2022年湖南公共英語考試真題卷10測

2022年湖南公共英語考試真題卷（本卷共分為1大題50小題,作答時間為180分鐘,總分100分,60分及格。）單位: 姓名: 考號:題號單選題多項選擇判斷題綜合題總分分值得分ー、單項選擇題（共50題,每題2分。每題的備選項中,只有一個最符合題意）HowdothescientistsmeasurethepitchAccordingtothemovementandvibrationsofhotgassesThetradewindsblowonEarthTheriversThesoundtravelthroughthespaceInthissectionyouwi11heareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Markthecorrectanswertoeachquestiononyourcolouredanswersheet.Thedarksmokethatcomesoutofstacksorfromaburningdumpcontainstinybitsofsolidorliquidmatter.Thesmokealsocontainsmanygases,mostofwhichcannotbeseen.Altogether,theymakeuptheseriousproblemsofairpollution.Insomanyplacesitkeepsusfromseeingthesun,irritatesoureyes,causesustocough,andmakesusill.Airpo11utioncanspreadfromcitytocity.Itevenspreadsfromonecountrytoanother.SomenorthernEuropeancountrieshavehad"blacksnow"frompollutantsthathavetraveledthroughtheairfromothercountriesandhavefallenwiththesnow.Soairpollutionisreallyaglobalproblem.AirpolIutioncanki11babies,olderpeopIe,andthosewhohaverespiratory（呼吸道的）diseases.InLondon,in1952,fourthousandpeoplediedinoneweekasaresultofaseriousair-pollutionepisode.In1948,inthesmalItownofDonora,Pennsylvania,twentypeopIediedinafour-dayperiodofbadairpollution.AtIeveIsoftenfoundincities,airpo11utionincreasestherisksofcertainlungdiseases,suchasemphysema,bronchitis,andasthma.Ofcourse,smokingandotherfactorsheIptocausetheseiIInesses,too,butthesecaseshaveincreasedgreatlyduringrecentyearsasairpollutionhasbecomeworse.Airpollutioncancausebothairplaneandautoaccidentsbecauseitcutsdownvisibility.Thereareotherpossiblehealthdangersfromairpollutionthatwedon'tknowmuchabout.Forexample,scientistsaretryingtofindoutwhetherchemicalsthatreachusfromtheairmaycausechangesinourcells.Thesechangesmightcausebabiestobebornwithseriousbirthdefects.ScientistsaretryingtolearnhowalIthemanychemicaIsweareapttotakeintoourbodiesfromair,water,food,andevenmedicinesacttogethertoaffectourhealthandthewayourbodieswork.ThatisanotherreasonwhyitissoimportanttobegintocontrolpollutionnowinsteadofwaitinguntiIwelearnalItheanswers.Airpollutioncostsusalotofmoney.ItsoiIsandcorrodesourbuiIdings.Itdamagesfarmcropsandforests.Ithasadestructiveeffectonourworksofart.ThecostofalIthisdamagetoourgovernmentisastronomical.ItwouldbemuchmoreworthwhiIe,bothforusandfortheenvironment,tospendourtaxdollarsonairpollutioncontrol.TheauthormentionspeopIedyingofairpoIIutionin.IllinoisPennsylvaniaNewJerseyWashingtonBynowfitshouIdcomeasnosurprisewhenscientistsdiscoveryetanothercaseofexperiencechangingthebrain.Fromthesensoryinformationweabsorbtothemovementswemake,ourIivesIeavefootprintsonthebumpsandfissuresofourcortex,somuchsothatexperiencescanalter“hard-wired”brainstructures.Throughrehab,strokepatientscancoaxaregionofthemotorcortexontheoppositesideofthedamagedregiontopinch-hit,restoringlostmobiIity;volunteerswhoarebIindf〇Idedforjustfivedayscanreprogramtheirvisualcortextoprocesssoundandtouch.Still,scientistshavebeensurprisedathowdeeplyculture-theIanguagewespeak,thevaluesweabsorb—shapesthebrain,andarerethinkingfindingsderivedfromstudiesofWesterners.TotakeonerecentexampIe,aregionbehindtheforeheadcalledthemediaIprefrontalcortexsupposedlyrepresentstheself:itisactivewhenwe("we"beingtheAmericansinthestudy)thinkofourownidentityandtraits.ButwithChinesevolunteers,theresultswerestrikinglydifferent.The"me"circuithummednotonlywhentheythoughtwhetheraparticularadjectivedescribedthemseIves,butalsowhentheyconsideredwhetheritdescribedtheirmother.TheWesternersshowednosuchoverlapbetweenselfandmom.DependingwhetheroneIivesinaculturethatviewstheselfasautonomousanduniqueorasconnectedtoandpartofalargerwhole,thisneuralcircuittakesonquitedifferentfunctions."Culturalneuroscience,nasthisnewfieldiscalled,isaboutdiscoveringsuchdifferences.Someofthefindings,aswiththe"me/mom"circuit,buttressIongstandingnotionsofcuIturaIdifferences.Forinstance,itisaculturalclich6thatWesternersfocusonindividuaIobjectswhileEastAsianspayattentiontocontextandbackground(anothermanifestationoftheindividuaIism-coIIectivismsplit).Sureenough,whenshowncompIex,busyscenes,Asian-Americansandnon-Asian—Americansrecruiteddifferentbrainregions.TheAsiansshowedmoreactivityinareasthatprocessfigure-groundreIations-hoIisticcontext-whiletheAmericansshowedmoreactivityinregionsthatrecognizeobjects.PsychoIogistNaiiniAmbadyofTuftsfoundsomethingsimilarwhensheandcolleaguesshoweddrawingsofpeopIeinasubmissivepose(headdown,shouldershunched)oradominantone(armscrossed,faceforward)toJapaneseandAmericans.Thebrain'sdopamine-fueIedrewardcircuitbecamemostactiveatthesightofthestance-dominantforAmericans,submissiveforJapanese-thateachvolunteer'sculturemostvalues,theyreportedin2009.Thisraisesanobviouschicken-and-eggquestion.Culturalneurosciencewouldn'tbemakingwavesifitfoundneurobioIogicalbasesonlyforweII-knownculturaldifferences.Itisalsouncoveringtheunexpected.Forinstance,a2006studyfoundthatnativeChinesespeakersuseadifferentregionofthebraintodosimplearithmetic(3+4)ordecidewhichnumberislargerthannativeEnglishspeakersdo,eventhoughbothuseArabicnumerals.TheChineseusethecircuitsthatprocessvisualandspatiaIinformationandplanmovements(thelattermayberelatedtotheuseoftheabacus).ButEnglishspeakersuseIanguagecircuits.ItisasiftheWestConceivesnumbersasjustwords,buttheEastimbuesthemwithsymbolic,spatialfreight.n0newouldthinkthatneuralprocessesinvoIvingbasicmathematicaIcomputationsareuniversal,MsaysAmbady,butthey“seemtobeculture-specific.”Nottobetheskunkatthisparty,butIthinkit'simportanttoaskwhetherneurosciencerevealsanythingmorethanwealreadyknowfrom,say,anthropology.Forinstance,it'swe11knownthatEastAsiancuIturesprizetheco11ectiveovertheindividuaI,andthatAmericansdotheopposite.Ambadythinksculturalneurosciencedoesadvanceunderstanding.Taketheme/momfinding,which,sheargues,"atteststothestrengthoftheoverlapbetweenselfandpeopIeclosetoyouinco11ectivisticculturesandtheseparationinindividualisticcultures.Itisimportanttopushtheanalysistothelevelofthebrain."EspeciallywhenitshowshowfundamentaIculturaldifferencesare-sofundamentaI,perhaps,that"universal"notionssuchashumanrights,democracy,andtheIikemaybenosuchthing.Wecanknowfromthefirstparagraphthat.theassumptionthathumanexperiencecanchangehumanbrainstructurehasalreadybeenwidelyprovedhumanexperiencecanchangebrainstructurestrokepatientscanrestoremobilitybythemselvespeopleblindfoldedforseveraldayscanstillhavevisualability6.Announcer:Helloandwelcometotoday’sshow,Liuda’sGarden.Today,we’11beinterviewingLindaonheramazingtechniquesatgrowingasquare-footgarden.Mike:GoodmorningandmynameisMike,andIhaveaspecialguesttoday,Linda.Linda,youtrulyhaveanamazinggarden.Couldyouletusknowhowyou’rekindofputtingthistogetherLinda:Well,thankyou,Mike.Ihavetriedvariousattemptsatgardeningandwithdifferent,urn,degreesofsuccess.ThisspringItookasquare-footgardeningclass,andIdecidedtotrysomeofthethingsl’velearned.Urn,oneofthemostimportantthingsinsquare-footgardeningisthatyouchooseagoodlocation.Youneedatleast6to8hoursofdirectsunshine.Urn,youalsoneedtochooseaIocationthathasgooddrainage,anditshouIdbeaconvenientIocation.AgardenisalotmorefunifyouarewalkingbyandseeingitalIthetime.Urn,youneedtodecidewhatkindofcontainersyouwant,or,inmyease,Iusedboxes,urn,woodenboxes,andthenIdividedthemupintoone-footsquares.AndthenjustdecidedwhatIwantedtoplant,andbasedonwhatthefinalplantwouldlookIike,Ihad1persquare,ormaybe3per,um,3or4persquare,12persquare.Mike:Well,Linda,l’m,l’m...trulyamazedatkindofthearchitectureofthisgarden.I’venoticedtheseverticalbeams.I’veneverseenthatbefore.CouIdyouexplainthattousaIittIebitLinda:Well,forexampIe,rightherewehavesome,urn,cantaIoupe,andcantaIoupetakealotofspacewhenyougrowthemoutontheground,andIdon’thavethatmuchspace,andso,l’vejustgrowthemup.Justgrowthemvertically.I’vejustmade,urn,ametalframe,andtakensomestrings,Ijustallowthemtogrowup,andtheywi11supportthemselves,thecantaIoupewill.AndalIkindsofdifferentvinesyoucandothiswith.Mike:Thisistrulyamazing.Inoticedthisgarden,avastamountofvegetation.CanyouexplaintomewhatyouhavegrowinginthisgardenLinda:WeiIoveronthefarend,IhavetomatoesgrowingverticaIIy.InfrontofthoseIhave,urn,greenpeppers,basiI,strawberries,uh,beets,urn,greenbeans,corn,carrots,alIkindsofdifferentvegetablesIikethat.Righthere,asIsaidbefore,Ihave,urn,cantaloupe.Downatthebottom,IhavesomeMexicantomatoescalledtomati11os.Anddownatthisend,IhaveeggpIant,anotherkindofpeppercalledbananapeppers,urn,cucumbers,okra,pumpkins...and[thinkthat’saboutit.Mike:Well,Linda,thisistrulyamazing.I’msoimpressed,andIknowoutviewerswi11beimpressedaboutthis,this,thisexceIIentgarden.Justtrulyamazing.I’dIiketothankyouverymuchforhavingusintodaytolookatyourgarden[Thankyou,Mike].Inafewminutes,viewers,wewi11letyouseetheentiregarden,andmaybeLindawi11kindofshowyouaround.So,wethankyouverymuchforbeingwithustoday,andourspeciaIguest,Linda.Haveaniceday.Whatisthemainbenefitofdevelopingasquare-footgarden().YoucangrowvegetabIesvertically.Youcanraiseplantsinaconfinedarea.Youcanplantawidevarietyofplantstogether.Youcanmakealotofprofit.Weshould-whenwewanttoglimpseinsidethesun.answerquestionsaboutitstemperaturetranslatethesoundsintoimagesknowhowgasesinsideebbandflowmeasurethepitchThedarksmokethatcomesoutofstacksorfromaburningdumpcontainstinybitsofsolidorliquidmatter.Thesmokealsocontainsmanygases,mostofwhichcannotbeseen.Altogether,theymakeuptheseriousproblemsofairpollution.Insomanyplacesitkeepsusfromseeingthesun,irritatesoureyes,causesustocough,andmakesusill.Airpollutioncanspreadfromcitytocity.Itevenspreadsfromonecountrytoanother.SomenorthernEuropeancountrieshavehadHblacksnowwfrompollutantsthathavetraveledthroughtheairfromothercountriesandhavefallenwiththesnow.Soairpollutionisreallyaglobalproblem.Airpollutioncankillbabies,olderpeople,andthosewhohaverespiratory（呼吸道的）diseases.InLondon,in1952,fourthousandpeoplediedinoneweekasaresultofaseriousair-pollutionepisode.In1948,inthesmalltownofDonora,Pennsylvania,twentypeoplediedinafour-dayperiodofbadairpollution.Atlevelsoftenfoundincities,airpollutionincreasestherisksofcertainlungdiseases,suchasemphysema,bronchitis,andasthma.Ofcourse,smokingandotherfactorshelptocausetheseillnesses,too,butthesecaseshaveincreasedgreatlyduringrecentyearsasairpollutionhasbecomeworse.Airpollutioncancausebothairplaneandautoaccidentsbecauseitcutsdownvisibility.Thereareotherpossiblehealthdangersfromairpollutionthatwedon'tknowmuchabout.Forexample,scientistsaretryingtofindoutwhetherchemicalsthatreachusfromtheairmaycausechangesinourcells.Thesechangesmightcausebabiestobebornwithseriousbirthdefects.Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowallthemanychemicalsweareapttotakeintoourbodiesfromair,water,food,andevenmedicinesacttogethertoaffectourhealthandthewayourbodieswork.Thatisanotherreasonwhyitissoimportanttobegintocontrolpollutionnowinsteadofwaitinguntilwelearnalltheanswers.Airpollutioncostsusalotofmoney.Itsoilsandcorrodesourbuildings.Itdamagesfarmcropsandforests.Ithasadestructiveeffectonourworksofart.Thecostofallthisdamagetoourgovernmentisastronomical.Itwouldbemuchmoreworthwhile,bothforusandfortheenvironment,tospendourtaxdollarsonairpollutioncontrol.Airpollutioncausesairplaneaccidentsbecause.pilotsbecomei11visibiIityisreducedenginesfail.theairistoohotJosephMachiissaysthatthebluesisanativeAmericanmusicalandverseform,withnodirectEuropeanandAfricanantecedentsofwhichweknow.Inotherwords,itisablendingofbothtraditions.Somethingspecialandentirelydifferentfromeitherofitsparenttraditions.(AlthoughAlanLomaxcitessomeexamplesofverysimilarsongshavingbeenfoundinNorthwestAfrica,particularlyamongtheWolofandWatusi)Theword'blue,hasbeenassociatedwiththeideaofmelancholiaordepressionsincetheElizabethanera.TheAmericanwriter,WashingtonIrvingiscreditedwithcoiningtheterm,theblues,9asitisnowdefined,in1807.Theearlier(almostentirelyNegro)historyofthebluesmusicaltraditionistracedthroughoraltraditionasfarbackasthe1860s.WhenAfricanandEuropeanmusicfirstbegantomergetocreatewhateventuallybecametheblues,theslavessangsongsfilledwithwordstellingoftheirextremesufferingandprivation.Oneofthemanyresponsestotheiroppressiveenvironmentresultedinthefieldholler.Thefieldhollergaverisetothespiritual,andtheblues,nnotableamongallhumanworksofartfortheirprofounddespair...TheygavevoicetothemoodofalienationandanomiethatprevailedintheconstructioncampsoftheSouth,wforitwasintheMississippiDeltathatblackswereoftenforciblyconscriptedtoworkontheleveeandland-clearingcrews,wheretheywereoftenabusedandthentossedasideorworkedtodeath.WhichdescriptionofthebluesisrightA.ItcamefromAfricantraditionB.AmericannativescreatedthebluesindependentlyC.ItwasassociatedwiththeideaofmentaldiseasesD.ItwasactuallyaffectedbythetwotraditionsAlanLore,axstatesthatthebluestraditionwasconsideredtobeamascuIinediscipline(aIthoughsomeofthefirstbluessongsheardbywhitesweresungby'lady'bluessingersIikeMamieSmithandBessieSmith)andnotmanyblackwomenweretobefoundsingingthebluesinthejuke-joints.TheSouthernprisonsalsocontributedconsiderablytothebluestraditionthroughworksongsandthesongsofdeathrowandmurder,prostitutes,thewarden,thehotsun,andahundredotherprivations.TheprisonroadcrewsandworkgangswhereweremanybIuesmenfoundtheirsongs,andwheremanyotherbIackssimplybecamefamiIiarwiththesamesongs.FollowingtheCiviIWar(accordingtoRollingStone),thebluesaroseasMadistillateoftheAfricanmusicbroughtoverbyslaves.Fieldhoilers,baIlads,churchmusicandrhythmicdancetunescalledjump-upsevoIvedintoamusicforasingerwhowouldengageincall-and-responsewithhisguitar.HewouldsingaIine,andtheguitarwouldanswerit."Bythe1890sthebluesweresunginmanyoftheruralareasoftheSouth.Andby1910,theword'blues'asappliedtothemusicaItraditionwasinfairlycommonuse.Some'bIuesoIogists'claim(ratherdubiously)thatthefirstbluessongthatwaseverwrittendownwas'DallasBlues,'pubIishedin1912byHartWand,awhiteviolinistfromOklahomaCity.ThebIuesformwasfirstpopularizedabout1911-14bytheblackcomposerW.C.Handy(1873-1958).However,thepoeticandmusicaIformofthebluesfirstcrystalIizedaround1910andgainedpopularitythroughthepubIicationofHandy's"MemphisBlues"(1912)and"St.LouisBlues"(1914).Instrumentalblueshadbeenrecordedasearlyas1913.MantIeSmithrecordedthefirstvocalbluessong,'CrazyBlues'in1920.PriestlyclaimsthatwhilethewidespreadpopularityoftheblueshadavitalinfIuenceonsubsequentjazz,itwasthe"initialpopularityofjazzwhichhadmadepossibletherecordingofbluesinthefirstplace,andtMinorityyouthsaremorelikelytofacetrialasadults.Awhitekidsellsabagofcocaineathissuburbanhighschool.ALatinokiddoesthesamehihisinner-cityneighborhood.Bothgetcaught.Botharefirst-timeoffenders.Thewhitekidwalksintojuvenilecourtwithhisparents,hispriest,agoodlawyerandmedicalcoverage.TheLatinokidwalksintocourtwithhismom,nolegalresourcesandnoinsurance.Thejudgeletsthewhitekidgowithhisfamily；he'splacedinaprivatetreatmentprogram.Theminoritykidhasnosuchoption.He'sdetained.There,hinnutshell,iswhathappensmoreandmoreofteninthejuvenile-courtsystem.MinorityyouthsarrestedonviolentfelonychargesinCaliforniaaremorethantwiceaslikelyastheirwhitecounterpartstobetransferredoutofthejuvenile-justicesystemandtriedasadults,accordingtoastudyreleasedlastweekbytheJusticePolicyInstitute,aresearchcenterhiSanFrancisco.Oncetheyareinadultcourts,youngblackoffendersare18timesmorelikelytobejailed-andHispanicsseventimesmorelikely thanareyoungwhiteoffenders."Discriminationagainstkidsofcoloraccumulatesateverystageofthejusticesystemandskyrocketswhenjuvenilesare,triedasadults,MsaysDanMacallair,aco-authorofthenewstudy."Californiahasadoublestandard：throwkidsofcolorbehindbars,butrehabilitatewhitekidswhocommitcomparablecrimes."Evenasjuvenilecrimehasdeclinedfromitspeakintheearly199Qs,headlinegrabbingviolencebyminorshasintensifiedaget-toughattitude.Overthepastsixyears,43stateshavepassedlawsthatmakeiteasiertotryjuvenilesasadults,inTexasandConnecticutin1995,thelatestyearforwhichfiguresareavailable,allthejuvenilesinjailswereminorities.VincentSchiraldi,theJusticePolicyInstitute'sdirector,concedesthat"somekidsneedtobetriedasadults.Butmostcanberehabilitated."Instead,adultprisonstendtobrutailzejuveniles.TheyareeighttimesmorelikelytocommitsuicideandfivetimesmorelikelytobesexuallyabusedthanoffendersheldInjuveniledetention."Oncetheygetout,theytendtocommitmorecrimesandmoreviolentcrimes,"saysJenniGainsborough,aspokeswomanfortheSentencingProject,areformgroupInWashington.Thesystem,Inessence,istrainingcareercriminals.Andit'sdoingitsworstworkamongminorities.Fromthefirstparagraphwelearnthat.thewhitekidismoreluckythantheminoritykidthewhitekidhasgotalotofhelpthantheminoritykidC.thewhitekidandminoritykidhasbeentreateddifferentlyD.theminoritykidshouldbesetfreeatonceHowexerciseaffectsbodyweightisoneofthemoreintriguingandvexingissuesinphysiology.Exerciseburnscalories,noonedoubtsthat,andsoitshould,intheory,produceweightloss,afactthathaspromptedcountlesspeopletoundertakeexerciseprogramstoshedpounds.Withoutsignificantlychangingtheirdiets,fewsucceed.MAnecdotally,allofushavebeencorneredbypeopleclaimingtohavespenthourseachweekwalking,running,stair-stepping,etc.,andaredispleasedwiththeresultsonthescaleorinthemirror,MwroteBarryBraun,anassociateprofessorofkinesiologyattheUniversityofMassachusettsatAmherst.Butagrowingbodyofsciencesuggeststhatexercisedoeshaveanimportantroleinweightloss.Thatrole,however,isdifferentfromwhatmanypeopleexpectandprobablywish.Thenewestsciencesuggeststhatexercisealonewillnotmakeyouthin,butitmaydeterminewhetheryoustaythin,ifyoucanachievethatstate.Untilrecently,thebodilymechanismsinvolvedweremysterious.Butscientistsareslowlyteasingoutexercise'simpactonmetabolism,appetiteandbodycomposition,thoughtheconsequencesofexercisecanvary.Women'sbodies,forinstance,seemtoreactdifferentlythanmen'sbodiestothemetaboliceffectsofexercise.Noneofwhichisareasontoabandonexerciseasaweight-losstool.Youjusthavetounderstandwhatexercisecanandcannotdo."Ingeneral,exercisebyitselfisprettyuselessforweightloss,"saysEricRavussin,anexpertonweightloss.It'sespeciallyuselessbecausepeopleoftenendupconsumingmorecalorieswhentheyexercise.Themathematicsofweightlossis,infact,quitesimple,involvingonlysubtraction."Takeinfewercaloriesthanyouburn,putyourselfinnegativeenergybalance,loseweight,“saysBraun,whohasbeenstudyingexerciseandweightlossforyears.Thedeficitincaloriescanresultfromcuttingbackyourfoodintakeorfromincreasingyourenergyoutput一theamountofexerciseyoucomplete一orboth.WhenresearchersaffiliatedwiththePenningtoncenterhadvolunteersreducetheirenergybalanceforastudybyeithercuttingtheircalorieintakesby25percentorincreasingtheirdailyexerciseby12.5percentandcuttingtheircaloriesby12.5percent,everyoneinvolvedlostweight.Theyalllostaboutthesameamountofweighttoo-aboutapoundaweek.Butintheexercisinggroup,thedoseofexerciserequiredwasnearlyanhouradayofmoderate-intensityactivity.Whatthefederalgovernmentcurrentlyrecommendsforweightlossiswalotmorethanwhatmanypeoplewouldbeableorwillingtodo,Ravussinsays.Thephrase"teasingout"inParagraph2probablymeanssucceedingin[A]testingoutsomethingthatisunknown.[B]learninginformationthatishidden.[C]makinguseofinformationthatishidden.ED]puttingeffortintosomethingthatisunknown.Atthesametime,asmanypeopIehavefoundafterstartinganewexerciseregimen,workingoutcanhaveasignificanteffectonappetite.ThemechanismsthatcontrolappetiteandenergybaIanceinthehumanbodyareeIegantIycalibrated."Thebodyaimsforhomeostasis,"Braunsays.ItIikestoremainatwhateverweightit'susedto.SoevensmalIchangesinenergybaIancecanproducerapidchangesincertainhormonesassociatedwithappetite,particuIarIyacyIatedghreIin,whichisknowntoincreasethedesireforfood,aswe11asinsulinandIeptin,hormonesthataffecthowthebodyburnsfuel.Theeffectsofexerciseontheappetiteandenergysystems,however,arebynomeansconsistent.InonestudypresentedlastyearattheannuaIconferenceoftheAmericanCo11egeofSportsMedicine,whenheaIthyyoungmenranforanhourandahalfonatreadmi11atafairlyhighintensity,theirbloodconcentrationsofacyIatedghreIinfe11vandfoodheldlittleappeaIfortherestofthatday.ExercisebIuntedtheirappetites.AstudythatBraunoversawhadasiightIydifferentoutcome.Init,18overweightmenandwomenwaIkedontreadmiIIsinmultiplesessionswhileeithereatingenoughthatdaytoreplacethecaloriesburnedduringexerciseornot.Afterward,themendispIayedlittleornochangesintheirenergy-regulatinghormonesortheirappetites,muchasintheotherstudy.ButthewomenuniformlyhadincreasedbloodconcentrationsofacyIatedghrelinanddecreasedconcentrationsofinsulinafterthesessionsinwhichtheyhadeatenlessthantheyhadburned.TheirbodiesweredirectingthemtorepIacethelostcalories.Inphys!〇IogicaIterms,theresults"areconsistentwiththeparadigmthatmechanismstomaintainbodyfataremoreeffectiveinwomen,"Braunandhiscolleagueswrote.Inpracticalterms,theresultsarescientificproofthatIifeisunfair.FernaIebodies,inspiredalmostcertainly"byabiologicalneedtomaintainenergystoresforreproductYellowStoneNationalParkislocatedin.thenorthernpartofWyomingthenorthernpartofWyomingthenorthernpartofWyomingthenorthernpartofWyomingWhatdidtheyfindoutAnequatorialbeltoffastermovingmaterial.Thesolarsound.Asunorbitingsate11ite.AnotherpIantet.Thedarksmokethatcomesoutofstacksorfromaburningdumpcontainstinybitsofsolidorliquidmatter.Thesmokealsocontainsmanygases,mostofwhichcannotbeseen.Altogether,theymakeuptheseriousproblemsofairpollution.Insomanyplacesitkeepsusfromseeingthesun,irritatesoureyes,causesustocough,andmakesusill.Airpollutioncanspreadfromcitytocity.Itevenspreadsfromonecountrytoanother.SomenorthernEuropeancountrieshavehadMblacksnow'1frompollutantsthathavetraveledthroughtheairfromothercountriesandhavefallenwiththesnow.Soairpollutionisreallyaglobalproblem.Airpollutioncankillbabies,olderpeople,andthosewhohaverespiratory（呼吸道的）diseases.InLondon,in1952,fourthousandpeoplediedinoneweekasaresultofaseriousair-pollutionepisode.In1948,inthesmalltownofDonora,Pennsylvania,twentypeoplediedinafour-dayperiodofbadairpollution.Atlevelsoftenfoundincities,airpollutionincreasestherisksofcertainlungdiseases,suchasemphysema,bronchitis,andasthma.Ofcourse,smokingandotherfactorshelptocausetheseillnesses,too,butthesecaseshaveincreasedgreatlyduringrecentyearsasairpollutionhasbecomeworse.Airpollutioncancausebothairplaneandautoaccidentsbecauseitcutsdownvisibility.Thereareotherpossiblehealthdangersfromairpollutionthatwedon'tknowmuchabout.Forexample,scientistsaretryingtofindoutwhetherchemicalsthatreachusfromtheairmaycausechangesinourcells.Thesechangesmightcausebabiestobebornwithseriousbirthdefects.Scientistsaretryingtolearnhowallthemanychemicalsweareapttotakeintoourbodiesfromair,water,food,andevenmedicinesact