考研考博-英語-惠州城市職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-惠州城市職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

ImportedfromGermany,this（）instrumentrequiresawell-trainedoperator.

問題1選項

A.artificial

B.intricate

C.competent

D.luxurious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項artificial“人造的；仿造的；虛偽的”；B選項intricate“復雜的；錯綜的；纏結的”；C選項competent“勝任的；有能力的”；D選項luxurious“奢侈的；豐富的”。句意：從德國進口的這個復雜儀器需要一位訓練有素的操作者。根據(jù)句意，判斷出B選項正確。

2.單選題

Romanliteratureneverceasedto（）influenceintheMiddleAges,andthisinfluencebecamemuchgreaterinthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturieswhenmoreRomanworksbecameknown.

問題1選項

A.exert

B.practice

C.resist

D.stage

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。exert“運用，發(fā)揮，施以影響”；practice“練習”；resist“拒絕”；stage“舉行，上演”。句意：羅馬文學在中世紀的影響從未停止，這種影響在14和15世紀，當更多的羅馬作品被了解后，這種影響變得更大。選項A符合題意。

3.單選題

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

AnglicanArchbishopRowanWilliamssetoffaninternationalfirestormonFebruary7,2008bysuggestingthatsome“accommodation”ofMuslimfamilylawwas“unavoidable”inEngland.Hissuggestion,thoughcarefullyqualified,promptedmorethan250articlesintheworldpresswithinamonth,thevastmajoritydenouncingit.England,hiscriticscharged,willbebesetby“l(fā)icensedpolygamy,”barbaricprocedures,andbrutalviolenceagainstwomenencasedinsuffocatingburkas(穆斯林婦女穿的長袍).CriticsproclaimedthatMuslimcitizensofaWesterndemocracywillbesubjecttolegallyghettoizedMuslimcourtsimmunefromcivilappealorconstitutionalchallenge.ConsiderNigeria,Pakistan,andotherformerEnglishcoloniesthathavesoughttobalanceMuslimShari’a(伊斯蘭教法)withthecommonlaw,othercriticsadded.Thehorrificexcessesandchronichumanrightsviolationsoftheirreligiouscourts—evenorderingthefaithfultostoneinnocentrapevictimsfordishonoringtheirfamilies—provethatreligiouslawsandstatelawsonthefamilysimplycannotcoexist.Caseclosed.

Thiscasewon’tstayclosedforlong,however.TheArchbishopwasnotcallingfortheestablishmentofindependentMuslimcourtsinEngland,letalonetheenforcementofShari’abyEnglishcourts.Hewas,instead,raisingawholeseriesofhardbut“unavoidable”questionsaboutmarital,cultural,andreligiousidentityandpracticeinWesterndemocraticsocietiescommittedtohumanrightsforall.Whatformsofmarriageshouldcitizensbeabletochoose,andwhatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsberequiredtorespect?HowshouldMuslimsandotherreligiousminoritieswithdistinctivefamilynormsandculturalpracticesbeaccommodatedinasocietydedicatedtoreligiouslibertyandself-determination,andtoreligiousequalityandnon-discrimination?Arelegalpluralismandeven“personalfederalism”necessarytoprotectMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieverswhoareconscientiouslyopposedtotheliberalvaluesthatinformmodernstatelawsonsex,marriage,andfamily?IseveryconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstepontheslipperyslopetowardempoweringthatfaith,someofwhoseleaderssubverttheverydemocraticandhumanrightsvaluesthatnowofferthemprotection?Theseandotherhardquestionsarebecoming“un?avoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocracieswithgrowinganddiverseMuslimcommunities,eachmakingnewandeverlouderdemands.IfcurrentgrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue,agenerationfromnowtheDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay.

75.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

76.Theauthorthinksthatthe“casewon’tstayclosedforlong”becausetheArchbishop___.

77.WhichofthefollowingquestionsdoestheauthorNOTaskinthesecondparagraph?

78.Thequestionsraisedbytheauthorarebecoming“unavoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocraciesNOTbecause____.

問題1選項

A.ArchbishopRowanWilliamssetsaninternationalfirestorm

B.CriticstoArchbishopRowanWilliams’suggestion

C.EnglandcannotacceptMuslimfamilylaw

D.Religiouslawsandstatelawsonthefamilysimplycannotcoexist

問題2選項

A.wasraisingfundamentalquestionsofhumanrightsforall

B.wasnotcallingfortheestablishmentofindependentMuslimcourtsinEngland

C.wasnotcallingforenforcementofShari’abyEnglishcourts

D.raisedquestionsrelatingtomarital,cultural,andreligiousidentity

問題3選項

A.Cancitizenschoosetheirmarriageforms?

B.ShouldMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieversbeprotectedbylegalpluralism?

C.Whatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsrespect?

D.IsconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstep?

問題4選項

A.theMuslimcommunitiesaregrowinganddiverse

B.eachoftheMuslimcommunitiesismakingnewandeverlouderdemands

C.theDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay

D.thegrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】75.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段中心句AnglicanArchbishopRowanWilliamssetoffaninternationalfirestorm1onFebruary7,2008bysuggestingthatsome“accommodation”ofMuslimfamilylawwas“unavoidable”inEngland.（2008年2月7日，英國圣公會(Anglican)大主教羅文?威廉姆斯(RowanWilliams)提出，在英國“不可避免”地“遷就”穆斯林家庭法，這引發(fā)了一場國際風暴）可知第一段的最佳主題是A選項“大主教羅文?威廉姆斯引發(fā)了一場國際風暴”；B選項“大主教羅文?威廉姆斯的建議遭到了批評”，C選項“英國不能接受穆斯林家庭法”以及D選項“關于家庭的宗教法律和州法律根本不能共存”只是第一段的片面內容，都是解釋說明“大主教羅文?威廉姆斯引發(fā)了一場國際風暴”的具體內容，只有A選項足以概括第一段內容。因此A選項正確。

76.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Thiscasewon’tstayclosedforlong…Hewas,instead,raisingawholeseriesofhardbut“unavoidable”questionsaboutmarital,cultural,andreligiousidentityandpracticeinWesterndemocraticsocietiescommittedtohumanrightsforall.（這個案子不會結案太久……相反，他（指前一句所提到的TheArchbishop“大主教”）提出了一系列關于婚姻、文化和宗教認同以及西方民主社會中致力于人人享有人權的做法的艱難但“不可避免”的問題）可知選A選項“提出了所有人的基本人權問題”；D選項“提出有關婚姻、文化和宗教身份的問題”和原文有偏差，沒有A選項概括的那么全面；根據(jù)原文B選項“沒有呼吁在英國建立獨立的穆斯林法庭”和C選項“不是呼吁英國法庭執(zhí)行伊斯蘭教法”并沒有回答為什么“案件不會持續(xù)很長時間”這一問題，排除。因此A選項正確。

77.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Arelegalpluralismandeven“personalfederalism”necessarytoprotectMuslimsandotherreligiousbelieverswhoareconscientiouslyopposedtotheliberalvaluesthatinformmodernstatelawsonsex,marriage,andfamily?（法律多元主義甚至“個人聯(lián)邦制”是否有必要保護穆斯林和那些自覺反對為現(xiàn)代州性、婚姻和家庭法律提供信息的自由價值觀的其他宗教信仰者們？）可知B選項“穆斯林和其他宗教信徒應該受到法律多元化的保護嗎？”和原文有偏差，原文對于“其他宗教信徒”有“自覺反對為現(xiàn)代州性、婚姻和家庭法律提供信息的自由價值觀”這一限定，而B選項范圍過大；第二段Whatformsofmarriageshouldcitizensbeabletochoose,andwhatforumsofreligiousmarriagelawshouldstategovernmentsberequiredtorespect?（公民應該選擇什么樣的婚姻形式，州政府應該尊重什么樣的宗教婚姻法論壇？）對應A選項“公民可以選擇自己的婚姻形式嗎？”和C選項“國家政府應該尊重哪些宗教婚姻法論壇？”；第二段IseveryconstitutionalaccommodationofMuslimfamilylawandShari’acourtsadangerousstepontheslipperyslopetowardempoweringthatfaith,someofwhoseleaderssubverttheverydemocraticandhumanrightsvaluesthatnowofferthemprotection?（憲法對穆斯林家庭法和伊斯蘭法庭的每一個通融是否都是朝著賦予這種信仰權力的方向邁出的危險的一步，他們的一些領導人顛覆了現(xiàn)在為他們提供保護的非常民主和人權的價值觀？）對應D選項“憲法對穆斯林家庭法和伊斯蘭教法的適應是危險的一步嗎?”。因此B選項符合題意。

78.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段末尾Theseandotherhardquestionsarebecoming“un-avoidable”formanymodernWesterndemocracieswithgrowinganddiverseMuslimcommunities,eachmakingnewandeverlouderdemands.IfcurrentgrowthratesofMuslimcommunitiesintheWestcontinue,agenerationfromnowtheDanishcartoon“crisis”isgoingtoseemlikechild’splay.（隨著穆斯林群體的不斷壯大和多樣化，每個人都提出了越來越強烈的新要求，對于許多現(xiàn)代西方民主國家來說，這些和其他棘手的問題正變得“無法避免”。如果西方穆斯林社區(qū)目前的增長速度繼續(xù)下去，那么從現(xiàn)在開始的一代人看來，丹麥漫畫《危機》將像兒戲）可知A選項“穆斯林社區(qū)正在成長和多樣化”，B選項“每一個穆斯林社區(qū)都在提出新的、更響亮的要求”以及D選項“穆斯林社區(qū)在西方繼續(xù)增長”都是導致作者提出的問題對許多現(xiàn)代西方民主國家來說正變得“不可避免”的原因，而C選項“丹麥漫畫《危機》看起來就像兒戲”是這些問題會導致的結果。因此C選項符合題意。

4.單選題

GivingEmployeesWhatTheyWant:TheReturnsareHugeDavidSirota,co-authorofTheEnthusiasticEmployee:HowCompaniesProfitbyGivingWorkersWhatTheyWant,findsthatfirmswhereemployeemoraleishightendtooutperformcompetitors.Hetoldus:"Peopleatworkhavevariousbasicgoals.First,theywanttobetreatedfairly.Employeeswanttoknowtheyaregettingwhatisnormallydefinedascompetitivepay.IfIfeelunderpaid,thereisnotmuchanorganizationcandotoboostmymorale.Second,employeeswantasenseofachievementfromwork.Thekeyelementistobeproudofyourjobandproudoftheorganizationforwhichyouaredoingit.Thethirdelementiscamaraderie.Thisisalsonotmentionedmuchinourfield,butit’skey——notonlyinthesenseofhavingafriend,butworkingwelltogetherasateam.”

And,hesays,thereareanumberofotherthingscompaniescandotoboostmorale:“First,providesecurity.Layingoffpeopleshouldbethelastresort,notthefirstthingyoudo.Somecompaniesusearingofdefense.Ifthebusinessishavingdifficulties,theyretrainworkersorbringworkinsidefromsubcontractors.Thereareanumberofstepsyoucantakebeforemakingpeopleredundant.

Second,wheretherearedifficultiesingettingworkdone,wesuggestself-managedteams.Toyotaisagoodexampleinhavingateamofworkersmanagepartoftheassemblyline.Theteamcouldlookatqualityandatwhateverkindsofmaintenanceandsupportwereneeded,anditcoulddecidehowtorotateworkers.Asopposedtotheusualtop-downmanagement,thisapproachistremendouslysatisfyingforworkers,andthusreducestheneedforbureaucracybecausethepeopleessentiallyaremanagingthemselves.

“Recognitionisalsoimportant.Organization-wideawardsshouldbeliketheNobelPrize,wherepeersareinvolvedintheselectionoftheindividualswhoreceivetheawardforoutstandingachievement,notday-to-daywork.

“Thetraditionalmeritpaysystemswithanappraisalandpayincreasearequitenegative.Workersfeelnorelationbetweenwhattheydoandtheirpayincrease.Arewardhastobefeltassuch.Researchhasverifiedasystemsuchas‘gainsharing’,inwhichagroupofworkersjudgesitsperformanceovertime.Ifproductivitygoesup20%andtheworkforceincreases10%,thenthatmeansthereisgreaterefficiency.

“Inthe1980sand1990s,wehadareactiontoparticularformsofmanagement.Wetalkaboutfourkinds:thefirstoneispaternalism,whereworkersaretreatedaschildren.Thenthereisadversarial,whereworkersaretheenemy.Thenthereistransactional,whereworkersarelikeciphers.Managementdoesnotknowwhattheyarelikeasindividuals.Theattitudeis,‘Wepaidyou,nowweareeven.Wedon’toweyouanything.’That’swheremostcompanieshavegonetoday.Loyaltyisdead.

“Thefourthiswhatwehavebeentalkingabout,whichisthepartnershiporganization.ItdoesnotmeanthatbecauseIpaidyou,wearenoweven.Youdon’ttreatpartnersthatwaybecauseyoumightneedthemtohelpyououtsometime,andtheymightneedyou.It’smorelikearelationshipbetweenmatureadults--notlikechildrenorenemies,butallies.”

1.Inparagraph1,whateffectofhighmoraleismentioned?

2.WhichofthesedoesSirotasuggestisgoodreactionforacompanywithfinancialproblems?

3.HowdidToyotamotivateworkersonassemblylines?

4.Howshouldbonusesbeawarded,accordingtoSirota?

5.What,nowadays,isthetypicalmanagement-workerrelationship?

問題1選項

A.Employeesstaywiththecompanylonger.

B.Employeesworkharderthantheircounterpartsinothercompanies.

C.Companiesproducebetterresultsthantheirrivals.

D.Companieswithhighmoralearemorerespected.

問題2選項

A.Reducingtheworkforce.

B.Outsourcingtoreducecosts.

C.Reducingtherewardspackages.

D.Transferringemployeestootherjobs.

問題3選項

A.Byaskingmanagerstotaketurnstoperformasworkers.

B.Bylettinggroupsofworkersmakedecisionsontheirworkorganization.

C.Byallowingteamstotakeoverthewholeprocessofproduction.

D.Byrewardingthemforachievingtheirproductiontarget.

問題4選項

A.Theyshouldbedecidedbypeopleatthesamelevelintheorganization.

B.Theyshouldbegivenonamonthlybasis.

C.Theyshouldbebasesonroutinework.

D.Theyshouldbeawardedasaresultofevaluationfromlinemanagers.

問題5選項

A.Onwhereworkershavetobecaredforbytheirmanagers.

B.Oneofhostility,showingstrongdislikewitheachother.

C.Onewhichispurelyeconomic.

D.Oneofco-operationonequalterms.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第一段第一句后半部分提到“發(fā)現(xiàn)那些員工士氣高的公司比他們的競爭公司經(jīng)營得要好”（findsthatfirmswhereemployeemoraleishightendtooutperformcompetitors），因此可知員工士氣高的公司收益要比競爭對手高，選項C符合題意。

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第二段提到“解雇員工應該是最后的手段，而不是最初的。有些公司會采用一些防御辦法。如果公司遇到困難，他們重新培訓員工或者從別的承包商那里接工作”（Layingoffpeopleshouldbethelastresort,notthefirstthingyoudo.Somecompaniesusearingofdefense.Ifthebusinessishavingdifficulties,theyretrainworkersorbringworkinsidefromsubcontractors.），由此可知選項D“將員工調整到其他崗位”符合題意。

第3題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第三段第一二句話提到“當工作遇到困難時，建議團隊進行自我管理。Toyota就是最好的例子”（Second,wheretherearedifficultiesingettingworkdone,wesuggestself-managedteams.Toyotaisagoodexampleinhavingateamofworkersmanagepartoftheassemblyline），接著該段介紹了團隊如何來進行自我管理，比如決定如何讓員工輪班（decidehowtorotateworkers）。因此選項B符合題意。

第4題:細節(jié)事實題。文章第五段提到“研究證實了一種‘收益分享’的系統(tǒng)，在這種系統(tǒng)下一組員工不斷進行績效評估。如果生產量增加了20%，勞動力增加了10%，那么意味著效率更高”（Researchhasverifiedasystemsuchas‘gainsharing’,inwhichagroupofworkersjudgesitsperformanceovertime.Ifproductivitygoesup20%andtheworkforceincreases10%,thenthatmeansthereisgreaterefficiency），由此可知獎勵是根據(jù)員工的工作業(yè)績來定的，選項C符合題意。

第5題:細節(jié)事實題。文章最后一段最后一句話提到“它更像成年人之間的一種關系，不像孩子或者敵人之間的相處模式，而是盟友”（It’smorelikearelationshipbetweenmatureadults--notlikechildrenorenemies,butallies），由此可知選項D“平等的合作關系”符合題意。

5.單選題

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.

Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward:moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswe-wentfromWordsworth’sDaffodilstoBaudelaire’sFlowersofEvil.

Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.

Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.

Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery:Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.

TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable,“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.

Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends;andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

51.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat______.

52.Theword“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething______.

53.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising______.

54.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves______.

55.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

問題1選項

A.poetrynotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic

B.artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings

C.poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness

D.artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest

問題2選項

A.religious

B.unpleasant

C.entertaining

D.commercial

問題3選項

A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart

B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic

C.replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation

D.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself

問題4選項

A.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness

B.theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing

C.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied

D.theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms

問題5選項

A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.

B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.

C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.

D.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】51.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“通過引用詩人華茲華斯和波德萊爾的例子，作者想表明……”。根據(jù)第一段andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad（但他們卻選擇關注那些感覺糟糕的情感）和第二段Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward:moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswe-wentfromWordsworth’sDaffodilstoBaudelaire’sFlowersofEvil.（最早的藝術形式，如繪畫和音樂，是最適合表達快樂的。但從19世紀開始，越來越多的藝術家開始認為快樂是無意義的、虛假的，或者是最糟糕的，無聊的，就像我們從華茲華斯的水仙花到波德萊爾的惡之花。）可知，藝術家開始關注那些令人不快的情感，但最早的藝術形式都適合表達快樂，只是19世紀的某個時候，當我們從華茲華斯的水仙花轉向波德萊爾的惡之花時，越來越多的藝術家開始把快樂看成是乏味的，虛假的，甚至是令人厭倦的；因此，可推斷出“藝術家已經(jīng)改變了興趣的焦點”。故D項“藝術家們已經(jīng)改變了他們的興趣焦點”符合題意。A項“詩歌不像繪畫或音樂那樣能表達快樂”，文中沒有將詩歌、繪畫和音樂對于快樂的表現(xiàn)力進行比較，因此不選；B項“藝術產生于積極和消極的情感”，這個選項沒有錯誤，但不是文章引用詩人Wordsworth和Baudelaire的例子所要表達的內容，所以不選；C項“今天的詩人較少懷疑幸?！保闹袥]有提到詩人，該項錯誤；故該題選D。

52.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】語義猜測題。題干的意思是“第五段第五行的‘bummer’是指某件事情……”。根據(jù)題干定位到第五段Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery:Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.（早期時候的人，生活被苦難包圍著。他們工作到筋疲力盡，生活幾乎沒有保障，壽命很短。在西方，在大眾傳媒和識字之前，最強大的大眾媒體是教堂時刻提醒信徒，他們的靈魂處于危險之中，他們總有一天會成為蟲子的食物?？紤]到這一切，他們并不需要他們那些藝術也能令人掃興。），前面提到了早期人們生活的苦難，從最后too這個詞語可知他們不再需要增加一個令他們不快樂的事物；因此這里的“bummer”是表示不快樂的事情，即somethingunpleasant。A項“宗教的”，文章提到教堂只是舉例說明早期人們生活的苦難；C項“令人愉快的”與文章不符；D項“商業(yè)的”這一段沒有提到；故該題選B項“不愉快的”正確。

53.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“在作者的觀點中，廣告……”。第四段第二句提到Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.（廣告和反快樂藝術的興起幾乎完全跟隨著大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)，并伴隨著它的出現(xiàn)，在這種商業(yè)文化中，幸福不僅僅是一種理想，而是一種意識形態(tài)），由此可知，作者認為廣告并沒有創(chuàng)造幸福，而是創(chuàng)造了幸福的意識形態(tài)；因此D項“創(chuàng)造幸福的幻覺，而不是幸福本身”符合題意；A項“是在反快樂藝術之后出現(xiàn)的”，文章說到了Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia（廣告和反快樂藝術的興起幾乎完全跟隨著大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)），所以它們是同時出現(xiàn)的，因此該項錯誤；B項“是導致公眾失望的原因”和C項“取代教會作為主要的信息來源”文中沒有提到；故該題選D。

54.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“從文章最后一段我們可以知道作者相信……”。最后一段作者講述的是在今天這樣一個快樂唾手可得的年代，我們必須記住一點，那就是，只有在面臨巨大的失敗和失望的風險后取得的才是真正的快樂；而今天我們需要藝術告訴我們死亡的象征，就像宗教曾經(jīng)告訴我們的那樣，那就是反快樂文化。作者在最后提到It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.（這是一個比丁香香煙更苦澀的信息，但不知怎的，卻是一股新鮮空氣），由此可以推斷作者是想表達反快樂的藝術是令人不悅但卻令人耳目一新；故B項“反快樂的藝術是令人不快的，但令人耳目一新”為正確選項。A項“幸福往往以悲傷告終”故意混淆了作者引用宗教的意圖，作者只是說宗教提醒人們各種痛苦的存在，而不是說幸福都會以悲傷告終；C項“痛苦應該被享受，而不是被拒絕”，文章中作者只是說人們需要接受痛苦，而不是說享受痛苦；D項“當經(jīng)濟繁榮時，反快樂的藝術繁榮起來”過度解讀，故該題選B。

55.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)判斷題。題干的意思是“下列哪一項是正確的？”。根據(jù)文章第五段第二句IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.（在西方，在大眾傳媒和識字之前，最強大的大眾媒體是教堂時刻提醒信徒，他們的靈魂處于危險之中，他們總有一天會成為蟲子的食物）可知A項“宗教曾經(jīng)起到提醒痛苦的作用”正確；B項“藝術提供了期望和現(xiàn)實之間的平衡”，文章提到藝術表達的往往是糟糕的情感或者反快樂，作者表達人們正是需要這種反快樂去時刻提醒自己真正的快樂是什么，并沒有提到藝術能夠提供現(xiàn)實和期望的平衡，有點過度曲解；C項“人們對現(xiàn)代社會的現(xiàn)實感到失望”沒有提到，所以不選；D項“大眾媒體傾向于報道災難和死亡”，文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句提到TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.（今天，普通西方人周圍的信息不是宗教的，而是商業(yè)的，永遠快樂），所以大眾媒體傳達的是一種幸福的思想，因此該項錯誤。故該題選A。

6.單選題

Whenthedisasterhappened,thehelicopter___nearly20peoplefromtheroofoftheburningbuilding.

問題1選項

A.unveiled

B.rescued

C.comforted

D.predicted

【答案】B

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.unveiled使公布于眾；揭開B.rescued營救；援救

C.comforted安慰；使（痛苦）緩和D.predicted預言；預知

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】when引導時間狀語從句，時態(tài)為過去式，空格處應填動詞的過去式。主語為直升機，根據(jù)句子邏輯，直升機應該是從屋頂救人。因此選B.rescued營救，援救。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項均無法與空格前后構成相應邏輯關系。

【句意】災難發(fā)生時，直升飛機從燃燒的樓頂救出了近20人。

7.單選題

Itbestowstheabilitytoovercomelaziness,temptationsandnegativehabits,andtocarryoutactions,eveniftheyrequireeffort,areunpleasantandtediousorcontrarytoone’shabit.

問題1選項

A.monotonous

B.interesting

C.entertaining

D.equitable

【答案】A

【解析】考查同義形容詞辨析。A選項monotonous“單調的，千篇一律的，因單調令人厭煩的”；B選項interesting“有趣的，有意思的”；C選項entertaining“令人愉快的，有趣的”；D選項equitable“公平的，公正的”。句意：它賦予人們克服懶惰、誘惑和消極習慣的能力，并且能夠采取行動，即使這些行動需要付出努力，是令人不快的、乏味的或與自己的習慣相反的。Tedious“沉悶的；冗長乏味的”，A選項與該詞意思最相近，因此A選項正確。

8.單選題

A____springhasfinallycometoSarajevo—andwithit,theillusionofrenewal.

問題1選項

A.tangible

B.barren

C.transient

D.tardy

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.tangible有形的B.barren貧瘠的

C.transient短暫的D.tardy緩慢的

【答案】C

【考查點】修飾語與被修飾語的搭配

【解題思路】空格處所填形容詞修飾的是“春天”，只有C選項transient“短暫的”可以和春天搭配。

【干擾項排除】

A選項tangible“有形的”，與被修飾語“春天”搭配不當；

B選項barren“貧瘠的”，與被修飾語“春天”搭配不當；

D選項tardy“緩慢的”，與被修飾語“春天”搭配不當，可以說春天來得緩慢，不會說緩慢的春天。

【句意】薩拉熱窩（Sarajevo）終于迎來了短暫的春天，隨之而來的是復興的幻覺。

9.單選題

Thebrick-and-mortarmuseumthatexistsintherealworldisunlikelytobecomeobsolete,but“visiting”museumsincyberspaceisnowacommonpastime.

問題1選項

A.hobby

B.fashion

C.mode

D.pattern

【答案】A

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.hobby業(yè)余愛好（活動）B.fashion（衣服、發(fā)式等的）流行款式，時興式樣

C.mode風格，樣式D.pattern模式

【答案】A

【考查點】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】pastime的意思為“消遣，休閑活動”，指的是在線參觀博物館已成為一種普遍的休閑活動，只有hobby與之詞義相近，因此A選項正確。

【干擾項排除】B、C、D選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】現(xiàn)實世界中的實體博物館不太可能過時，但現(xiàn)在在線參觀博物館已成為一種普遍的休閑活動。

10.單選題

Thebookshiftedheroutlookfromsocialtospiritual,foritsthemewasthatbeforeyouchangeotherpeopleyouhavetochangeyourself.

問題1選項

A.viewpoint

B.vocation

C.prospect

D.preference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這本書將她的……從社會轉向精神方面，因為它的主題是在改變他人之前，你必須先改變自己。viewpoint“觀點，視角”；vocation“職業(yè)”；prospect“前景，期望”；preference“偏愛，傾向”。根據(jù)“fromsocialtospiritual”可推測劃線單詞的意思是“觀點”，因此選項A符合題意。

11.單選題

Ethnographyisthestudyofaparticularhumansocietyortheprocessofmakingsuchastudy.Contemporaryethnographyisbasedalmostentirelyonfieldworkandrequiresthecompleteimmersionoftheanthropologistinthecultureandeverydaylifeofthepeoplewhoarethesubjectofhisstudy.Ethnography,byvirtueofitsintersubjectivenature,isnecessarilycomparative.Giventhattheanthropologistinthefieldnecessarilyretainscertainculturalbiases,hisobservationsanddescriptionsmust,toacertaindegree,becomparative.Thustheformulatingofgeneralizationsaboutcultureandthedrawingofcomparisonsinevitablybecomecomponentsofethnography.

ModernanthropologistsusuallyidentifytheestablishmentofethnographyasaprofessionalfieldwiththepioneeringworkofboththePolish-bornBritishanthropologistBronislawMalinowskiintheTrobriandIslandsofMelanesia.Ethnographicfieldworkhassincebecomeasortofriteofpassageintotheprofessionofculturalanthropology.Manyethnographersresideinthefieldforayearormore,learningthelocallanguageordialectand,tothegreatestextentpossible,participatingineverydaylifewhileatthesametimemaintaininganobserver’sobjectivedetachment.

Thismethod,calledparticipant-observation,whilenecessaryandusefulforgainingathoroughunderstandingofaforeignculture,isinpracticequitedifficult.Justastheanthropologistbringstothesituationcertaininherent,ifunconscious,culturalbiases,soalsoisheinfluencedbythesubjectofhisstudy.Whiletherearecasesofethnographerswhofeltalienatedorevenrepelledbytheculturetheyentered,many—perhapsmost—havecometoidentifycloselywith“theirpeople,”afactorthataffectstheirobjectivity.Inadditiontothetechniqueofparticipant-observation,thecontemporaryethnographerusuallyselectsandcultivatescloserelationshipswithindividuals,knownasinformants,whocanprovidespecificinformationonritual,kinship,orothersignificantaspectsofculturallife.Inthisprocessalsotheanthropologistrisksthedangerofbiasedviewpoints,asthosewhomostwillinglyactasinformantsfrequentlyareindividualswhoaremarginaltothegroupandwho,forulteriormotives(e.g.,alienationfromthegrouporadesiretobesingledoutasspecialbytheforeigner),mayprovideotherthanobjectiveexplanationsofculturalandsocialphenomena.Afinalhazardinherentinethnographicfieldworkistheever-presentpossibilityofculturalchangeproducedbyorresultingfromtheethnographer’spresenceinthegroup.

Contemporaryethnographiesusuallyadheretoacommunity,ratherthanindividual,focusandconcentrateonthedescriptionofcurrentcircumstancesratherthanhistoricalevents.Traditionally,commonalitiesamongmembersofthegrouphavebeenemphasized,thoughrecentethnographyhasbeguntoreflectaninterestintheimportanceofvariationwithinculturalsystems.Ethnographicstudiesarenolongerrestrictedtosmallprimitivesocietiesbutmayalsofocusonsuchsocialunitsasurbanghettos.ThetoolsoftheethnographerhavechangedradicallysinceMalinowski’stime.Whiledetailednotesarestillamainstayoffieldwork,ethnographershavetakenfulladvantageoftechnologicaldevelopmentssuchasmotionpicturesandtaperecorderstoaugmenttheirwrittenaccounts.

1.ThelastsentenceofPara.1indicatesorsuggeststhat（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingmayNOTgivebiasestotheethnographer’sstudyofculture?

3.TheethnographershowsgreatinterestinallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,itwasMalinowskiwho（）.

5.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatthemethodusedbyearlierethnographerswas（）.

問題1選項

A.ethnographyshouldmaketheoret