考研考博-英語-晉中職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-晉中職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.寫作題

Insomecountriesyoungpeopleareencouragedtoworkortravelforayearbetweenfinishinghighschoolandstartinguniversitystudies.

Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesforyoungpeoplewhodecidetodothis.Givereasonsforyouranswerandincludeanyrelevantexamplesfromyourownknowledgeorexperience.

【答案】略

2.單選題

Ifyoudon’tmind,I______listentopopsongsthantojazz.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldrather

B.wouldprefer

C.wouldlike

D.feellike

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A項(xiàng)wouldrather“寧愿”，B項(xiàng)wouldprefer“寧愿，更喜歡”，C項(xiàng)wouldlike“愿意，想要”，D項(xiàng)feellike“想做某事”。根據(jù)句子可知，wouldratherdothando固定搭配，表示“寧愿干……而不愿……”。句意：如果你不介意的話，我寧愿聽流行歌曲而不愿聽爵士樂。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

3.填空題

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereisoneextrachoice,whichdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Mosterroneousconclusionsbyscientistsarediscoveredduringtheprocessofpublishingtheirresearch.(41)So-called“junkscience”bypassesthissystemofpeerreview.Presenteddirectlytothepublicbypeoplevariouslydescribedas“experts”or“activists,”oftenwithlittleornosupportingevidence,this“junkscience”underminestheabilityofelectedrepresentatives,jurists,andothers—includingeverydayconsumers—tomakerationaldecisions.

(42)Byregulatorydefinition,thesefoodsmaycontainmonoglyceridesanddiglycerides,butnottriglycerides.Fromthepointofviewofsolidsciencethisdefinitionmakesnopracticalsense,giventhatthebodymetabolizesmono,di-andtriglyceridesinessentiallythesameway.Meanwhileunwaryconsumerstakethe“fat-free”labelasalicensetoeatthesefoodstoexcess,andAmericansaremoreobesenowthaneverbefore.

Amoreamusingexampleis“VitaminO,”awondersupplementadvertisedto“maximizeyournutrients,purifyyourbloodstream,andeliminatetoxinsandpoisons—inotherwords,[tosupply]alltheprocessesnecessarytopreventdiseaseandpromotehealth.”(43)Inotherwords,the60,000consumerspurchasing“VitaminO”—tothetuneof$20amonth—weretakingsaltwater!AlthoughthisproductwaslegallyexemptedfromcertainFDArequirementsbyvirtueofitsstatusasa“natural”dietsupplement,theFTCwasabletofileacomplaintagainstitin1999,basedonfalseclaimsbyitspromotersthatitwasbeingusedbyNASAastronauts.Otherwise“VitaminO”wouldstillbeoneoftheworld’sbest-sellingplacebos.

Thepotentiallastingpowerof“junkscience”isdemonstratedbythestoryofGermanphysicianSamuelHahnemann,whotookquininebackin1776toinvestigateitsuseagainstmalaria.Aftertakingquinineheexperiencedchillsandfever,whicharethesymptomsofmalaria.(44)Inthecourseoftestingthistheorywithotherherbalremedies,Hahnemanndiscoveredthatmany“natural”herbsaretoxicandmadehispatientsworse.Thereducethetoxiceffects,hedilutedtheremediesuntiltheyseemedtobeworking.Onthatbasisheformulateda“l(fā)awofinfinitesimals”statingthathigherdilutionsofherbalcuresincreasetheirmedicinalbenefits.Tobefair,Hahnemannconductedtheseexperimentsmorethan70yearsbeforescientistsunderstoodthatadilutionweakerthanonepartin6.02×1043maynotcontainevenasinglemoleculeofthedissolvedsubstance.(45)

A.Anexampleof“junkscience”Iliketousewithmystudentsisthemythof“fat-freefoods”inventedbythefoodindustrywiththehelpoffederalregulators.

B.Otherscientistsreviewsubmittedarticles,oftenrepeatinganyrelevanttestsorexperimentsandalwaysevaluatingtheconclusionsthathavebeendrawnfromthem.

C.Forthisheconcluded,wrongly,that“l(fā)ikescurelikes,”i.e.,thatdiseasesshouldbetreatedwithmedicinesthatproducesimilarsymptomstothediseases.

D.Thushedidnotrealizethatuponadministeringtohispatients30Xpreparations—dilutionsofonepartherbto1030partswater—theplaceboeffectwasallthatwasreallylefttomeasure.

E.Despitethispreposterousclaim,themarketfortheseremediesisenormous.

F.Itwasdescribedonitslabelas“stabilizedoxygenmoleculesinasolutionofdistilledwaterandsodiumchloride.”

【答案】41.B

42.A

43.F

44.C

45.D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.Anexampleof“junkscience”Iliketousewithmystudentsisthemythof“fat-freefoods”inventedbythefoodindustrywiththehelpoffederalregulators.A.我喜歡用一個“垃圾科學(xué)”的例子來告訴我的學(xué)生，那就是食品工業(yè)在聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的幫助下發(fā)明的“無脂食品”神話。

B.Otherscientistsreviewsubmittedarticles,oftenrepeatinganyrelevanttestsorexperimentsandalwaysevaluatingtheconclusionsthathavebeendrawnfromthem.B.其他科學(xué)家審閱提交的文章，經(jīng)常重復(fù)任何相關(guān)的測試或?qū)嶒?yàn)，并總是評估從中得出他們的結(jié)論。

C.Forthisheconcluded,wrongly,that“l(fā)ikescurelikes,”i.e.,thatdiseasesshouldbetreatedwithmedicinesthatproducesimilarsymptomstothediseases.C.因此，他錯誤地得出“以毒攻毒”的結(jié)論，也就是說，疾病應(yīng)該用產(chǎn)生類似癥狀的藥物來治療。

D.Thushedidnotrealizethatuponadministeringtohispatients30Xpreparations—dilutionsofonepartherbto1030partswater—theplaceboeffectwasallthatwasreallylefttomeasure.D.因此，他沒有意識到，給他的病人服用30倍的制劑，即將一份草藥稀釋到水的1030倍，實(shí)際上剩下的只是安慰劑效應(yīng)。

E.Despitethispreposterousclaim,themarketfortheseremediesisenormous.E.盡管這種說法很荒謬，但這些療法的市場是巨大的。

F.Itwasdescribedonitslabelas“stabilizedoxygenmoleculesinasolutionofdistilledwaterandsodiumchloride.”F.它的標(biāo)簽上描述為“蒸餾水和氯化鈉溶液中的穩(wěn)定氧分子”。

41.第一句提到“科學(xué)家的大多數(shù)錯誤結(jié)論都是在發(fā)表研究成果的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)的”，然后第三句講的是“所謂的垃圾科學(xué)繞過了這個同行評議體系（systemofpeerreview）”，那么可以推斷，第二句講的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該和同行評議體系（systemofpeerreview）有關(guān)，而第一句是說科學(xué)家的erroneousconclusions（錯誤結(jié)論）是在研究成果中發(fā)現(xiàn)的，綜合理解可知，B項(xiàng)正確。

42.該段提到了一個關(guān)鍵詞foods，所以該段是與食物相關(guān)的；然后根據(jù)其內(nèi)容，從第三句“從堅(jiān)實(shí)的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)來看，這個定義沒有實(shí)際意義，因?yàn)槿梭w對單甘油酯、二甘油酯和甘油三酯的代謝方式基本上是相同的”和第四句“與此同時，粗心的消費(fèi)者把無脂肪（fat-free）的標(biāo)簽當(dāng)作過量食用這些食品的許可證”綜合理解，可以得出A項(xiàng)正確。

43.根據(jù)空格后一句“換句話說，購買維生素O的6萬名消費(fèi)者，每月花費(fèi)20美元，是在喝鹽水（takingsaltwater）”，其中關(guān)鍵部分是takingsaltwater（喝鹽水），所以可以推斷，空格處的句子是和salt相關(guān)的，故F項(xiàng)正確。

44.由空格前兩句“哈內(nèi)曼在1776年服用奎寧，研究它對瘧疾的作用。服用奎寧后，他感到寒戰(zhàn)和發(fā)燒，這是瘧疾的癥狀?！?，以及空格后一句“在用其他草藥療法測試這一理論的過程中，哈內(nèi)曼發(fā)現(xiàn)許多天然草藥是有毒的，這使他的病人病情惡化”可知，哈內(nèi)曼服用奎寧研究瘧疾，產(chǎn)生了和瘧疾一樣的癥狀，然后用天然草藥測試自己的理論，使病人中毒；綜合理解可知，哈內(nèi)曼通過服用奎寧產(chǎn)生瘧疾癥狀得出“以毒攻毒”的理論，故C項(xiàng)正確。

45.根據(jù)空格處的上一句“哈內(nèi)曼進(jìn)行這些實(shí)驗(yàn)70多年后，科學(xué)家們才認(rèn)識到，稀釋度低于6.02×1043的制劑，可能連一個溶解物質(zhì)的分子都沒有”可知，將草藥稀釋并沒有什么效果，所以空格處還是對草藥稀釋的描述，故D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th（

）thebirthofJesusChrist.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inaccordancewith

B.intermsof

C.infavorof

D.inhonorof

【答案】D

【解析】句意:圣誕節(jié)是基督教祌圣的日子，通常在12月25日舉行慶祝，以紀(jì)念耶穌基督的誕辰。

短語辨析。inaccordancewith依照,與…一致;intermsof就…而言,根據(jù)；infavorof贊成;inhonorof向…表示敬意,為慶祝…。故D符合句意。

5.單選題

Wehadamarvelousholiday;onlythelasttwodayswasslightly（）byweather.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.damaged

B.enhanced

C.spoiled

D.diminished

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。damaged“破壞”；enhanced“提高；加強(qiáng)”；spoiled“溺愛；糟蹋；破壞”；diminished“減少；縮小”，根據(jù)句子前后的轉(zhuǎn)折可知此處想表達(dá)的是最后兩天受到了天氣的不好影響，被破壞了，所以此處應(yīng)該從damaged與spoiled兩個中間選擇，damage主要是指事物的價(jià)值或功能部分受損，spoil除了有溺愛、寵壞、破壞的意思外，還指事物完整性、完美性或者整體感受的破壞，此處表達(dá)的是最后兩天由于壞的天氣的影響，使其完美性遭到破壞，所以應(yīng)該用spoil。句意：我們度過了一個十分愉快的假期，只有最后兩天稍微被天氣……了。故正確答案為選項(xiàng)C。

6.單選題

Lastyear,Mattearned（）hisbrother,whohasabetterposition.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.twiceasmuchas

B.twiceasmanyas

C.twicemoreas

D.twiceasmoreas

【答案】A

【解析】考查倍數(shù)的表達(dá)。1.倍數(shù)+as+形容詞或副詞的原級+as+其它。這種結(jié)構(gòu)又常演變成下列兩類：①倍數(shù)+as+many+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)+as；②倍數(shù)+as+much+不可數(shù)名詞+as。如:ThereareseventimesasmanypeopleasIexpected.（是我預(yù)料的人數(shù)的七倍。），Thereisfivetimesasmuchcoffeeinthisglassasinthatone.（這個杯子里的咖啡是那個杯子里的五倍。），這個句子前半句說馬特賺得比他哥哥多，肯定是錢money賺得多，而money是不可數(shù)，所以不能用many，排除B選項(xiàng)。沒有C，D選項(xiàng)的用法。句意：去年馬特比他哥哥賺得多兩倍，而他哥哥的職位比他高。綜上所述，本題的正確答案是A選項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

Hermanisveryadroitathandlingpeople.Heisa(an)（

）manwhoisabletoexpresshisthoughtsanddesiresveryprecisely.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dedicate

B.articulate

C.exasperate

D.formulate

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)dedicate“致力，獻(xiàn)身”；B選項(xiàng)articulate“善于表達(dá)的；口才好的”；C選項(xiàng)exasperate“激怒，惡化”；D選項(xiàng)formulate“規(guī)劃，制定”。A、C、D都為動詞，不可填入空格部分。根據(jù)后面關(guān)鍵詞“expresshisthoughtsanddesiresveryprecisely準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)自己的思想和愿望”，可知空格部分形容詞的意思應(yīng)該是“善表達(dá)的”，句意為：赫爾曼很善于與人打交道。他是個能言善辯的人，能把自己的想法準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來。故正確答案選B。

8.單選題

Evenasagirl,______tobeherlife,andtheateraudiencesweretobeherbestteachers.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.performingbyMelissawere

B.itwasknownthatMelissa’sperformanceswere

C.knowingthatMelissa’sperformanceswere

D.Melissaknewthatperformingwas

【答案】D

【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)與同位語。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知and為連詞，后面接的是一個完整的句子，因此and前也應(yīng)為一個句子，空格處缺少主語，根據(jù)Evenasagirl可知agirl是主語的同位語，因此D選項(xiàng)符合語法和句式要求。句意：即使是個小女孩時，梅麗莎就知道表演是她的生命，而劇院的觀眾是她最好的老師。

9.翻譯題

中國民族自古以來從不把人看作高于一切，在哲學(xué)文藝方面的表現(xiàn)都反映出人在自然界中與萬物占著一個比例較為恰當(dāng)?shù)牡匚?，而非統(tǒng)治萬物的主宰。因此我們的苦悶，基本上比西方人為少為?。灰?yàn)榭鄲灥膹?qiáng)弱原是隨欲望和野心的大小而轉(zhuǎn)移的。農(nóng)業(yè)社會的人比工業(yè)社會的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。況且中國古代素來以不滯于物，不為物役為最主要的人生哲學(xué)。

【答案】Sinceancienttimes,theChinesenationalitieshaveneverthoughthumanbeingstobesuperiortoanyotherspecies.Theirperformancesinbothphilosophyandliteraturereflectthatmanoccupiesarelativelyappropriateproportionwithallothercreaturesinthenaturalworld,ratherthanbeingthedominantruler.Therefore,generallyspeaking,oursufferingisbasicallylessthanthatofwesternpeople,fortheintensityofone’sdepressionliterallychangesalongwiththemagnitudeofone’sdesireandambition.Aspeopleinanagriculturalsocietyenjoymuchlesserthanthoseinanindustrialsociety,theyhavefewerdesires.Besides,ancientChinesealwaystookitastheirmostmainphilosophyoflifethatoneshouldnotmerelybeconfinedtomaterialpursuits,orbeenslavedtomaterialthings.

10.單選題

Thebookcontainedalarge（

）ofinformation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.deal

B.amount

C.number

D.sum

【答案】B

【解析】alargeamountof+不可數(shù)名詞；alargenumberof+可數(shù)名詞；deal的用法為agreat/gooddealof+不可數(shù)名詞。information為不可數(shù)名詞，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

11.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

CorporateandfinancialrestructuringwasnotthereasonforJapan’scommercial（31）.Butitwillbeessentialtothecountry’sfuture.Japan’s（32）productioncapacitywilldisappear.Thatfact,combinedwiththe（33）laborforce,willgraduallydepressthelong-termgrowthratetojust1percentfortwodecades.Suchatepidgrowthratecouldinviteafinancialcrisis.Thenationaldebthasreachedavertiginous160percentofGDP.（34）thisproblemistheimpendingretirementofalargeproportionoftheworkforce.Tothwartthesetrends,Japanmust（35）taxessignificantly,somethingthatwillonlybepossibleifaggressivestructuralreformshavebeenputinplacetoraiseproductioncapacityandfacilitatefastergrowth.

Japan,however,ishavingsecondthoughtsaboutthebenefitsofreform.Thefirstwarning（36）wasaseriesofbureaucraticattemptstopreventforeignersfromearning“inordinate”profitsfromthe（37）intheeconomy.TokyodecidedlastyeartoimposeataxonforeigninvestorsinJapanesereal（38）.Thegovernmenthasalsoproposedalevyonforeignprivate-equitythatwouldallowdomesticcompaniestouse“poisonpills”andothermeasurestoprevent（39）mergersandacquisitions.Thecumulativeeffectoftheseinitiativeswouldbeto（40）thecatalyticprocessofforeigndirectinvestment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.boom

B.prosperity

C.flower

D.resurgence

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.extra

B.surplus

C.additional

D.more

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.growing

B.expanding

C.shrinking

D.contracting

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Exacerbating

B.Improving

C.Turningforthebetter

D.Deteriorate

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.hike

B.decrease

C.goup

D.godown

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.sign

B.signal

C.arrival

D.coming

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.addiction

B.tangle

C.involvement

D.entanglement

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.property

B.housing

C.possessions

D.estate

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.friendly

B.kind

C.hostile

D.cruel

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.encourage

B.discourage

C.push

D.drag

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

第6題:B

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:C

第10題:B

【解析】31.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)boom“繁榮”；B選項(xiàng)prosperity“繁榮，成功”；C選項(xiàng)flower“花，精華”；D選項(xiàng)resurgence“復(fù)活，再現(xiàn)”，根據(jù)上下文，可推測，這里應(yīng)該講的日本商業(yè)繁榮，可排除C、D選項(xiàng)，commercialboom“商業(yè)繁榮”為固定搭配，可排除B選項(xiàng)。句意：公司和金融重組不是日本商業(yè)……的原因。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

32.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查形容詞詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)extra“額外的”；B選項(xiàng)surplus“剩余的，過剩的”；C選項(xiàng)additional“附加的”；D選項(xiàng)more“更多的”。四個選項(xiàng)中的詞都有“過多，額外”的意思，又根據(jù)“productioncapacity生產(chǎn)能力”，可知此處表示的應(yīng)該是“生產(chǎn)力過?！保础皊urplusproductioncapacity”。句意：日本的……生產(chǎn)能力將會消失。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

33.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)growing“生長；發(fā)育”；B選項(xiàng)expanding“擴(kuò)大；擴(kuò)展”；C選項(xiàng)shrinking“縮水，收縮”；D選項(xiàng)contracting“收縮，縮小”，前面提到生產(chǎn)力過剩將會消失，后面又提到增長率的下降，所以我們可知該空表達(dá)的是“勞動力區(qū)域短缺”，即“shrinkinglaborforce”，因?yàn)樯a(chǎn)力不足結(jié)合勞動力不足，就會導(dǎo)致增產(chǎn)率的下降，甚至招來金融危機(jī)。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

34.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)Exacerbating“惡化”；B選項(xiàng)Improving“提高；改善”；C選項(xiàng)Turningforthebetter“好轉(zhuǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)Deteriorate“惡化”。該空前一句的意思是“國民債務(wù)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了GDP的160%”。所以此處的意思是“大量的勞動力的即將退休將會加劇這個問題”，四個選項(xiàng)中表示“加劇，惡化”的是A。D雖然也有此意，但形式不對，應(yīng)該用動詞ing的形式。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

35.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)hike“遠(yuǎn)足”；B選項(xiàng)decrease“減少，減小”；C選項(xiàng)goup“增長；上升”；D選項(xiàng)godown“下降”。如果要解決前面的問題，就必須增收賦稅。四個選項(xiàng)中hike,goup表示“提高”，但是“goup”是不及物動詞，只能表示“taxgoesup”，所以答案為A。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

36.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)sign“跡象”；B選項(xiàng)signal“信號；暗號”；C選項(xiàng)arrival“到來；到達(dá)”；D選項(xiàng)coming“到來”。warningsignal表示警告信號，符合文章內(nèi)容。warningsign通常表示警告牌，警告標(biāo)志，可排除。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

37.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)addiction“上癮，沉溺”；B選項(xiàng)tangle“纏結(jié)，混亂”；C選項(xiàng)involvement“參與，牽連”；D選項(xiàng)entanglement“糾纏”。后面三個選項(xiàng)意思相近，這里有固定搭配，involvementintheeconomy“經(jīng)濟(jì)干預(yù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)參與”。句意：第一個警告信號是一系列的官僚主義企圖阻止外國人從經(jīng)濟(jì)……賺取“過多”的利潤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

38.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)property“性質(zhì)，性能”；B選項(xiàng)housing“房屋”；C選項(xiàng)possessions“財(cái)產(chǎn)，所有物”；D選項(xiàng)estate“房地產(chǎn)，財(cái)產(chǎn)”。固定詞組，realestate房地產(chǎn)。句意：日本政府去年決定對外國投資者征收日本……稅。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

39.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)friendly“友好的，親切的”；B選項(xiàng)kind“和藹的，寬容的”；C選hostile“敵對的，敵方的”；D選項(xiàng)cruel“殘酷的，殘忍的”。固定搭配，hostilemergerandacquisition惡意并購，惡意收購。該句子的意思是“阻止惡意兼并”。句意：政府還提議對外國私募股權(quán)投資征稅，這將允許國內(nèi)公司使用“毒丸”和其他措施來阻止……宗合并和收購。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

40.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)encourage“鼓勵，慫恿”；B選項(xiàng)discourage“阻止，使氣餒”；C選項(xiàng)push“推動，增加”；D選項(xiàng)drag“拖拉，拖曳”。前面提到了日本對外商采取的措施：阻止外商通過參與日本經(jīng)濟(jì)從中獲利；增加外商在日本房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的稅收；阻止惡意并購。這些措施都會阻止外商在日本的直接投資，所以表示“阻止”的B選項(xiàng)。句意：這些倡議的累積效果將是外國直接……投資的催化過程。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

12.單選題

ThereisincreasingevidencethattheimpactsofmeteoriteshavehadimportanteffectsonEarth,particularlyinthefieldofbiologicalevolution.SuchimpactscontinuetoposeanaturalhazardtolifeonEarth.Twiceinthetwentiethcentury,largemeteoriteobjectsareknowntohavecollidedwithEarth.

Ifanimpactislargeenough,itcandisturbtheenvironmentoftheentireEarthandcauseanecologicalcatastrophe.Thebest-documentedsuchimpacttookplace65millionyearsagoattheendoftheCretaceousperiodofgeologicalhistory.ThisbreakinEarth’shistoryismarkedbyamassextinction,whenasmanyashalfthespeciesontheplanetbecameextinct.Whilethereareadozenormoremassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord,theCretaceousmassextinctionhasalwaysintriguedpaleontologistsbecauseitmarkstheendoftheageofthedinosaurs.Fortensofmillionsofyears,thosegreatcreatureshadflourished.Then,suddenly,theydisappeared.

ThebodythatimpactedEarthattheendoftheCretaceousperiodwasameteoritewithamassofmorethanatrilliontonsandadiameterofatleast10kilometers.Scientistsfirstidentifiedthisimpactin1980fromtheworldwidelayerofsedimentdepositedfromthedustcloudthatenvelopedtheplanetaftertheimpact.ThissedimentlayerisenrichedintheraremetaliridiumandotherelementsthatarerelativelyabundantinameteoritebutveryrareinthecrustofEarth.Evendilutedbytheterrestrialmaterialexcavatedfromthecrater,thiscomponentofmeteoritesiseasilyidentified.By1990geologistshadlocatedtheimpactsiteitselfintheYucatregionofMexico.Thecrater,nowdeeplyburiedinsediment,wasoriginallyabout200kilometersindiameter.

Thisimpactreleasedanenormousamountofenergy,excavatingacraterabouttwiceaslargeasthelunarcraterTycho.Theexplosionliftedabout100trilliontonsofdustintotheatmosphere,ascanbedeterminedbymeasuringthethicknessofthesedimentlayerformedwhenthisdustsettledtothesurface.Suchaquantityofmaterialwouldhaveblockedthesunlightcompletelyfromreachingthesurface,plungingEarthintoaperiodofcoldanddarknessthatlastedatleastseveralmonths.TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.Presumably,thoseenvironmentaldisasterscouldhavebeenresponsibleforthemassextinction,includingthedeathofthedinosaurs.

Severalothermassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecordhavebeententativelyidentifiedwithlargeimpacts,butnoneissodramaticastheCretaceousevent.Butevenwithoutsuchspecificdocumentation,itisclearthatimpactsofthissizedooccurandthattheirresultscanbecatastrophic.Whatisacatastropheforonegroupoflivingthings,however,maycreateopportunitiesforanothergroup.Followingeachmassextinction,thereisasuddenevolutionaryburstasnewspeciesdeveloptofilltheecologicalnichesopenedbytheevent.

Impactsbymeteoritesrepresentonemechanismthatcouldcauseglobalcatastrophesandseriouslyinfluencetheevolutionoflifeallovertheplanet.Accordingtosomeestimates,themajorityofallextinctionsofspeciesmaybeduetosuchimpacts.Suchaperspectivefundamentallychangesourviewofbiologicalevolution.Thestandardcriterionforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitssuccessincompetingwithotherspeciesandadaptingtoslowlychangingenvironments.Yetanequallyimportantcriterionistheabilityofaspeciestosurviverandomglobalecologicalcatastrophesduetoimpacts.

Earthisatargetinacosmicshootinggallery,subjecttorandomviolenteventsthatwereunsuspectedafewdecadesago.In1991theUnitedStatesCongressaskedNASAtoinvestigatethehazardposedtodaybylargeimpactsonEarth.Thegroupconductingthestudyconcludedfromadetailedanalysisthatimpactsfrommeteoritescanindeedbehazardous.Althoughthereisalwayssomeriskthatalargeimpactcouldoccur,carefulstudyshowsthatthisriskisquitesmall.

62.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatdinosaurshadflourishedfortensofmillionsofyearsandthensuddenlydisappeared?

63.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutthelocationofthemeteoriteimpactinMexico?

64.Theword“excavating”inPara.4isclosestinmeaningto____.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthefactorsthatareessentialforthesurvivalofaspeciesissupportedinParagraph6?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TosupporttheclaimthatthemassextinctionattheendoftheCretaceousisthebest-documentedofthedozenorsomassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord.

B.ToexplainwhyasmanyashalfofthespeciesonEarthatthetimearebelievedtohavebecomeextinctattheendoftheCretaceous.

C.ToexplainwhypaleontologistshavealwaysbeenintriguedbythemassextinctionattheendoftheCretaceous.

D.Toprovideevidencethatanimpactcanbelargeenoughtodisturbtheenvironmentoftheentireplanetandcauseanecologicaldisaster.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ThelocationoftheimpactsiteinMexicowaskeptsecretbygeologistsfrom1980to1990.

B.Itwasawell-knownfactthattheimpacthadoccurredintheYucatregion.

C.Geologistsknewthattherehadbeenanimpactbeforetheyknewwhereithadoccurred.

D.TheYucatregionwaschosenbygeologistsasthemostprobableimpactsitebecauseofitsclimate.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.diggingout

B.extending

C.destroying

D.coveringup

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Themostimportantfactorforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitsabilitytocompeteandadapttogradualchangesinitsenvironment.

B.Theabilityofaspeciestocompeteandadapttoagraduallychangingenvironmentisnottheonlyabilitythatisessentialforsurvival.

C.Sincemostextinctionsofspeciesareduetomajormeteoriteimpacts,theabilitytosurvivesuchimpactsisthemostimportantfactorforthesurvivalofaspecies.

D.Thefactorsthataremostimportantforthesurvivalofaspeciesvarysignificantlyfromonespeciestoanother.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】62.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干：在第二段中，作者為什么要包括恐龍繁衍了數(shù)千萬年然后突然消失的信息？定位到第二段最后一句Fortensofmillionsofyears,thosegreatcreatureshadflourished.Then,suddenly,theydisappeared.（千百萬年來，這些偉大的生物繁衍生息。然后，突然，他們消失了），然后這句話的前文Whilethereareadozenormoremassextinctionsinthegeologicalrecord,theCretaceousmassextinctionhasalwaysintriguedpaleontologistsbecauseitmarkstheendoftheageofthedinosaurs.（盡管在地質(zhì)記錄中有十幾種或更多的大規(guī)模滅絕，但白堊紀(jì)的大規(guī)模滅絕總能引起古生物學(xué)家的興趣，因?yàn)樗鼧?biāo)志著恐龍時代的終結(jié)），因此C項(xiàng)“解釋為什么古生物學(xué)家總是對白堊紀(jì)末的大滅絕感興趣”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“為了證明白堊紀(jì)末的大滅絕是地質(zhì)記錄中十幾次大滅絕中記錄最完整的一次”，B項(xiàng)“解釋為什么當(dāng)時地球上有一半的物種在白堊紀(jì)末滅絕”，D項(xiàng)“提供證據(jù)，證明一次影響可能大到足以擾亂整個地球的環(huán)境，造成生態(tài)災(zāi)難”，均不符合題意。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】判斷推理題。從第三段倒數(shù)第二句By1990geologistshadlocatedtheimpactsiteitselfintheYucatregionofMexico（到1990年，地質(zhì)學(xué)家已經(jīng)將撞擊地點(diǎn)定位在墨西哥的尤卡特地區(qū)）可知B項(xiàng)“眾所周知，撞擊發(fā)生在尤卡特地區(qū)”為正確答案。A項(xiàng)“1980年至1990年，地質(zhì)學(xué)家對墨西哥撞擊地點(diǎn)的位置保密”，C項(xiàng)“地質(zhì)學(xué)家在知道撞擊發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)之前就已經(jīng)知道了”，D項(xiàng)“由于氣候原因，地質(zhì)學(xué)家選擇尤卡特地區(qū)作為最可能的撞擊地點(diǎn)”，均在文中未體現(xiàn)，故錯誤。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測題。excavating“挖掘；開鑿”。A項(xiàng)“掘出”，B項(xiàng)“延伸；擴(kuò)展”，C項(xiàng)“摧毀；毀滅”，D項(xiàng)“掩蓋”，結(jié)合句意：這次撞擊釋放了巨大的能量，一個約為月球Tycho隕石坑兩倍大的隕石坑。因此A項(xiàng)符合題意。

65.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第六段第四句Thestandardcriterionforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitssuccessincompetingwithotherspeciesandadaptingtoslowlychangingenvironments.Yetanequallyimportantcriterionistheabilityofaspeciestosurviverandomglobalecologicalcatastrophesduetoimpacts.（一個物種生存的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是它能否成功地與其他物種競爭并適應(yīng)緩慢變化的環(huán)境。然而，一個同樣重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是，一個物種是否有能力在隨機(jī)的全球生態(tài)災(zāi)難中生存下來）可知B項(xiàng)“物種競爭和適應(yīng)逐漸變化的環(huán)境的能力不是生存所必需的唯一能力”最貼近文意，是正確答案。A項(xiàng)“一個物種生存的最重要因素是它的競爭能力和適應(yīng)環(huán)境逐漸變化的能力”，C項(xiàng)“由于大多數(shù)物種的滅絕都是由于主要的隕石撞擊造成的，因此在這種撞擊下生存的能力是物種生存的最重要因素”，D項(xiàng)“對于一個物種的生存來說，最重要的因素在不同的物種之間有很大的差異”，均未在第六段體現(xiàn)。

13.單選題

Whilethedoctoranalyzedthepatient’scondition,hisfamilywaitedoutsideinconsiderable（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.tension

B.anticipation

C.eagerness

D.anxiety

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。tension意為“拉緊，（精神、局勢等）緊張?！?；anticipation意為“期待，希望”；eagerness意為“渴望，熱心，熱切”；anxiety意為“焦慮，掛慮，憂慮”。

句意：醫(yī)生分析病人的病情時，他的家人在外面相當(dāng)焦急地等待著。

14.單選題

Manyexpatriatewritersoften______theirsocializedbehaviorwiththedominantcultureoftheirown.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.collaborated

B.attached

C.tied

D.identified

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項(xiàng)collaborate“合作，勾結(jié)，通敵”，B項(xiàng)attach“使依附，貼上”，C項(xiàng)tie“（用線、繩等）系，系牢，打結(jié)”，D項(xiàng)identify“確定，鑒定，識別”。根據(jù)句子可知，空格處應(yīng)該填入一個動詞并和介詞with搭配使用，由關(guān)鍵詞socializedbehavior“社會化行為”和thedominantcultureoftheirown“他們自己的主導(dǎo)文化”可知，identify…with…“認(rèn)為……密切相關(guān)”符合語境。句意：許多旅居國外的作家經(jīng)常將他們的社會化行為與他們自己的主導(dǎo)文化聯(lián)系起來。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Weallhaveoffensivebreathatonetimeoranother.Inmostcases,offensivebreathemanatesfrombacteriainthemouth,althoughthereareothermorecauses.

Untilafewyearsago,themostdoctorscoulddowastocounselpatientswithbadbreathaboutoralcleanliness.Nowtheyarefindingnewwaystotreattheusuallycurablecondition.

Badbreathcanhappenwheneverthenormalflowofsaliva(唾液)slows.Ourmouthsarefullofbacteriafeedingonproteininbitsoffoodandshedtissue.Thebacteriaemitevilsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide(硫化物).

Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygenrichsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”.

Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy.Somepeople’sbreathturnssoureverytimetheygoonajobinterview.

Salivaflowgraduallyslowswithage,whichexplainswhytheelderlyhavemorebadbreathtroublethanyoungerpeopledo.Babies,however,whomakeplentyofsalivaandwhosemouthscontainrelativelyfewbacteriahavecharacteristicallysweetbreath.

Formostofus,thesimple,drymouthvarietyofbadbreathiseasilycured.Eatingordrinkingstartssalivaandsweepsawaymanyofthebacteria.Breakfastoftenstopsmorningbreath.

Thosewithchronicdrymouthfindthatithelpstokeepgum,hardcandy,orabottleofwaterorjuicearound.Brushingtheteethwipesoutdrymouthbadbreathbecauseitclearsawaymanyoftheoffendingbacteria.Surprisingly,onethingthatrarelyworksismouthwash.Theliquidcanmaskbadbreathodorwithitsownsmell,buttheeffectlastsnomorethananhour.Somemouthwashesclaimtokillthebacteriaresponsibleforbadbreath.Thetroubleis,theydon’tnecessarilyreachalloffendinggerms.Mostbacteriaarewellprotectedfrommouthwashunderthicklayersofmucus(黏液).Ifthemouthwashcontainsalcohol—asmostdo—itcanintensifytheproblembydryingoutthemouth.

6.Thephrase“emanatefrom”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“_____”.

7.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasoneofthecausesofbadbreath?

8.Accordingtothepassage,alcoholhassomethingtodowithbadbreathmainlybecause_____.

9.Mouthwashesarenotaneffectivecureforbadbreathmainlybecause_____.

10.Wecaninferfromthispassagethat_____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thriveon

B.accountfor

C.originatefrom

D.descendfrom

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toothtrouble.

B.Sulfurrichfood.

C.Toomuchexercise.

D.Mentalstrain.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.itkeepsoffendingbacteriafromreproducing

B.itssmelladdstobadbreath

C.itkillssomehelpfulbacteria

D.itaffectsthenormalflowofsaliva

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theycan’tmaskthebadodorlongenough

B.theycan’tgettoalltheoffendingbacteria

C.theirstrongsmellmixeswithbadbreathandmakesitworse

D.theycan’tcoverthethicklayersofmucus

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.offensivebreathcan’teasilybecured

B.elderlypeoplearelessoffendedbybadbreath

C.heavydrinkersarelessaffectedbybadbreath

D.offensivebreathislessaffectedbyalcohol

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】6.詞匯推斷題。第一步，練習(xí)句中前后信息銜接，emanatefrom這個詞前后連接的是口氣和嘴里的細(xì)菌，從這里推測，是因?yàn)樽炖锏募?xì)菌所以才導(dǎo)致了口氣，但是這句話中口氣在前細(xì)菌在后，選項(xiàng)代入文意中便可排除A選項(xiàng)“在……成長”、B選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致；解釋”；C、D選項(xiàng)雖然在中文中同義，但是descendfrom表示從先輩那里遺傳或者繼承過來的，不符合原文語境，所以不選D選項(xiàng)“起源于”；所以答案C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)源于”正確。

7.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第一步，精準(zhǔn)定位，定位到第五段第一二句Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath.Socanstress,thoughit’snotunderstoodwhy“酗酒，說話太多，運(yùn)動時用嘴呼吸任何使口腔干燥的事物都會產(chǎn)生口臭。壓力也是如此，雖然不知道為什么”，第二步綜合理解，壓力屬于精神緊張的一種，所以答案選D選項(xiàng)“精神壓力”。

A選項(xiàng)“牙齒問題”，文章沒有提及，屬于無中生有，所以不選；

B選項(xiàng)“富硫食物”，定位到第三段最后一句Thebacteriaemitevilsmellinggases,theworstofwhichishydrogensulfide“這種細(xì)菌會散發(fā)出難聞的氣體，其中最難聞的是硫化氫”，從這里可知，不是富含硫的食物讓人有口氣，是細(xì)菌釋放出來的含硫物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致的口氣，所以B不選，這里屬于曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)“運(yùn)動太多”，見正確選項(xiàng)，不是運(yùn)動太多導(dǎo)致口臭，是運(yùn)動的時候用嘴呼吸導(dǎo)致口臭，這里屬于曲解原文。

8.推理判斷題。文章定位到第五段第一句話Alcoholhunger,toomuchtalking,breathingthroughthemouthduringexerciseanythingthatdriesthemouthproducesbadbreath“酗酒，說話太多，運(yùn)動時用嘴呼吸任何使口腔干燥的東西都會產(chǎn)生口臭”以及第四段第一二句話Mouthbacteriathriveinairlessconditions.Oxygenrichsalivakeepstheirnumbersdown.Whenwesleep,forexample,thesalivastreamslows,andsulfurproducingbacteriagaintheupperhand,producingclassic“morningbreath”“口腔細(xì)菌在沒有空氣的環(huán)境中繁殖