么。由后半句“我們有時(shí)候不知道他在想什么”可推知他的想法是很新奇的，故A項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

ProfessorSmithandProfessorBrownwill（）ingivingtheclasslectures.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exchange

B.alter

C.shift

D.alternate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)exchange“交換；交易；兌換”；B選項(xiàng)alter“改變；變更”；C選項(xiàng)shift“轉(zhuǎn)移；改變；替換”；D選項(xiàng)alternate“交替；輪流”。句意：史密斯教授和布朗教授將輪流給這個(gè)班級(jí)講課。根據(jù)句中“givingtheclasslectures給這個(gè)班級(jí)講課”可知“輪流”符合語(yǔ)境，因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Theteacherblamedhisstudentsforplayingpranksintheclassroom.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.tricks

B.nudes

C.cribs

D.quips

【答案】A

【解析】句意：老師責(zé)備他的學(xué)生在教室里搞惡作劇。pranks指“惡作劇”。tricks詭計(jì)，騙局；nudes肉色針織物；cribs嬰兒床，柵欄；quips妙語(yǔ)，諷刺語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)A與之意思相近。

6.單選題

Onthesideofthehill,thereisa（）whichwasoncetheentrancetoagoldmine.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.deepholeinground

B.holedeepinground

C.deepholeintheground

D.deepinthegroundhole

【答案】C

【解析】語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。形容詞修飾名詞應(yīng)放于名詞之前，ground（地面）前面應(yīng)用定冠詞。選項(xiàng)C正確。

7.寫(xiě)作題

Asthesocietydevelops,interpersonalrelationshipsaregettingmoreandmoreindifferent.Pleasemakecommentonthephenomena.

【答案】Itseemsveryridiculousthatpeoplelivingsoneardon’tknoweachotherforsuchalongtime.However,theconditionisperformedeverywhere.Itistheexactreflectionofinterpersonalrelationshipsinthemodemworldwheremostpeopleliveinapartments.Theyclosetheirdoorsandnevergooutassoonastheygethomefromwork.Iftheylivealone,theywillkilltheirtimebywatchingTVorreadingmagazines.Theydon’thaveanyconnectionsevenwiththeirclosestneighbors，whoseemnodifferentfrompeopletheymeeteverydayinthestreet.

Thisphenomenonisneithergoodtous,nortooursociety.Peoplewillfeellonelyandbecomemoreandmoreindifferentsothatinterpersonalrelationshipsarenotharmonious.Interpersonalcommunicationisveryimportanttous.Firstly,itisessentialforourphysicalwell-being.Lackofcommunicationshowsawiderangeofmedicalhazards.Sociallyisolatedpeoplearefoundtobetwoorthreetimesmorelikelytosufferfrompoorhealththanthosewithstrongsocialties.Steadyinterpersonalcommunicationcontributestothelongevityofourlives.Secondly,interpersonalcommunicationenablesustohaveasenseofouridentity.Deprivedofcommunicationwithothers,wecanhardlyhaveaclearideaofidentity.Oursenseofidentitycomesfromthewayweinteractwithotherpeople.Wedecidewhatwearelikebasedonhowothersreacttous.Inourlifeweneedtofeelasenseofbelongingtosomepersonalrelationship.Weneedtoinfluenceothersandfeelsomesenseofpoweroverourworld,andtocareforothersandknowthattheycareforus,thustohaveasenseofaffectionandfriendship.Lastly,interpersonalcommunicationisthemeansofimportantinformationineveryrespect,whichmakesuswellinformedandhelpsustogrow.

Tosumup,interpersonalcommunicationisjustasnecessaryaswaterandairtousinourworkandlife.Weshouldpaygreatattentiontotheamountofinterpersonalcommunicationaswellastothewaysofdoingit.Properandskillfulinterpersonalcommunicationwillsatisfyourphysicalneeds,psychologicalneeds,socialneedsandpracticalneeds.

8.單選題

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.marineproducts

B.dairyproducts

C.industrialproducts

D.avianproducts

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。橫線單詞poultry意為“家禽；家禽肉”；A選項(xiàng)“marineproducts”意為“海產(chǎn)品；水產(chǎn)及制品”；B選項(xiàng)“dairyproducts”意為“乳制品，奶制品；乳酪產(chǎn)品”；C選項(xiàng)“industrialproducts”意為“工業(yè)產(chǎn)品”；D選項(xiàng)“avianproducts”意為“禽類產(chǎn)品”。句意：據(jù)報(bào)道，美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州最近爆發(fā)的禽流感促使中國(guó)禁止從該州進(jìn)口家禽。由題干可知，thelatestoutbreakofthebirdflu（最近爆發(fā)的禽流感）肯定和家禽相關(guān)。所以中國(guó)禁止進(jìn)口的應(yīng)該是家禽。由此可知，poultry在此處最可能是“家禽”的意思。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.單選題

Mendifferfromanimals（）theycanthinkandspeak.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.forwhich

B.forthat

C.inthat

D.inwhich

【答案】C

【解析】考查原因狀語(yǔ)從句。A選項(xiàng)forwhich和D選項(xiàng)inwhich引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，排除A，D；B選項(xiàng)forthat不能引導(dǎo)從句，排除B。C選項(xiàng)inthat意思是“因?yàn)椤?，引?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：人不同于動(dòng)物，因?yàn)槿藭?huì)思考和說(shuō)話。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

UnlikephotographersonEarth,astronautsinthespacehavetheopportunitytotakephotographsfrom（

）perspectives.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.undermined

B.undulated

C.unilateral

D.unprecedented

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。Undermined“潛行的”；undulated“波狀的”；unilateral“單方面的”；unprecedented“空前的，無(wú)前例的”。句意：與地球上的攝影師不同，太空中的宇航員有機(jī)會(huì)從前所未有的角度拍攝照片。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

It’sapitythatweshouldstayathomewhenwehave（

）weather.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.sofine

B.suchfine

C.suchafine

D.sofinea

【答案】B

【解析】考查so與such的用法。weather是不可數(shù)名詞，such+adj.+不可數(shù)名詞，所以選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

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12.單選題

WhileherfriendswerebusytryingtolandonajobinWallStreet,shedecidedtostayinherhumblelittletownand（）ingrowingorganiccorn.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.specialize

B.expertise

C.commercialize

D.privatize

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)specialize“專門(mén)研究；專攻”；B選項(xiàng)expertise“專門(mén)知識(shí)；專門(mén)技能”；C選項(xiàng)commercialize“使商業(yè)化；使商品化”；D選項(xiàng)privatize“使私有化；使歸私有”。句意：盡管她的朋友都忙于在華爾街找份工作，她卻決定待在她的小鎮(zhèn)上……種植有機(jī)玉米。根據(jù)句意可以知道她和她的朋友不一樣，決定了就在小鎮(zhèn)上專門(mén)從事有機(jī)玉米的種植。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.單選題

TheGovernmenthaspromisedtodo______liesinitspowertoeasethehardshipsofthehomeless.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.what

B.all

C.that

D.which

【答案】A

【解析】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。句意：政府承諾盡其所能緩解無(wú)家可歸者的困難。whatliesinitspower是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，作動(dòng)詞do的賓語(yǔ)，what在從句中做主語(yǔ)。all不能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，排除B選項(xiàng)。that在賓語(yǔ)從句中不能做主語(yǔ)，排除C選項(xiàng)。which引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句是意為“哪一個(gè)”，不符合句意，排除D選項(xiàng)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

TheCopperheadisavenomousserpent,foundasfarnorthastheBlueHillsinMassachusetts,and________bitehasproveddangeroustohikersandjoggers.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.who

B.whom

C.its

D.whose

【答案】C

【解析】考查物主代詞和從句連詞。分析題干，兩個(gè)句子都不缺主要成分的，所以空格前應(yīng)填一個(gè)形容詞或者副詞來(lái)修飾bite，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，答案應(yīng)該選C。干擾項(xiàng)D是錯(cuò)誤的，如果填whose就是把后面看成了一個(gè)從句，但是兩個(gè)句子是and，填whose會(huì)造成從句沒(méi)有先行詞。

15.單選題

TheUnitedStatesandRussiahavereachedanagreementthatcallsforSyria’s（）ofchemicalweaponstoberemovedordestroyedbythemiddleof2014,SecretaryofStateJohnKerrysaidonSaturday.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.artillery

B.armor

C.arsenal

D.army

【答案】C

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。artillery“炮，炮兵部隊(duì)”；armor“裝甲，盔甲”；arsenal“兵工廠，軍械庫(kù)”；army“軍隊(duì)”。句意：美俄兩國(guó)已經(jīng)達(dá)成協(xié)議，要求敘利亞化學(xué)武器的軍械庫(kù)于2014年年中移除或者銷毀。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

16.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

1.凡事預(yù)則立，不預(yù)則廢。

2.我們可以讓內(nèi)燃機(jī)使用另一種污染程度較低的燃料，如天然氣、燃料電池，液態(tài)氫等，這些我們都可以考慮。

3.我們必須考慮到這一點(diǎn)：我們的星球是從子孫后代那里借來(lái)的，而不是我們祖先饋贈(zèng)的。

4.可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指：為了將來(lái)后代的利益，我們必須保留足夠的生存空間，以滿足他們的需要和施展他們的抱負(fù)。

5.這門(mén)學(xué)科的重要性與其被了解的程度不成正比。

【答案】1.Preparednessensuressuccessandunpreparednessspellsfailure.

2.Whenchoosingadifferentandcleanerfuelfortheinternalcombustionengine,wecantakenaturalgas,fuelcells,liquidhydrogen,oconsideration.

3.Itmustbetakenintoconsiderationthatwehavenotinheritedthisearthfromourancestorsbuthaveborroweditfromouroffspring

4.Sustainabledevelopmentmeansthatforthebenefitoffuturegenerations,wemustreserveenoughlivinsspaceforsatisfyingtheirneedsandrealizingtheirambitious.

5.Theimportanceofthisdisciplineisnotindirectproportiontothedegreetowhichitisunderstood.

17.單選題

Themethodsthroughwhichtheybuiltupandmaintainedpersonalfollowingsandtheoutlookswhichaccompaniedsuchactivitylikewisebecameimportant（）formodernChinesepoliticalbehavior.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.precedents

B.pioneer

C.source

D.resource

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)precedents“引用單元”；B選項(xiàng)pioneer“先鋒”；C選項(xiàng)source“來(lái)源”；D選項(xiàng)resource“資源”。分析題干可知，空白處應(yīng)填入一個(gè)名詞，根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容，活動(dòng)會(huì)成為中國(guó)政治行為的……，可推測(cè)答案選項(xiàng)為C。句意：他們用來(lái)建立維護(hù)追隨者的方法與完成這樣的活動(dòng)的展望也成為了現(xiàn)今中國(guó)政治行為的重要……。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

18.單選題

Wehavebeenhearing______accountsofyourwork.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.favored

B.favorable

C.favorite

D.favoring

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。favored“有利的；收到優(yōu)待的”；favorable“有利的；贊許的”；favorite“最喜愛(ài)的”；favoring“順利的；有幫助的”。句意：我們一直在聽(tīng)……你工作的報(bào)道。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

19.單選題

Lazinessisasin,everyoneknowsthat.Wehaveprobablyallhadlecturespointingoutthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillneveramounttoanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthat,anditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasonsthansimplewishtoavoidwork.Somepeoplewhoappeartobelazyaresufferingfrommuchmoreseriousproblems.Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorfearofhavingtheirideasstolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeparalyzedbyafearoffailurethatpreventsfruitfulwork.Orothersortsoffantasiesmaypreventwork;somepeoplearesobusyplanning,sometimesplanninggreatdealsorfantasticachievements,thattheyareunabletodealwithwhatever“l(fā)esser”workisonhand.Stillotherpeoplearenotavoidingwork;strictlyspeaking,theyaremerelyprocrastinating—reschedulingtheirday.

Lazinesscanactuallybehelpful.Likeprocrastinators(拖延者),somepeoplemaylooklazywhentheyarereallythinking,planning,contemplating,researching.Weshouldallrememberthatsomegreatscientificdiscoveriesoccurredbychanceorwhilesomeonewas“goofingoff(游手好閑)”,Newtonwasn’tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeone“l(fā)azy”buildthecarorstovewebuy,particularlyifthat“l(fā)aziness”werecausedbytheworker’stakingtimetocheckeachstepofhisworkandtodohisjobright.Andsometimes,being“l(fā)ady”—thatis,takingtimeoffforarest-isgoodforanoverworkedstudentor,executive.Takingarestcanbeparticularlyhelpfultotheathletewhoistryingtoohardorthedoctorwho’ssimplyworkinghimselfovertimetoomanyevenings,attheclinic.Sobecarefulwhenyou’retemptedtocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextbook.

1.Themainideaofthispassageisthat______.

2.Thepassagestatesthat______.

3.Whichofthefollowingconclusiondoesthepassagesupport?

4.Thefinalparagraphis______.

5.Theword“devised”inPara.2means______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.lazinessisamoralsin

B.thereareadvantagesanddisadvantagesinbeinglazy

C.lazinessindicatesdeep-seatedemotionalproblems

D.lazypeopledomorecarefulwork

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.lazinessisadisease

B.somelazypeopleareinsecure

C.lazinessismorebeneficialthanharmful

D.agooddefinitionoflazinessisemotionalillness

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thewordlazinessissometimesappliedincorrectly.

B.Mostofthetimelazinessisavirtue.

C.Mostassemblylineworkersarelazy.

D.Mostinsecurepeoplearelazy.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.somber

B.humorous

C.serious

D.trite(陳腐的)

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.formulate

B.understood

C.wrote

D.proved

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段講了懶惰是一種罪惡，第二段又指出懶惰也會(huì)起到很大的作用，說(shuō)明本文主要講的是懶惰的壞處和好處。因此B選項(xiàng)“懶惰有好處也有壞處”最能概括文章主旨。A選項(xiàng)“懶惰是一種道德上的罪惡”，C選項(xiàng)“懶惰表明了根深蒂固的情感問(wèn)題”，D選項(xiàng)“懶惰的人做的工作更仔細(xì)”均不能完整地概括文章主旨，所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第五句Theymaybesodistrustfuloftheirfellowworkersthattheyareunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofridiculeorfearofhavingtheirideasstolen.（他們可能非常不信任他們的同事，以至于無(wú)法參加任何小組任務(wù)，因?yàn)楹ε卤怀靶驌?dān)心他們的想法被竊取。），說(shuō)明懶惰表明了一種根深蒂固的情感問(wèn)題。因此D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)于懶惰的一個(gè)很好的定義是情感疾病”正確。A選項(xiàng)“懶惰是一種疾病”，B選項(xiàng)“一些懶惰的人沒(méi)有安全感”，C選項(xiàng)“懶惰的好處多于壞處”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A,B,C錯(cuò)誤。

3.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段最后兩句Sobecarefulwhenyou’retemptedtocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextbook.（所以當(dāng)你想說(shuō)別人懶的時(shí)候要小心。那個(gè)人可能正在思考、休息或計(jì)劃他或她的下一本書(shū)。），說(shuō)明有時(shí)形容別人懶惰并不準(zhǔn)確。因此A選項(xiàng)“懶惰這個(gè)詞有時(shí)被錯(cuò)誤地應(yīng)用”正確。B選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)時(shí)候，懶惰是一種美德”，C選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)裝配線工人都是懶惰的”，D選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)沒(méi)有安全感的人都是懶惰的”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以B,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

4.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。由第二段可知，作者用一種輕松詼諧的筆調(diào)把懶惰和成功聯(lián)系起來(lái)說(shuō)明懶惰有哪些好處，觀點(diǎn)十分新穎。因此B選項(xiàng)“幽默的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“陰沉的”，C選項(xiàng)“嚴(yán)肅的”，D選項(xiàng)“陳腐的”均不符合題意，所以A,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

5.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“devised”可以定位到文章第二段第三句Newtonwasn’tworkingintheorchardwhentheapplehithimandhedevisedthetheoryofgravity.（當(dāng)牛頓被蘋(píng)果砸到，發(fā)明了引力理論時(shí)，他并不在果園里工作。），說(shuō)明“devised”在文中是指“發(fā)明”的意思。因此A選項(xiàng)“發(fā)明”正確。B選項(xiàng)“理解”，C選項(xiàng)“寫(xiě)下”，D選項(xiàng)“證明”均不符合題意，所以B,C,D錯(cuò)誤。

20.單選題

Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.

Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobinghecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidintheseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenlipintothelanguageofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesaxialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopindependently,thatbecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichlieisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownanabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.

1.Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey?

3.Theworld“custom”inthispassagemostprobablymeans（）.

4.Accordingtothepassageaperson’slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath（）.

5.Theauthor’spurposetowritingthispassageis（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.customrevealsonlythesuperficialnatureofhumanbehavior

B.thestudyofsocialorderscanreplacethestudyofcustom

C.peoplearestillnotawareoftheimportantrolethatcustomplaysinformingourworldoutlook

D.customhaslittletodowithourwaysofthinking

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Anindividualcanexerciseverylittleinfluenceontheculturaltraditionintowhichheisborn.

B.Customisthedirectresultofthephilosophicalprobingofagroupofpeople.

C.Anindividualisstronglyinfluencedbytheculturaltraditionevenbeforeheisborn.

D.Customrepresentsthecollectivewisdomwhichbenefitstheindividual.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theconceptofthetrueandthefalseofasociety

B.theindependentlydevelopedsocialorders

C.theadjustmentoftheindividualtothenewsocialenvironment

D.thepatternsandstandardsofbehaviorofacommunity

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.isconstantlyshapingtheculturaltraditionsofhispeople

B.ispredominatedbytraditionalcustom

C.iscontinuallyinfluencedbythehabitsofothercommunities

D.ischieflyinfluencedbythepeoplearoundhim

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.tourgeindividualstofollowtraditionalcustoms

B.tostressthestronginfluenceofcustomsonanindividual

C.toexaminetheinteractionofmanandsocialcustoms

D.toshowman’sadjustmenttotraditionalcustoms

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance…Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.”，可知風(fēng)俗還沒(méi)有被普遍認(rèn)為是一件很重要的事情，但是風(fēng)俗的重點(diǎn)在于它在經(jīng)驗(yàn)和信仰中所起的主導(dǎo)作用，以及它所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的形式上的多樣性。第一段對(duì)文章的話題和中心思想做了總體闡述，可判斷出作者認(rèn)為，傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗在學(xué)術(shù)界被忽視的原因在于人們還沒(méi)有意識(shí)到風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)于我們而言所起的重要作用。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“thepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenlipintothelanguageofhisfamily.”，可知風(fēng)俗在形成個(gè)人行為方面所起的作用與個(gè)人對(duì)傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗的影響相反，就好像他的母語(yǔ)詞匯量占他自己嬰兒時(shí)期被家長(zhǎng)所接受的語(yǔ)言詞匯量之比。可判斷出一個(gè)人對(duì)他所出生的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗幾乎沒(méi)有什么影響，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Eveninhisphilosophicalprobinghecannotgobehindthesestereotypes”，可知即使在他的哲學(xué)探索中，他也無(wú)法超越這些刻板印象?？膳袛喑鲲L(fēng)俗習(xí)慣不是對(duì)一群人進(jìn)行哲學(xué)探索的直接結(jié)果。選項(xiàng)B可排除。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichlieisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.”，可知從他出生的那一刻起，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣就塑造了他的經(jīng)歷和行為?？膳袛嗖皇窃诔錾熬彤a(chǎn)生影響的，選項(xiàng)C可排除。文章沒(méi)有提到風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)于個(gè)人和集體的影響和利弊，選項(xiàng)D可排除。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

3.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.”，可知個(gè)人的生活史首先是對(duì)其社會(huì)中傳統(tǒng)的模式和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的調(diào)整。可判斷出文中的custom是指人類行為的模式和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichlieisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhiscultureandbythetimeheisgrownanabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.”，可知從他出生的那一刻起，風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣就塑造了他的經(jīng)歷和行為。到他會(huì)說(shuō)話的時(shí)候，他已經(jīng)慢慢開(kāi)始熟悉文化了；到他長(zhǎng)大的時(shí)候，能夠參加文化活動(dòng)，文化帶來(lái)的習(xí)慣的信仰就是他的習(xí)慣和信仰?？膳袛喑鰪囊粋€(gè)人的出生到死亡，都受到了文化和傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗的支配的影響。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

5.作者意圖題。縱觀全文，文章開(kāi)篇就提到了人們還沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)風(fēng)俗對(duì)我們的行為和價(jià)值觀產(chǎn)生的影響，進(jìn)而忽視了它的重要性。下文用大量的篇幅闡釋了傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗對(duì)我們的影響，乃至于一個(gè)人從出生到死亡都會(huì)受到文化的影響和支配。可判斷出作者寫(xiě)文章的意圖在于強(qiáng)調(diào)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣對(duì)個(gè)人的巨大影響，以引起人們對(duì)風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的重視。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

21.單選題

Herpeerswereherworstcritics.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.students

B.equals

C.teachers

D.subordinates

【答案】B

【解析】peer意為同等的人，同齡人。equal同輩，相等的事物；subordinate下屬，從屬。選項(xiàng)B與之意思相近。

22.翻譯題

ArnoldToynbee說(shuō)過(guò)，一切進(jìn)步，一切發(fā)展均來(lái)自于挑戰(zhàn)及由此引起的反應(yīng)。沒(méi)有挑戰(zhàn)就沒(méi)有反應(yīng)，沒(méi)有發(fā)展，沒(méi)有自由。所以，我們首先應(yīng)該在我們的孩子的能力所允許的范圍內(nèi)為他們開(kāi)設(shè)要求最嚴(yán)格，最富有挑戰(zhàn)性的課程。

我們可以向我們的孩子提供的第二個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)是允許他們有失敗的權(quán)利。如果沒(méi)有人可以失敗，那它算什么考驗(yàn)，算什么自由呢？我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個(gè)越來(lái)越小的世界里，我們必須對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)保持清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)；而現(xiàn)實(shí)主義要求樹(shù)立一個(gè)要么成功要么失敗的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這些話聽(tīng)起來(lái)很刺耳，但都是殘酷的事實(shí)。如果我們剝奪孩子失敗的權(quán)利，實(shí)際上我們就剝奪了他們?nèi)鐚?shí)地認(rèn)識(shí)世界的機(jī)會(huì)。

【答案】ArnoldToynbeehassaidthatallprogress,alldevelopmentcomefromchallengeandaconsequentresponse.Withoutchallengethereisnoresponse,nodevelopment,nofreedom.Sofirstweowetoourchildrenthemostdemanding,challengingcurriculumthatiswithintheircapabilities.

Thesecondopportunitywecangiveourboysandgirlsisthe